Sports area in the park. Sports zones of multifunctional parks. The parks are used by masses of people of different age groups
The modern rhythm of life forces many of us to abandon even very elegant, but such impractical types of outerwear. But this does not mean at all that people living in constant motion should look boring and dull. Modern designers systematically delight lovers of an active lifestyle with new models of sports jackets. This season, parks deserve special attention. In the fashionable assortment of manufacturers there are both male and female models of such jackets, and this is good news.
parka jacket
The classic parka model attracts consumers because it is as simple as possible. Its cut is mostly straight, and only overhead bulky pockets at the level of the arms and chest act as a decor. Distinctive features parkas are also a deep hood, a high stand-up collar that covers the face a little, as well as a sewn-in zipper with an insulated valve with buttons or snaps. In principle, these are all the features that distinguish the parka from other jackets, but its main advantage lies in the phenomenal warming properties. Why this season people should pay attention to sports models park?
Features and Benefits
The fact is that sports parks are distinguished by an anatomical cut, therefore they do not fetter a person at all during vigorous activity. The absence of unnecessary details and decorative elements does not make the jackets heavier in terms of weight, so you feel as comfortable and free as possible in them. Thoughtful details, such as internal pockets for headphones, as well as additional layers of fabric on the elbows, are an important advantage of such jackets. But the main advantage lies in the warming properties of the fabric.
Sports parkas are sewn from modern materials that have excellent air exchange properties, as well as the ability to absorb excess moisture. Thus, even during maximum activity, the slightest overheating of the body is completely excluded. As a heater for such jackets, an innovative material is used - thinsulate, and it is distinguished by its very low weight and the ability to remove moisture. And the shades of these jackets are always bright and versatile, so they can be worn literally for any occasion.
How to choose
Choosing sports parks should be guided primarily by the material. Suitable fabrics for the outside will be nylon combined with cotton, and for the inside - wool or polyester. For the winter period, parks with natural insulation are ideal, that is, those that combine down and feathers of waterfowl. For a warmer off-season, it is better to choose lighter linings developed by modern manufacturers. It is good if the hood is decorated with natural fur trim, which, moreover, will also be removable.
The style of the parks is better to choose only in size. In models for growth, you will not feel very comfortable, just like in back-to-back models. When choosing parks, girls should also take into account the features of their own silhouette. For men, classic straight-cut parkas are suitable.
Fashion trends
The most trendy in the fashion season 2016 - 2017 are military-style sports parks. Slightly saturated with a military spirit, models attract men and women with neutral shades. The combination of olive, green, beige, gray, brown and sand allows you to use such a jacket even in periods of slush and dampness. Solid colors are no less attractive - black, blue, white, dark green, lilac, blue, red, pink, yellow and orange.
But the fashionable length is not too big - a maximum of up to the knee or a little higher. The shape of the hem in trendy models is most often straight, but it can also be asymmetrical. The rope on the hem allows you to pull it up to the desired length according to the figure and make the image not only practical, but also harmonious. A very popular option is a jacket with a deep hood like Alaska, as well as a parka with leather inserts on the sleeves.
What to wear
Wearing a sports parka in winter is necessary with insulated wardrobe elements. These can be classic jeans or tight-fitting trousers with insulation, as well as knitted sweaters, tunics and dresses. You can wear under such a park and a classic sweatshirt, as well as thermal underwear. A mandatory element of any winter look is a hat, scarf and gloves. It is good if they fully correspond to the style of outerwear and are distinguished by sports tailoring.
An off-season look with a parka can be a little more effortless. Under it, you can wear checkered shirts and blouses, combining them with skirts, as well as classic jeans and tight dress pants. For women, an option with a dress that does not exceed the hem of the outerwear will be appropriate. A silk scarf can also be used as a stylish addition, but there is a combination option that can be called almost a win-win.
With sweatpants
If you already chose to purchase a sports parka, then you should match this image to the end. Sweatpants will become this case a universal addition to the looky with a parka, both for men and women. All you have to do is choose suitable model pants, which will be well combined in texture and shade with a jacket.
What accessories and shoes are suitable
But shoes for a sports park should be chosen primarily according to the season. Sports shoes can become a universal option, but if you want variety, you can complement the image with coarse soldier's boots, and ankle boots, and boots, and half boots. As an accessory, you can use a sports backpack or shoulder bag.
Stylish images
And in order for the image with the park to be truly stylish, it is necessary to take into account the harmony of color combinations in the process of selecting clothes. Remember that it is not recommended to combine warm shades with cold ones, and it is better to dilute bright colors with a calmer one. For the rest, you can follow the call of your heart.
sports parks are venues for sports, physical culture and recreation, cultural and educational events in a green area.
