When did plastic skis appear in the USSR. See what "Skiing" is in other dictionaries. Notched plastic skis

They made a Russian invention ... They have wooden rims about seven feet long and one span wide, but the bottom is flat and smooth. They tie them under their feet and run with them through the snow, never sinking into it, and with such speed that one can be surprised at it.

Mons Palm, secretary of the Swedish embassy in Moscow, 1617.

The history of cross-country skiing dates back several millennia, which is confirmed by rock paintings in the caves of Norway, made around 7000 years ago . It all started from the moment when a person discovered that by tying two pieces of wood of a special shape to his feet, he could move faster through snow-covered fields and forests while hunting. Many centuries later, approximately in the middle 16th century , skis began to be used by the armies of the Scandinavian countries, a little later the military was put on skis in Russia. The first similar competition was held in Norway in 1767 , however, there was no further development of cross-country skiing as a sport until the middle of the 19th century. In 1843 in Norway, and then in 1865 in Finland, official competitions in cross-country skiing. In 1862, the first ever result was recorded in Sweden - Lars Tuorda from Lapland won the two-part 220 km race in a time of 22 hours 22 minutes. In Russia, the first competition dates back only 1894 when a ski race for a quarter of a mile took place in St. Petersburg.

Nothing refreshes the will and refreshes the mind like skis.

One of the most important events in the development of cross-country skiing in the 19th century is objectively considered the feat of the famous Norwegian traveler, explorer of the Arctic.Fridtjof Nansen, who in 1889 was the first in the world to make more than five hundred kilometers crossing Greenland alone. Three years later, a book was published about this transition, translated into several languages, thanks to which people around the world learned a lot about skiing and became inspired by the love of skiing. It was from the end of the 19th century that sports societies and amateur clubs began to actively appear in all countries. skiing.

“Nothing strengthens the muscles and makes the body so strong and elastic, nothing gives reaction and speed, nothing refreshes the will and refreshes the mind like skis” - these are the words of Fridtjof Nansen.

Over the entire period of the evolution of ski equipment, which is several thousand years, there were very different versions of skis, boots and poles. The first snow walking aids were more like modern snowshoes, but over time they transformed, became longer and narrower to increase speed, they could already slide on the snow and their appearance looked like our usual skis. It is known from archaeological data that already in XIII century in Russia, skis about 190 cm long and about 8 cm wide with curved ends were used, but at the beginning of the 20th century, skis up to 3 m long were common.

The first ski shoes did not have a hard sole and were simply tied to the skis, since there were no special bindings. So it was up to up to 30s XX century, when welt boots appeared, which were actively used by skiers until the 70s.

They have an interesting history running poles. It turns out that until the end of the 19th century, skiers used only one stick. This is due to the fact that skis were used mainly for hunting and in the army. The first sticks were wooden or bamboo, about the height of a person. Only in our time, sticks have become a high-tech product, made from lightweight aluminum or composite materials.

The rapid development of ski equipment began in the 70s of the XX century. In 1971 the Norwegian company Rottefella developed a well-known fastening standard NN75 (Nordic Norm 75 mm ) with three pins for welt boots. This standard immediately gained immense popularity all over the world, and in our country, due to its low cost and ease of production, until recently it was the most common. Over the past few years, the situation has changed dramatically, NN75 mounts have lost their positions and are used only by those who have not yet made progress.

In 1974 there was a revolution in the production of cross-country skis - the first plastic skis appeared. Soon the tracks began to be prepared by machine, they became wider and stiffer, which in the early 80s led to the appearance of skating, whose founder is considered the famous Swedish skier Gunde Swan . At the same time, boots and bindings began to be actively improved. The welted boots were replaced by narrower ones - “sock boots”, and the NN75 bindings - by Adidas “frogs”, then by the system SDS , but the reliability of these new developments left much to be desired. There was a division of boots into classic and skating. Finally, in the mid-80s, two truly functional, modern fastening standards appeared - SNS (Salomon Nordic System) and NNN (New Nordic Norm, Rottefella ). Boots and bindings have formed a system that ensures the efficient transfer of energy from the skier to the ski.

In the 90s, ski production appeared cap -technology, "sandwich" skis are a thing of the past. Now everything is modern cross-country skiing consist of a core covered with a “box” on top, the surface of which can have a 3-dimensional shape. The geometry of the skis has also changed - it has ceased to be parallel. Manufacturing companies are still in constant search of the optimal ski profile, and the calculations of the characteristics of new models are increasingly closer to aerospace and "formula" technologies.

In the late 90s, a new technological breakthrough occurred - a system of bindings and boots appeared. SNS Pilot - biaxial fastening of the boot, which significantly improved the technique of skating. And in 2005, a new revolutionary development was announced - an integrated system of skis and bindings - NIS ( Nordic Integrated System Rottefella), now you do not need to drill skis to install mounts.

Modern skiing is 39 ski disciplines at the Olympic Games, 26 competitive skiing events awaiting “Olympic registration”, as well as more than 20 exercises being approved in the status of a “sport”.

Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the rapidly developing skiing in the retinue of winter Olympic disciplines- uncontested "king of sports".

The peoples who lived in the northern regions of the planet have long thought about creating a means of transportation in deep snow. The boundless expanses of snow made it difficult to walk, did not allow to quickly overcome the distances between the villages. Yes, and on the hunt, snowdrifts interfered with the pursuit of game. Ancient people were in dire need of comfortable devices that would help them feel confident on the snow cover.

The very first skis were primitive snowshoes. They were oval-shaped wooden frames covered with animal skin straps. Sometimes such devices were woven from flexible rods. It was impossible to slide on such skis, but it was relatively easy to step into them in deep snow. It is assumed that the first snowshoes were used by the Indians and Eskimos. North America even during the Paleolithic. In Europe they were not widespread.

In the caves of Norway, rock carvings of skiers made about four thousand years ago were discovered. In the drawings, you can see pieces of wood tied to people's feet. Archaeological finds made in Scandinavia suggest that sliding skis first appeared in this region. Ancient skis had different length- the right one was a little shorter and served to repel. The sliding surface of skis was trimmed by ancient craftsmen with leather or animal fur.

From the history of skis

Skis were also used in the everyday life of the peoples who inhabited the territory of modern Russia. This is evidenced by rock paintings discovered at the beginning of the last century on the shores of the White Sea and Lake Onega. Massive boulders have preserved images of Paleolithic hunters and fishermen, to whose feet skis of a sliding type were attached. In the Pskov region, archaeologists have found fragments of ancient skis that are more than three thousand years old.

Skis, very reminiscent of modern sports equipment, were discovered by researchers during excavations of ancient Novgorod. These devices were about two meters long; the front ends of the skis are slightly raised and slightly pointed. In the place where the skier's leg should be located, there is a thickening and a through hole through which, obviously, a leather belt was passed.

The art of skiing was very much appreciated by the northern peoples. Evidence of this can be found in the epic of the Finns, Karelians, Nenets, Ostyaks. Describing the exploits of heroes, folk narrators often mention their ability to ski. There are also references to skiing competitions, during which the most dexterous and fastest hunters were selected. Skiing was of great importance for the ancient peoples, because such skills largely determined the success in hunting and the prosperity of the tribe.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Average comprehensive school No. 18"

Pervomaisky district, Izhevsk

Research

"History of skis"

Completed by: 3rd grade students

Fadeev Nikita

Nelyubin Igor

Head: Agapova D.A.

Izhevsk 2016

Introduction………………………………………………………………………3

The history of skis……………………………………………….4

History of skiing……………………………………………………6

Types of skis…………………………………………………………………….7

The benefits of skiing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Sociological research………………………………………………………………12

1. The attitude of schoolchildren to skiing

Conclusion………………………………………………………………..14

References……………………………………………………………16

Appendix………………………………………………………………17

INTRODUCTION

Real skiers know
What is comfort in the soul,
If the choice in life is made honestly,
If part of which is skiing.

We really enjoy skiing.In winter we spend a lot of time riding them.And we were interested: where and when skis were invented.In our work, we will talk about the history of skiing and skiing, about the types of skiing and how it is good for health.

Relevance research is to form in our peers the desire to lead healthy lifestyle life.