Green spaces on the territory sports parks must meet functional, sanitary and hygienic and planning requirements (Fig.).
City sports parks created for their optimal accessibility. The service radius of the complexes of sports facilities should not exceed 1500 m. The transport accessibility of citywide and regional sports parks and individual complexes should be 20-30 minutes. Of great importance for large sports parks is the rational organization of public transport routes and the arrangement of spacious parking lots in order to ensure quick loading and evacuation of visitors during competitions or mass festivities.
In sports parks, it is rational to provide for the multi-purpose use of architectural and planning elements. Thus, sports grounds used in summer can serve as skating rinks in winter, some service pavilions can be converted into sports equipment rental facilities in winter. To save money on landscaping along a paved main alley with heavy pedestrian flows, it is rational to create parallel paths with a stable grassy surface for use on competition days or festivities. The regular nature of the layout of the sports park can be mitigated by creating a picturesque landscape in the peripheral zone: artificial hills and reservoirs, gently curving paths, recreation areas for free
contours, picturesque flower beds, various types paving with the addition of small architectural forms.
The main element of this type of park is a sports core with a football field, treadmills, and exercise areas. athletics, stands for spectators. In addition to the sports core, a sports park can host training football fields, additional sports grounds, outdoor and indoor swimming pools, a skating rink, an athletic field, etc. An open theater of mass actions can be created in the natural landscape zone, in the complex of which food points, an information service, places for active recreation. If there are water spaces on the territory of the park, hydropark sports complexes can be created. Hydroparks, the area of water spaces of which can be more than 50%, have a sports specialization with a predominance of water sports devices or recreational - with a predominant development various kinds recreation on the water.
Structure of sports parks can develop on the basis of regular or mixed planning techniques. When organizing a sports zone, regular planning techniques are usually used, while walking and certain types of recreation areas use free planning techniques; including the creation of picturesque landscaping compositions and in the form of group and single plantings of trees and shrubs, lawn and flower compositions.
The layout of the center of the sports park:
1 - main entrance; 2 - entrance area with approaches to the stands; 3 — central sports core with three-buns; 4-8 - sports grounds; 9 - sports pavilion; 10 - training football field; L - children's sector; 12 - theater; 13 - attractions; 14 - open theater; 15 - dance floor; /5 - restaurant; 17 - solarium; 18 - cafe; 19 - reading room; 20 - service facilities; 21 - administrative and economic area with a garage; 22 - shooting range; 23 - parking lot.
Scheme of the master plan of the Central Republican Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kyiv:
1 - main entrance; 2 - greenhouse; 3 - herbarium museum; 4 - architectural and historical reserve; 5 - recreation area; 6 — protected areas of exposition of natural vegetation; 7 - exposition areas of regulated visits; 8 - protective zones; 9 - rose garden; 10 - sirengar; 11 - arboretum; 12 - flower slide; 13 - mountain garden; 14 - shaped garden; 15 - exposition of aquatic plants.
| 05.10.2017
Gone are the days when you had to buy a subscription to a fitness club to play sports. Today you can go in for sports for free - on sports grounds located in Moscow parks.
Gorky Park and Muzeon
This is a real Mecca for lovers of free activities. In addition to several sports grounds scattered throughout the park, there are regular free workouts cross-country Nike club, where experienced coaches will help you put the technique and tactics of running at any distance.
In the warm season, on the lawn near the Pioneer Summer Cinema and on the veranda Sparrow Hills pass free classes yoga classes taught by certified teachers. The project presents various styles - Hatha, Kundalini, Iyengar, Jivamukti and others.
Classes at the Pioneer are held on weekdays from 8:00 to 9:00, on the lawn near the Pioneer and on the veranda of the Sparrow Hills also on weekdays, but from 19:00 to 20:30.
And finally, dancing. Every day, on the dance floor near the Pioneer Summer Cinema, you can learn modern and historical ballroom dancing, learn Brazilian-style moves, learn more about zumba, jitterbug and many other styles.
As already mentioned, classes are held every day until October 1, with the exception of rainy and excessively cold days (below 10 degrees).
VDNH
CrossFit from Reebok under the guidance of professional trainers is no joke. The site, equipped with everything necessary, is located on the territory of VDNKh behind pavilion No. 9 opposite the entrance to the Port pool.
On weekdays, training takes place from 18:00 to 20:00, on weekends - from 12:00 to 15:00.
Sokolniki
Zumba-fitness - a set of energetic movements to incendiary Latin American rhythms - does not require expensive classes with trainers, specialized equipment and other expenses. In fact, all that is required of you is presence and emancipation. Trainings are held on Saturdays, at 15.00, on the stage "Rotonda".