Our goal research work - learn as much as you can about skiing.

To do this, you need to solve the followingtasks:

1. Find out where and when the first skis appeared

2. Determine what skis are and what they are used for

3. Find out what materials skis are made of.

4. Conduct a survey in the class "Attitude towards skiing in our class"

Object of study: skis and their history.

Subject of study: improvement of skis in history.

Research methods : studying information from the Internet, conversation, questioning.

SKI HISTORY

The history of skisstarted with snowshoes. Snowshoes are devices invented by the inhabitants of the polar regions to move through the snow while hunting. They were planes tied to the legs, which reduced the pressure on the snow. They were made by stretching animal skins on a wooden frame or twisting flexible rods.

One of the options for such a snowshoe was wooden planks. They, in particular, gave the hunter the opportunity not only to walk in deep snow, but also to glide. Gradually, these boards began to acquire an oblong shape. They began to be specially adapted to slip, for which they arched the nose and smeared the lower surface with animal fat. To attach them to the legs, thin and strong straps made of animal skins were used. The history of skiing dates back several millennia, which is confirmed by rock paintings in the caves of Norway, made about 7000 years ago. It all started from the moment when a person discovered that by tying two pieces of wood of a special shape to his feet, he could move faster through snow-covered fields and forests while hunting. Many centuries later, approximately in the middle of the 16th century, skis began to be used by the armies of the Scandinavian countries, a little later the military was put on skis in Russia. The exact date, place, name of the inventor of the device for feet to fight snow have not been established. The first devices that man used for easier movement in deep snow were undoubtedly snowshoes or stepping skis.

The oldest example of sliding skis of the modern type was discovered (1953) in ancient Novgorod in a layer of the first half of the 13th century. Ski length

1 m 92 cm, average width 8 cm, its front end is somewhat raised, curved and pointed. The place for installing the leg is slightly more massive, here the thickness of the ski reaches 3 cm. To thread the belt that attaches the ski to the skier's shoes, it has a through horizontal hole with a diameter of 0.5 cm. Russ were often used during holidays and winter folk fun, where strength, dexterity, endurance were demonstrated in the race and down the slopes. Along with other entertainment and exercises ( fist fight, horseback riding, various games and fun) skiing played an important role in physical development Russian people. Swedish diplomat Palm, who visited in the XVII century. in Rus', testified to the widespread use of skis in the Muscovite state. He described in detail the skis used local residents, and the ability of Russians to move quickly on them.

HISTORY OF SKIING

History of skiingjust started in Scandinavia, where the first competitions were organized, which received the status of cross-country skiing. Gradually, they began to be held wherever snow fell in winter.

True, today even residents of southern countries have "infected" this sport. Therefore, in the summer, when there is no snow, races on asphalt or other hard surfaces began to be held, for which special mechanical devices called ski rollers are used instead of skis.

Today, ski disciplines are very diverse. These are races for 5, 15, 20, 30 and even 50 kilometers ( ski marathon). Running is carried out both in classical and free style.

In addition, skiing sports include a variety of competitions associated with moving through the mountains - slalom, downhill, ski jumping,.

Most ski disciplines are included in the program of competitions such as the World Cup and Olympic Games. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, skis began to be used in the army. Around the same time, ski poles appeared, which greatly facilitated and accelerated skiing. According to historians, the first ski competition took place in 1844 in the Norwegian city of Tremsey. At the dawn of skiing, flat skiing was not much different from mountain skiing, and competitions often, in addition to running along the plain, included descents from the slopes of the surrounding mountains and ski jumping.
Skiing is a leisure activity that involves skiing at speed or for pleasure.

TYPES OF SKI

For those who are just starting to build a ski track, amateur skis are suitable, they are heavy, simple in appearance and inexpensive. Tourist skis more suitable for long hikes, they are wider, heavier than other types and more rigid, with notches on the underside to prevent slipping. Similar to the previous back country and touring, but they are lighter in weight and comfortable for close skiing. Skis for children and youth are most often made of plastic, made taking into account light weight and little strength.

Hunting skis are also called commercial skis, they are wider than other types of skis and the most enduring. Even from their name it is clear for what purpose they are used, and can be used both in the winter forest and in the steppe. There are also sports skis, they are considered professional, the lightest, but they are also the most expensive. Those who stand can walk on them

skiing for a long time. Classic skis they have the same width along the entire length, but the carving ones are narrowed in the center, and wider at the ends, which is why they are also called “fitted”. Due to their stability, they are most popular with beginner skiers. There is a manufacturer that produces several types of skis, each of which is designed for a specific type of snow. Wooden skis are more convenient for beginner skiers, especially children. Plastic skis are lighter, more comfortable and considered more stylish. They develop a fairly high speed, are more durable, because they do not get wet and do not exfoliate. These skis are also good on melted snow, they only need liquid lubrication under the boot, and the sliding surface itself does without it. All ski models are in constant improvement. Atomic skis- the most popular of alpine skiing. They consist of a combination of two freely sliding decks, which gives the skier the ability to control the movement more easily and more precisely.The inserts between the decks absorb vibration and allow the ski to glide smoothly even at high speeds. For experienced skiers, skiing is a real pleasure. Salomon skis- This is a multi-purpose alpine skiing. They are so perfect that they do not require any slope preparation. Very friendly towards skiers, light, intelligent and obedient. They are famous for their versatility, pleasant glide and the presence of comfortable boots.

In addition to cross-country skiing, there are skis for downhill from the mountains (alpine skiing), hunting skis (they are several times wider than cross-country skiing), for ski jumping, for figure skating from the mountains (freestyle skiing), water skiing. Depending on the use of skis have their own characteristics.

From the beginning of the birth of skis, wood was used for their manufacture, as a more accessible material for processing.

Modern sports skiing have a complex structure. This is no longer just a bent piece of wood, but a product designed using computer technology and modern composite materials.
The most popular brands are fischer, rosignol, atomic, madchus. salomon.

THE BENEFITS OF SKIING

Skiing is not only interesting, but also good for health!

Calm ski trips and full-fledged workouts with increased load develop the human cardiovascular system, improve metabolic processes, and also improve not only the physical, but also the emotional state of a personIt is well known that ski types sports increase the body's resistance to various types of diseases. As a result of classes, immunity increases, and the oxygen supply system of various human organs is trained. In the process of skiing actively train different groups muscles, including the back, which reduces the risk of arthritis and arthrosis. Another undeniable benefit of skiing is full workout vestibular apparatus, press, calf and other types of muscles. In the course of numerous studies, it was found that skiing helps to improve the condition of people who are sick with bronchitis, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.

Skiing is a great way to get rid of extra pounds

In most cases after regular classes people reduce the level of bad cholesterol, as well as excessive salts and sugar. Walking n and skiing is a great way to get rid of extra pounds at the waist, since the muscle group in the abdomen is reduced several thousand times in one hour of skiing.

You can teach skiing to children from the very beginning. early age. For example, in Scandinavia and in many northern regions of Russia, children start skiing as soon as they start walking. As a rule, children at the age of two or three quickly master skiing, and do it with great pleasure, trying to imitate adults. Naturally, skiing can be done in young and mature years, as well as in old age. Many doctors consider skiing one of the most useful activities Just right for kids and the elderly. This type physical activity It helps a lot in dealing with high blood pressure. Not so long ago, research data was published in Finland, which shows that people who regularly ski, almost never experience high or excessively low blood pressure. Usually one hour of a quiet walk is enough for the pressure to drop and normalize, and the positive effect lasts throughout the next day, which indicates the undoubted benefits of skiing for people suffering from low or high blood pressure.

SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

1. The attitude of schoolchildren to skiing.

And now - let's see what is happening with the development of skiing, and what is the attitude towards skiing in our class. We tried to find out what place skiing occupies in the lives of students in our class. We asked students to answer the following questions:

Do you love skiing?

Do you go skiing or train on your own?

Do you participate in ski competitions?

How often do you ski?

A) on weekends

b) several times a week

C) only in physical education classes.

Why are you skiing?

A) like

B) to improve health

B) because it is a mandatory part physical education.