The skate park in Sokolniki is open in any weather. Plywood figures placed under the tent under the guidance of Sergey Aksenov, a specialist from the Moskomsport skateboard school, were placed under the tent, and a flat area and concrete structures under open sky were specially built by the IOU-RAMPS Russia team.
Fili Park
The area of the park is 300 hectares, which includes several points where simulators and a basketball court are located.
Izmailovsky park
Izmailovsky park- one of the largest parks in Moscow and Europe. Here, on the alleys of the Big Circle, one of the most well-equipped Workout sites is located:
- Triple cascade of horizontal bars for push-ups and pull-ups.
- Double bars for push-ups and double curved bars.
- hand-snake, swedish wall, triangles, a horizontal bar of a classic grip and a hammer grip.
- Bench with emphasis for push-ups Workout bench for rest and exercise.
Tagansky park
A wonderful addition to Tagansky Park is sports complex For everyone. A sports ground with a huge selection of exercise equipment, from horizontal bars to a treadmill for two.
Bauman Garden
On the sports grounds in this park, there are often no free simulators. In addition, free yoga classes are held here once a week during the summer.
Park "Kuzminki"
At different ends of the park there are several sports grounds for Workout. Horizontal bars, bars, press benches, butterfly trainers and other equipment.
Lianozovsky park
"Fairytale Alley" - this is the name of the site with sports facilities. The name causes a smile, because a lot of attention in this park is given to children and everything that can develop them. Adults are also not left without attention: for them there is a separate corner with exercise equipment.
Park "Northern Tushino"
There are several sports grounds on the territory of the Northern Tushino park: Workout, treadmill, tennis court, table tennis, Beach volleyball and others.
Babushkinsky park
This park is a labyrinth of beautifully designed alleys. There is a large sports ground with an extensive range of strength outdoor exercise equipment. That is why it is so easy to combine rest and exercise here.
Specialized, or monofunctional, parks include parks with a pronounced one function - sports, children's, walking, memorial, and other areas. Specialized parks are being created in major cities. According to the landscape-genetic principle, they are classified, like multifunctional parks.
sports parks
Sports parks are types of parks where the primary role is assigned to physical education and sports, outdoor activities, designed for mass recovery, physical development and education modern man. The sports parks are Olympic complexes, ordinary sports parks - hydroparks, parks with small water bodies or without them.
Sports parks can be:
Specialized, used for practicing one sport: for example, swimming, for classes of a certain age group that differ in functional purpose - training, demonstration, physiotherapy exercises;
Complex, multifunctional, designed for training and competition of athletes in a wide variety of sports, used for outdoor activities, recreational activities and sports entertainment for visitors.
The zoning of the territory of the sports park is largely determined by:
A clear schedule of movement; separating athletes and spectators resting in the park;
Loading and evacuation of demonstration, educational and training facilities and facilities for outdoor activities;
The allocation of recreational areas to restore the physical, mental strength of athletes and visitors to the park.
Thoughtful organization health work and recreation of sports parks attracts masses of people of different age groups: some, adults and children, are engaged in sports sections, train, participate in competitions of city, federal, international significance; others, sports fans, watch them as spectators; people of older and retirement age are engaged in health groups.
The mass attendance of sports parks, the activity of visitors made it necessary to include lecture halls, stages, attractions, exhibitions, playgrounds in recreation areas. board games, children's playgrounds, reading rooms, as well as organize catering facilities - cafes, buffets, kiosks.
Currently, when designing sports parks, it is recommended to subdivide the following zones; sports, entertainment, quiet rest, service.
A sports zone may have a specific functional focus, for example, equestrian riding, or be divided into subzones (sectors): water sports; children's sports, with a club of young sailors.
Olympic sports park - landscaped area for international, sports competitions(competitions) with a regulated range of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet a high class of international requirements. Olympic parks are created at the Olympic complexes. When organizing Olympic complexes, complex urban planning problems are solved: the construction of modern sports facilities in terms of architecture and design, Olympic Village, hotels, buildings for cultural and community services for athletes and tourists, the relationship of the complex with the transport system and the prospect of city development.
According to their organization, Olympic complexes are single with an independent allocated territory, for example, the sports complexes of "Mexico City" or "Munich", and consisting of several territories - "Rome" or "Moscow" - in different parts of the city or even in different regions.
During the construction of Olympic complexes, old buildings and existing parks are often used, which, if necessary, are reconstructed during the work. Olympic complexes with stadiums for 80, 100 or more thousand spectators and other facilities - public recreation areas that require clarity and clarity of plan with a dominant center (the center of the composition in Munich is the central arena and theater; in Montreal - the Olympic stadium) and functional zoning territory: for example, in Munich there are two zones: the sports and the Olympic village.