The survey showed that the guys go in for sports with pleasure, attend the school section, skiing not only at physical education lessons. But few people participate in competitions, most likely this is due to age and little experience. Still ahead.

CONCLUSION

Skiing is a tool physical education for people of any age, health condition and level of physical fitness.

Skiing in the clear frosty air significantly increases the body's resistance to the most various diseases, have a positive effect on mental and physical performance, deliver a positive effect on the nervous system.

During skiing, the most important moral and volitional qualities are successfully brought up: courage and perseverance, discipline and diligence, the ability to endure any difficulties, physical endurance. And the fact that after even a short run the state of health improves significantly has been proven repeatedly.

It is skiing that contributes to the strengthening of human health. Sports bring people health, joy, longevity, happiness and confidence in the future. And we encourage everyone to lead a healthy lifestyle.

As a result of my research, I found out:

Skis appeared and were used in ancient times;

Skis were used for moving in deep snow and were indispensable for hunting;

The material for the manufacture of skis was wood;

Modern skis are made of wood, plastic, composite materials.

Skiing is popular in our class.

While working on the research topic, I was drawn to poetry, and this is what came of it:

Magazine "Skiing"

APPLICATION

Skis

Skis- a device for moving a person in the snow. They are two long (150-220 centimeters) wooden or plastic planks with pointed and curved toes. Skis are attached to the legs with the help of bindings, at present, special ski boots are required for the use of skis in most cases. On skis, they move using their ability to glide on snow.

Story

In the south of the Kola Peninsula, skis of unequal length were used, and they pushed off with a short ski, using one stick for balance, while the ancient inhabitants of Scandinavia moved on skis of the same length. The founder of Norway, the legendary Nor, came to the fiords on a “good track”.

Skiing was invented by northern peoples in the process of migration to areas with a cold climate and long winters. To survive, people had to move through the snow, sometimes very deep (more than a meter). Most likely, snowshoes were invented first - devices that increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe foot and thereby facilitate movement in the snow. The peoples of the north are known, at the time of their discovery by their researchers, they used snowshoes, but did not know about skis. In the process of developing this invention, skis appeared. Appeared, judging by the archaeological finds, in the Altai and in the region of Lake Baikal, snowshoe skis were widespread until the 16th century AD. But by this time sliding skis were already in use. Bishop Olaf the Great, in his book “History of the Northern Peoples” published in 1555 in Rome, described the techniques winter hunting Lapps: “Those of them who step on skis serve as beaters, those who slide beat deer, wolves and even bears with clubs, because they freely catch up with them. Animals cannot run quickly through deep, sinking snow, and after a tiring and long chase, they fall prey to a man who easily runs on skis.

The second possible variant of the origin of skis is their origin from the sled. Skis are like lightweight sleigh runners.

Initially, skis were used for their intended purpose - for moving through deep snow in the forest during hunting, military operations in winter conditions etc. This determined their then proportions - they were short (150 cm on average) and wide (15-20 cm), more convenient for stepping than for sliding. Such skis can now be seen in the eastern regions of the Russian Federation, where they are used by fishermen and hunters. Sometimes the skis were padded with kamus (skin from a reindeer leg) to make it easier to move up the slope.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, skiing appeared - a kind of leisure, consisting in skiing for speed or for pleasure. There were skis with other proportions, more suitable for high-speed running - 170-220 cm long and 5-8 cm wide. The same skis began to be used in the army. Around the same time, ski poles appeared, which greatly facilitated and accelerated skiing.

Gradually, skis completely turned into sports equipment and took on a familiar look.

Materials and technologies

Initially, the skis were wooden, made from solid boards and did not shine in appearance. With the beginning of the development of skiing and the technical revolution at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, skis have changed. In addition to changing proportions, they began to be made from several parts, machines began to be used for their manufacture, and ski factories appeared. This state of affairs persisted until the advent of plastic materials, or plastics.

Some plastic materials have properties that are useful for skis - they do not get wet, snow does not stick to them, better glide. This is how plastic-coated skis first appeared, then all-plastic skis.

At present, the internals of skis can be quite complex - the sports and sports equipment industry invests a lot of money in scientific research. Modern skis use different kinds plastic, wood, composite materials, alloys.

Ski ointments are used to care for the sliding surface of skis.

plastic materials

The first plastic skis used easily abraded and poorly lubricated ABS plastic, which is almost completely replaced, with the exception of the cheapest models from some manufacturers, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UHMW-PE. The material, its creation and production, is mainly associated with the Swiss concern CPS Austria Group (former IMS Plastics). The plastic has the trade name P-tex. The material is subdivided according to molecular weight and fillers for different weather conditions. Usually for wet skiing (often colorless) - P-tex 4000, for frost - P-Tex 2000 Electra. 5-15% filler is added to the material intended for ordinary mass skis and for frost - carbon particles 20 microns in size to remove electrostatics, as well as graphite and fluorocarbon compounds to improve glide. Carbon black makes the basis of the ski black, but also somewhat reduces its wear resistance. Gallium compounds add thermal conductivity to the plastic, the same property of boron nitride, this additive further reduces the ability to absorb moisture. Ultramarine pigment is used in skis without carbon black to create a pattern on the base and improve glide.

Sliding process and lubrication

The glide of a ski is affected by its elasticity, profile, texture of the pattern, temperature and humidity of the snow, the shape of ice crystals, and the properties of the snow surface. The coefficient of sliding friction of polyethylene pressed onto the base of the ski over snow is in the range of 0.02-0.05. A texture pattern is formed on the sliding surface, whose roughness is actually calculated by the manufacturer for certain weather. In frosty weather the polishing on the ski is the thinnest, on the wet track it is the roughest. The task is to obtain a thin, on the order of 10 microns, water film between the ski surface and the snow, which under normal conditions is a decisive factor. Surface grinding can change the contact zone between snow and ski within 5-15%, which in turn affects the thickness of the water film.

Although the plastic used for skis already slides incomparably better on snow than wood, with the help of lubrication this property can still be significantly improved. The surface of one ski, according to the manufacturer (CPS Austria Group), absorbs (dissolves in the amorphous UHMW-PE structure and filler) about a gram of sliding lubricant at 110 ° C. There are dozens of ointments from different manufacturers. For polyethylene, the surface tension has a coefficient of approximately 0.032 N / m, for conventional paraffin ointments 0.029 N / m, for ointments with fluoride additives even 0.017 N / m - these additives improve gliding on wet tracks, repelling water, or reducing the so-called capillary suction with a very thick water layer. The best ski glide is at a few degrees of frost (0-4 o C). Sliding under these conditions is more fluid dynamics than friction. The texture pattern has analogues in wildlife - the mako shark is able to ruffle its scales before an attack, creating turbulence on the surface of its body. True, this effect is noticeable at a fairly high speed of the skier, more than 20 km / h, and gives an increase of 1-2 km / h. With further cooling, the slip evenly decreases - the water layer providing the slip is reduced. Finally, when the temperature drops below -15 ° C, this film does not appear at all, and with further cooling, the friction between two solid surfaces increases more sharply, but evenly, due to the increase in the hardness of snow crystals. The choice of sliding ointment becomes somewhat easier - it must be harder than snow.

Lubrication is a process in which amateurs in everyday life should not blindly follow the recommendations on the package. For example, applying an ointment with an iron and scraping is justified if the lubricant is sufficiently refractory and cannot be rubbed by rubbing. The advice to rub with brushes until the “opening of the texture pattern” is more of a marketing ploy of the manufacturer, designed to increase sales, while up to 99% of the ointment is removed, and the effect is available only at very high speeds, which is more important for professionals and is completely absent in the cold. In addition, professionals choose a texture pattern and type of plastic (dozens of options) for a specific weather (and sometimes they make mistakes).

An easy way to evaluate the quality of the glide is to drive down the ski track from a famous hill without pushing off. The distance to which the skis will travel is an objective indicator of the suitability of the lubricant and the method of its application for a particular weather.

Skiing

Alpine skiing is a special type of ski used for downhill skiing and in alpine skiing.