When zoning the territory of the Olympic complex, the following zones can be distinguished: sports - for the main, sports competitions; training, sports equipment, Olympic village, entertainment, maintenance.
When zoning the territory of sports parks for sanitary reasons and to ensure the safety of participants and spectators, a significant removal of some types of sports is provided - water-motor, shooting, automobile, equestrian, etc.
The Olympic Complex of the Moscow Olympiad consisted of several territories, and sports facilities in Leningrad, Kiev, and Minsk were used for football matches. The main part of the competition, the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics-80 were held in the main sports complex in Luzhniki, an area of 180 hectares, located in the bend of the Moscow River; facilities: large and small arenas, Sports Palace, swimming pool, universal gym"Friendship". The core of the sports park complex is a sports arena for 103,000 spectators, to which the shortest roads lead from parking lots and transport stops - metro, trolleybus. bus. From the embankment of the park offers a view of the river, Sparrow Hills, the city. Other facilities of the complex are located on Mira Avenue - an area of 20 hectares with a universal indoor hall for 35 thousand people. in Krylatskoye - 750 hectares with a rowing canal and a cycle track; in the Bitsevsh forest area - horse-drawn sports complex; in Mytishchi - bullet and bench shooting.
Characteristic of the Olympic complexes are the large-scale solution of structures - giant stadiums; unloading pre-stadium areas, the clarity of the construction of pedestrian and transport roads
Former Olympic complexes for the most part continue to operate as ordinary sports parks.
A special place among sports parks is occupied by hydroparks. A hydropark is a territory with a high proportion of water area in the total balance of park areas - over 25% of the territory is water bodies - intended for mass recreation of workers - for physical education and sports, cultural and educational events, entertainment, quiet rest. Big sizes hydroparks allow you to create comfortable conditions for recreation in a natural environment for everyone age groups. Thanks to the beaches, sports facilities, a high recreational capacity is created. Hydroparks are created most often in cities experiencing a shortage of territory, on inconvenient, flooded lands.
The center of the composition of the hydropark forms a complex of structures; less often - a stadium, a central reservoir, sometimes a multifunctional composition is created with a center on each of the islands. In hydroparks, where sports and recreational functions predominate, beaches, sports facilities, structures are created - bridges, boathouses, yacht clubs, harbors for sailing and motor ships, boat stations; attractions for entertainment - hydrocarousel, water springboard, toboggans, water cascades; water theater venues and restaurants.
Depending on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, functional orientation, composition, the territory of the hydropark is divided into zones: sports, entertainment, cultural and educational, children's play, service.
The sports zone in parks occupies approximately 50 ... .70% of the entire territory, and therefore, playgrounds, roads, structures make up a significantly larger share in the balance of the territory than in other park facilities. In large sports parks over 100 ... 200 hectares, it is recommended to allocate up to 50% of the territory for a quiet recreation area, which unites all areas of the park. A children's sector is being created in the quiet recreation area.
The core of a sports park is usually stadium , sometimes - a complex of structures or parterre composition; in Luzhniki stadium.
Architectural and planning solutions for sports parks varied and built on the contrast of open and closed landscapes.
When placing stadiums with a one-sided or horseshoe-shaped tribune, the wide view of the landscape opening through the open space from the stands is taken into account football field; on the axis of the composition training fields can be placed, just glades, on neighboring territories - the sea, lake, opposite bank of the river, fields, mountains.
For the most part, sports and demonstration areas are decided by regular receptions, and the quiet recreation area is landscaped. Free, landscape-shaped meadows, smooth lines of roads and alleys create a favorable environment for recreation, in contrast to the intense rhythm of the composition of sports grounds and the most active activity of the participants - training, competition - the sports zone.
Sports devices, according to the requirements, are oriented with a wide side from north to south; small deflection angles allowed
The landscaping needs to be windproof, soundproofing should also not obscure the playing space, while creating a calm backdrop for the ball game.
Children's parks
Children's parks are designed and created in accordance with the needs of the city or district, taking into account the size and natural characteristics of the allotted territory, the necessary range of structures and devices. The organization of children's parks is characterized by the use of favorable environmental factors that promote active recreation, physical and mental development of children.
Children's parks are divided into citywide and district.
The citywide children's park is a landscaped area with favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions, with an area of at least 8 hectares. On the territory, it is desirable to have reservoirs, relief, contributing to the creation of a picturesque landscape. The park should have convenient transport links with all areas of the city.
Regional children's parks with a service radius of up to 1 km are being created in large cities. Their sizes range from 4 to 8 hectares. Zoning of the park is carried out according to the sections of educational and recreational work:
Cultural and educational zone - a campfire site for pioneer lines, a theater, a circus, a lecture hall, a museum, a reading room;
Physical education - stadium, sports grounds, swimming pool;
Entertainment, games and attractions;
Services, provides for buffets, cafes, kiosks with food, water, books, pay phones;
toilets - one toilet per 1-3 hectares of territory.