At first, for sports descent from the mountains, regular skis with semi-rigid fittings. A perfect example of this can be seen in the movie Sun Valley Serenade. Gradually, the skis were modified. One of the first modifications was the edging - narrow (4-5 mm) metal strips were attached flush to the bottom along the edges of the ski. This, firstly, prevented the ski tree from grinding against the firn (hard hard snow that often forms in the mountains, sometimes interspersed with small ice crystals), and secondly, it made it possible to control the skis more confidently.

Later, with the development skiing, alpine skiing acquired its own version of bindings, with a rigidly fixed heel, and special boots.

The next big design changes came after the advent of plastic. With the help of skis covered with plastic on the bottom, much greater speed was achieved than with simple wooden ones, which entailed the strengthening of the structure of skis, bindings and boots. Alpine skiing is currently a high-tech product that uses modern scientific and technical achievements.

Cross-country skiing

Cross-country skis are divided into two large classes: plastic and wooden. plastic skis, in turn, are also divided into two large subclasses: notched skis and skis with a smooth block (that is, a smooth middle part of the ski). Skis with a smooth block, in turn, are divided into two more subclasses - designed for the classic style of movement (when the skis move parallel to one another in the track) and the skating style, when the skier moves along a wide snowy road and his movements are similar to the movements of a skater.

Notched plastic skis

They are skis with notches (hooks, serifs) in the middle part of the ski in the area ski boot. They are a very good fitness tool, but they are practically not used by professional skiers. Nevertheless, such skis are extremely popular in the developed countries of Europe and America. Approximately half of all skis sold in Western countries are notched skis.

Advantages

Skis with a notch practically do not require holding ointment, and therefore are very convenient for inexperienced skiers who ski only occasionally and do not know how to apply ski ointments. Nevertheless, in difficult sliding conditions (positive weather, icy ski tracks, etc.), the notches cannot cope with recoil, and holding wax becomes necessary even on these skis.

Flaws

Notches impair sliding not only backwards, but also, although to a lesser extent, forward. Therefore, ceteris paribus, a skier on skis with notches will move more slowly than on smooth skis. That is why notched skis are not used in skiing.

Plastic skis with a smooth last (middle part)

For classic travel style

Such skis have a smooth surface in the middle part of the ski (that is, under the block), and in order to be able to move on such skis, they are lubricated in the middle part with ski ointment, which, when pushed, prevents the skis from slipping back. There are a huge number of ways and options for lubricating skis, depending on the weather and the skier's ambitions, but there are also several simple ways to lubricate skis aimed at beginner skiers. As a rule, it is enough for a beginner skier to have a simple set of three cans. ski wax, plastic scraper and rubbing plug.

For skating

Skating style of movement requires a little more high level training compared to the classical style. It is no coincidence that most people skiing in the forest use exactly classic style movement - it is simpler, more democratic, less demanding on the quality of training and the width ski run. Wherein skating shorter than the classic ones, usually by 15 - 20 cm.

Also on these skis, from the bottom, along the edges of the ski, a 1-2 mm edge is made for a more stable ski run so that it does not slip to the side.

Ski bindings

Skis can be attached to boots using various devices of varying degrees of complexity, which are called mounts. The whole variety of fasteners can be divided into several types:

1. simple
2. soft
3. semi-rigid
4. hard
5. mountain

Simple mounts - the first to appear, they can be found on hunting skis. They are a simple leather or fabric loop into which it is easy to insert a foot in a felt boot.

Soft mounts are the development of simple ones. Another strap was added to the loop, covering the back of the leg, above the heel, and preventing the ski from slipping off the leg. Currently, such mounts are often put on children's skis.

Semi-rigid fastenings - the leather loop is replaced by metal cheeks, against which the boot rests, held on top by a sling. Instead of a belt, a cable is used - a metal spring. The cable is tensioned with a small lever, which is attached in front of the cheeks.

All three listed types of fasteners do not require special shoes, are reliable and easy to use. Semi-rigid mounts have long been in service in the armies of various countries. Also, semi-rigid bindings were used in skiing and jumping in the early stages, before the advent of modern ski bindings and boots.

Rigid bindings - when using them, the boot is “tightly” connected with the toe to the skis, which allows them to be better controlled. It is hard mounts that are now widely used. Currently, three mounting systems are being produced - Nordic 75 (familiar to everyone in the USSR), SNS, NNN and its new version NIS.