The cultural and educational zone is solved on an independent territory or is divided into objects. In a number of projects, it is treated as central. When placing a circus or theater that attracts many visitors, an unloading area and their connection with the main entrance are provided.
When creating a park kids club(Palace of Youth) areas of young naturalists, young technicians are being developed.
For the station of young naturalists, rooms with an area of 200 to 400 m 2 are needed: a greenhouse, hotbeds, a meteorological station, areas for field crops, gardening, horticulture, floriculture, industrial crops, medicinal herbs, tree species.
For the station of young technicians, rooms with an area of 200 to 500 m are provided, where workshops (offices) are located: electrical engineers, aircraft modeling, radio engineering, carpentry, metalwork, planetarium, exhibition pavilion, etc. zone physical education. Sports devices being designed within the park include:
Stadium with stands for spectators
Volleyball - three sites measuring 14 * 23 m;
Basketball - two courts of 20 * 30 m;
Tennis courts - two courts of 20*40 m;
Sites for small towns - 10*30m;
Outdoor games - 2-3 by 20*30m
Solarium - lawn for sunbathing;
Aerarium - for air baths in the shade of trees, awnings or umbrellas;
Outdoor pool (summer) for swimming,
jumping pool,
In the sports area there are pavilions for classes, wardrobes, showers, bike rentals, ski and skate rentals.
Entertainment zone. It attracts all visitors to the park. This zone includes a main complex for shared use by all age groups and dedicated facilities for each age group of children. Game complexes for preschoolers and younger schoolchildren are recommended to be placed in separate areas near the main entrance.
In modern children's parks, play complexes for children under 14 can be both multifunctional and specialized.
Polyfunctional complexes are characterized by a combination of gaming and cognitive elements, taken in each case in certain proportions - a sports and playground, a splash pool, attractions, a stage, a board game site, a zoo corner and a puppet theater.
In children's parks, specialized complexes are widely used - water playgrounds, playgrounds for sports games transport games, adventure playgrounds.
Water areas include simple and figured showers, sprinklers, channels for launching boats, pools, cracker fountains.
This type of play construction site includes the most common sand play areas, which are consistently popular with children of all age groups - from one year to 10 years and older. For the multivariance of playing with sand, tables of different heights, benches, houses, decorative walls with shelves, forms for sand products are provided.
Transport playgrounds are especially useful in the concomitant teaching of traffic rules to children. Pedal cars, bicycles, scooters are intended for riding.
The section of transport games includes such sections as a children's railway or a cable car, which are routed taking into account the convenience of park visitors and are served by children;
Adventure play complexes are conceived as an improvisation of the situation - a journey in the jungle, desert, at sea, in space, or more specific topics - a space playground, playing Indians, protecting fortifications, a fantastic country of the past with fabulous monsters, a country of dinosaurs, labyrinths, etc.
The architectural and planning solution of gaming complexes is developing in two stylistic directions: 1) the use of geometrically correct planning forms; 2) application of standard parts
equipment and free picturesque planning forms with simple and complex structures made of wood, natural stone, monolithic concrete.
Play equipment for children should be bright, interesting, expressive and of high aesthetic quality. When designing equipment, a "childish" scale is adopted, stimulating the imagination of children. When designing playgrounds, it is very important to rationally place the game volumes, avoiding chaos and cluttering the playgrounds, as well as trees, shrubs and flower beds.
When forming children's parks, it is necessary to create a perimeter protective strip from dust, noise, at least 10 m wide. The territory of the park should not be crossed by transit roads. It is desirable to design a limited number of inputs. Zones and their individual facilities that serve a large number of visitors - a stadium, an exhibition, attractions - should be placed closer to the entrance. In cases where the park is surrounded by residential areas, has a large territory, or in order to avoid the accumulation of children in one place, sectors (objects) are duplicated.
The assortment of plants is selected taking into account the age and interests of children, and in order to get acquainted with local plants and the diverse flora of Russia, areas with ornamental, fruit and berry, technical and medicinal plants are created. Poisonous and thorny plants are excluded from the assortment.
The road network of the children's park consists of the main entrance alley (or 2-3 additional ones) with a width of 6-8 m of a circular route covering all areas of the park
Exhibition parks
Parks-exhibitions according to the content are divided into; universal, specialized, thematic.
They can be placed on a separate territory and as an exhibition sector on the territory of multifunctional parks, walking parks and sports.
Exhibitions can be stationary, permanent, regularly repeated; exhibitions are irregular, dedicated to events, significant dates. The functions of exhibition parks are to introduce the achievements of science and technology, industry, agriculture and forestry, culture and art. Purposes - trade, as a rule, commercial; educational - scientific and technical, artistic, agricultural, etc.
According to the purpose, the composition of the exposition participants, the exhibitions are classified into world, international, national, republican, regional, regional, city, district, etc.
World Exhibitions-Parks . Giant exhibitions are arranged at regular intervals, like world exhibitions, international trade and industrial exhibitions-fairs - in Leipzig, Brno, Plovdiv, Zagreb, Damascus, Paris, Vienna, Tokyo, Milan, etc. Flower exhibitions are known: for example, the exhibition " Floriade is held in Holland every 10 years on an area of hundreds of hectares.
The territory of the exhibition-park is divided into the following zones:
Exposition zone - park, entertainment 30...40%;
Administrative, 40...60%;
Economic, 2...3%;
Maintenance 12...20%.
The purpose of world exhibitions is to show the prospects for the development of society, to popularize the latest achievements in all spheres of human activity.
The latest achievements in the field of science and technology, in architecture and construction are reflected in the architectural and planning organization of world exhibitions.
When designing, great importance is attached to zoning the territory and determining the center of the entire composition.
So, for example, Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace was the center of the composition of the 1851 exhibition park in London. The 1889 exhibition in Paris, which was located on the banks of the Seine, was dominated by the Eiffel Tower.
The organization of the exhibition area is influenced by the surrounding buildings of the city, its transport routes, relief, and water bodies. Strong transport arteries of the city find development in the composition of the exhibition-park in the form of alleys, roads and squares, in the design of entrances.
In some cases, natural conditions are the compositional basis of exhibition complexes.
When zoning the exhibition-park, the central sections are allocated for the exposition, and the peripheral ones - the park zone, reservoirs - are used for recreation, children's games and attractions. Large car parks are often designed outside the park.
Entertainment zones are of great interest to exhibition visitors. In non-repeating projects of attractions, the wide use of the achievements of modern science and technology, automation, electronics, radio, television, pneumatics, hydraulics, aerodynamics, film technology, and synthetic art is envisaged.
Parks-exhibitions in some territories are polyfunctional. In addition to the leading exposition zone, educational ones are introduced in them for a good rest of visitors - lecture halls, museums; entertainment, sports zones, entertainment zones - attractions, dance halls; children's areas.
The international exhibition of floriculture in 1969 in Paris, the author of the project, architect D. Colin, occupied an area of 30 hectares. The center of the composition is a pond, 0.5 hectares, with floral decoration. An artificial relief with hills and terraces has been created on part of the territory, with a landscape layout, where pavilions of a number of countries are located - the exposition "Blossoming Valley". In addition, there is a water garden, a sculpture garden and a recreation area for children.
An example of a selective display of techniques is the sites near the landscaping pavilions at VDNKh (VVTs). Separate techniques of landscape gardening art are demonstrated on the territory; techniques typical of Russian cities. An example of the multiple display of small exhibits is the rose garden, designed by Professor L.S. Zalesskaya in the 60s of the 20th century on the territory of VDNKh (VVTs). Here varieties of roses were shown, framed by "circles" of marble curbs. In 1960-70, an exhibition of flowers was given on Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
Organization of the territory of exhibitions by methods of park art, floriculture, sculpture is solved traditionally for exhibition complexes: a system of entrances is provided in accordance with the surrounding urban development by public transport; functional zoning of the territory is carried out - exposition, entertainment and service; the routing of alleys and roads connecting the zones and excursion routes, - routes review. If necessary, large parks create sites for collecting excursions and recreation. At the same time, the main tasks are to organize the movement of visitors to ensure the completeness of the disclosure of the exposition; architectural and planning construction of the exposition, creating an optimal environment for the perception of exhibits, taking into account the peculiarities of the exhibition theme - plants, sculptures, etc.; the nature of the exhibited objects.
Expositions of techniques of landscape gardening art, flower decoration require large areas, their separation by the backstage of plantings (or volumes of relief, structures). When the territory is limited, they are exhibited selectively, 1-3 receptions, and if necessary, a plurality of displays are built modular compositions of small exhibition areas, ridges and other exhibits. The principle of forming a "garden within a garden" is one of the methods of composition of parks-exhibitions, and the formation of the exposition of a botanical garden also belongs to them; stony gardens, dahlias, rose gardens, areas of regular park art receptions are introduced into the outline of the park - independent expositions of a park or a botanical garden.