Ski bindings - these specific bindings completely fix the boot relative to the ski, which is necessary for control at high speeds developed by athletes when descending from the mountains. Feature of these fasteners - the ability to release the boot under critical loads in order to protect a person from severe injuries, fractures.

In addition to these main varieties, there are rare options:

1. Telemark ski bindings - similar to ski bindings, they have the specific properties needed for a Telemark style descent.
2. Skitour bindings - an intermediate option between hard and ski bindings, allow you to comfortably move on the plain, while the boot is attached to the ski only with a toe, and also provide the ability to fix the heel for skiing. They have the ability to release the boot under critical loads, like ski boots.
3. Jump bindings - modification of bindings for jumping sports.

see also

Notes

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Why is ice and snow slippery? The Tribo-physics of skiing, L. Karlöf, L. Torgersen Axell, D. Slotfeldt-Ellingsen
• Sliding Friction of Polyethylene on Snow and Ice, L. Bäaurle, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
• Friction characteristics between ski base and ice - fundamental lab scale tests and practical implications, P. Sturesson, Uppsala University
• Performance Skiing: Training and Techniques to Make You a Better Alpine Skier, G. Thomas, ISBN 0811730263
• Teflon® Paraffin Low Friction Wax for All Snow Conditions, DuPont Technology
• The complete quide to cross-country ski preparation, N. Brown, ISBN 0-89886-600-6

Links

From time immemorial northern peoples used skis not only as a means of transportation, but as one of the means of subsistence. On the Zalavruga rock (Karelia), near the mouth of the Vyg River, there is an image of Neolithic skiers, and in the Pskov region a ski was found that is about 4000 years old. Quite primitive skis were used by the ancient Siberian tribes, the Chinese, and the indigenous inhabitants of the Arctic regions of America. In the Nikon chronicle of 1444 there is a miniature that tells about the battles of Russian troops with the Tatars. There is a mention of such rats in chronicles starting from the 16th century. From the records of the Swedish archbishop Otto Magnus, it is known how people went skiing three centuries ago. At the beginning of the 16th century, skis from Scandinavia came to Europe. At the same time, the Polish commander Stefan Batory created teams of skiers in his army.

In the 18th century, the Scandinavians used skis of various lengths: the short, right-handed one was used for repulsion, while the long, left-handed one was used for gliding. About one hundred and sixty years ago, the Norwegians held the first skiing competition, in which the future head of government won. In 1856, the Norwegian Ion Thorsteinson crossed the mountains of the Siera Nevada on skis three meters long, carrying a cargo of American mail. For this he was nicknamed "Snow Thompson". Skis sometimes had a bend both in front and behind. The sliding surface of the skis was lined with fur so that they would not slide back on the slopes. For repulsion, as before, they used one stick. When descending, for balance and braking, they sat astride a stick.

The polar explorer Nansen crossed Greenland on oak skis at the end of the 19th century, which served to popularize skiing.

Early 20th century Russian skiers organized competitions at a distance of one hundred meters. In 1911, a 724 km long route was laid between Moscow and the northern capital. The winner completed it in 294 hours and 22 minutes. Marathon runs up to two hundred kilometers long were popular in Sweden. Women took to the track in long skirts and large hats. In 1896, at the Winter Olympics, athletes competed in white trousers and black boots.

For a long time, skis were made from one piece of wood. Birch was the best material. Then the skis began to be made glued, from several layers. From the bottom, along the edges, a piping was made of hard wood.

Since 1974, plastic skis have been manufactured. They quickly replaced wooden skis. Plastic skis had less weight, greater strength and excellent speed qualities. Plastic skis hold lubrication well and have good grip on snow. With the advent of plastic skis, there have been changes in running technique. In the manufacture ski poles fiberglass is also used, which is reinforced with carbon fibers. For their lightness and high strength, they began to be called "coal feather".

Cross-country skiing is extremely popular in the world. World Cups are held in cross-country skiing, biathlon and alpine skiing. Various ski disciplines are included in the program of the Winter Olympics.