Buildings and pavilions occupy a small percentage of the territory at landscape art exhibitions. They are often solved in the form of complexes of structures of neutral, restrained architecture, and, most importantly, expositions on outdoors: international exhibitions of landscape art - Rotterdam, 1960; Vienna, 1964; exhibition of socialist countries in Erfurt, 1961; Düsseldorf, 1980; Hanover, 1999; "Floriada-2002" in Holland, etc.
sculpture gardens
Widely known are the gardens and parks of Versailles, Russian masterpieces of landscape art - Petrodvorets, Arkhangelskoye, Summer Garden, where wonderful ensembles of nature and sculptural plasticity were created in the style of their time. In the 20th century, original open-air sculpture museums became widespread.
The regulation of architecture prevailed in the old regular parks. The techniques of monumental and decorative art are assigned a clearly defined place in the overall compositional system, and in modern parks-museums of sculpture there is a tendency to develop a landscape direction.
In parks (gardens) sculptures are compared with open space and freely placed sculpture. According to this principle, a well-known outdoor sculpture collection in Antwerp was created - "Middel-hgim", a sculpture park at the National Museum of Contemporary Art Kroller-Müller "in Waterloo (Holland), interesting sculpture expositions in the gardens of Warsaw (Poland), Riga (Latvia) and Tallinn (Estonia).
The Milles Garden Sculpture Museum in Lidingo, a suburb of Stockholm, is located on a small rocky area (1906-1910, architect K. Benttesson, sculptors K. Milles and E. Milles), has a sloping steep relief of the site, facing the fjord, behind which a silhouette looms cities. The garden is a series of sloping terraces with sparsely standing pines. The beginning of the tour starts from the upper terrace, which is a small garden with open colonnades decorated with sculpture - small works of the early period - in front of the house. The gradual increase in the size of the terraces as you go down to the lower platform of the garden creates the necessary scale of space for the installation of large sculptural groups. The Sculpture Garden in Oslo (Norway), which was distinguished by the certainty of the subject: it is human life from birth to death with all its complexities. There are 58 sculptures in total in the garden. The garden is interesting in its composition. The memorial is made in the form of a complex of stones: the central one, the largest, 13 tons, with 121 human figures carved, and 36 compositions on stone are placed around it.
In Riga, the sculpture garden on the banks of the Daugava River is designed as a small enclosed space, framed by castle buildings and a stone fence, the area is less than 1 ha. The exposition presents a free arrangement of sculptures by Latvian artists on a lawn in a semi-open landscape of a garden - sparsely placed trees, deciduous shrubs.
The sculpture garden in Kadriorg (Tallinn, Estonia) is formed from small areas for sculptures on the lawn of the garden.
For a better perception of each exhibited object, an appropriate background is needed. A good background are the lawn; a group of trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants; hedge, trellis, decorative wall made of natural stone, brick. Favorable for the exhibited subject lighting, orientation to the cardinal points. It is possible to provide for the creation of separating backstage.
When designing, the texture of the material of the exhibit and the background, their mutual influence, was used. The most constant in color and texture are lawns and coniferous plant species, but they also change the color threshold from spring to late autumn, acquiring either cold or warm shades. Depending on the task, a dark background is created from dense groups of deciduous and coniferous trees - fir, spruce, etc. - or a light background, from loose groups of trees, plants of an openwork fine texture - birch, larch; light, silvery in tone - silver willow, silver prickly spruce); background of flowering plants - apple tree, chestnut, lilac, rhododendron; from herbaceous - bulbous, perennials. Plants have a variety of leaf colors, which also change depending on the season, so the quality of perception changes and requires a special selection of plants, as well as a careful approach to choosing a place for the exhibit.
The number of people involved in sports is growing every year.
for training athletes and competitions a large number of sports facilities are being built: sports grounds in microdistricts, at schools and other city facilities; sports complexes, including buildings and flat structures intended for everyday sports activities, as well as for holding competitions of urban, union and international significance.
Large complexes of sports facilities are usually formed in the form of parks. Sometimes sports facilities are placed in parks of culture and recreation. So, a stadium for 100 thousand seats was built in the park of S. M. Kirov in Leningrad.
The main principle of sports park planning is to provide the possibility of quick loading and evacuation of spectators. Particular attention is paid to the creation of alleys and recreation areas for athletes and visitors. It is also important to carry out a complex of engineering improvement of the territory at a modern technical level.
The green spaces of the sports park, as experience shows, occupy at least 30-40% of the total area of the park. When selecting an assortment of plants and placing them in the park, the following requirements are guided. To create a certain one-color background around the courts, on which the ball will stand out quite sharply, it is advisable to use shrubs and trees. At the same time, species with shiny leaves should be avoided and plants should be placed so that the shadow from their crowns does not fall on the site.
When landscaping sports facilities, it is undesirable to use plants that give a large number of flying seeds, abundantly fruiting and dropping leaves early, as they clog sports fields, which can be an obstacle during sports events. Thorny plants should also not be used.
When designing sports parks Special attention they pay attention to the use of water, not only for competitions, swimming, etc. (large reservoirs and rivers), but also for decorating the park. Decorative reservoirs, pools, fountains, cascades, streams, waterfalls, together with greenery, give the park a unique look.
On the approaches, parking lots are placed according to the total rate for all sports facilities operating at the same time.
Sports facilities, physical education and sports grounds, located among greenery, organized physical education, holding competitions attract urban residents to active recreation. Green spaces and physical education have been associated since ancient times. Initially, the first simplest sports facilities were arranged near green areas or directly on their glades.
Somewhat later, the first workers appeared in Russia. sports clubs. Already in 1923, the first major stadium was built in Moscow at the All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft-Industrial Exhibition. In the same year, a number of other stadiums were put into operation in Moscow.
The first major sports facility of the post-war years was the reconstructed stadium. S. M. Kirov in Leningrad.
In 1954, the Science Stadium was built in Tbilisi. The authors of the project of this stadium sought to include the territory of the stadium in the layout of one of the best parks in the city, without violating its architectural and planning composition.
The above examples are characterized by the active inclusion of the natural landscape, and especially green spaces, in the architectural and planning solution of the territory of the stadiums, which, in essence, are sports parks. In almost all cases, sports facilities are placed directly in green areas. In cases where the zone of sports facilities is located compactly on a separate site, it should still adjoin the park.
The 50s became a new stage in the development of the practice of designing and building sports parks. At this time, stadiums are being built in Riga, Minsk, Khabarovsk, Moscow and other cities.
Sports complexes - sports parks of the 80s are solved in a new way. In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, the construction of a large sports and recreation park on Otdykh Island is nearing completion.
Moscow has a number of high-class sports facilities, which were reconstructed in preparation for the Olympics. In addition, new specialized complexes were built taking into account the special
facilities of various sports, which made it possible to have sports centers that take into account the highest international requirements in each planning area of the capital.
The main sports complex of the Olympics was the Central Stadium. V. I. Lenin in Luzhniki, built in 1956 and reconstructed in 1980 (156).
The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moscow River and the district railway has an area of 180 hectares, of which
more than 40 hectares are used for the organization of entrances, approaches, stops and parking lots of public and individual transport. It is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, the entire territory of the stadium is raised by an average of 1.5 m.
On numerous sports grounds and in the halls of the stadium, you can train and hold competitions in more than 30 sports. The sports park has about 150 sports facilities alone,
including the Big Sports Arena with stands for 103 thousand spectators, the Small Arena for 10 thousand, the swimming pool for 11 thousand, the Sports Palace for 14 thousand, the children's stadium for 3 thousand, the new universal sports hall for 4 thousand, indoor artificial skating rink "Crystal".
The master plan of the complex was significantly influenced by the existing layout of the area adjacent to Luzhniki, as well as the presence of a river and a railway, the coincidence of the symmetry axis of the main building of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov with the main axis of the peninsula. The complex is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes, dominated by its transverse axis, oriented towards the city and the Lenin Hills (157). The core of the master plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, through them the spectators from the metro station, stops and parking lots of ground transport get to the sports facilities.
Along the front alley on the embankment - a recreation area. In total, more than 40,000 trees aged 5 to 50 years, 400,000 shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers have been planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, trees were taken not only from nurseries, but from the forest, and among them were blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white locust, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretched for more than 30 km.
When carrying out landscaping, a variety of techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout, at the main structures - ordinary plantings, in a park recreation area - picturesquely located.
For the Olympics, significant work was carried out to reconstruct the stadium, primarily on modern technical equipment for sports facilities, to create new surfaces, to reconstruct
old and construction of new facilities serving athletes, the creation of an artificial lighting system.
During the reconstruction of Luzhniki, the architecture of the mid-50s was completely preserved and partially restored, and the modern objects that supplemented it emphasized and strengthened the originality of the original plan.
In the area of the former village of Krylatskoye, 12 km from the city center, in the picturesque floodplain of the Moskva River, where it makes a big loop, bypassing a group of hills, a new sports complex. An artificial channel has been built here rowing canal. The hydropark with an area of 750 hectares is designed to serve 100,000 visitors in summer and 60,000 visitors in winter. The rowing canal is the center of the composition of the park. Its large expanse of water goes well with the low, elongated sports facilities located on the shore. The length of the channel is 2300 m, the width of the racing distance is 125 m, the “return” is 75 m (158).
When you look at Krylatskoye from the high bank of the river, you see a cycle track with an expressive silhouette of the ceiling. Until now, there has not been an indoor cycle track with such a large track in the world - its length is 333.3 m. This is a unique sports facility.
Created in Krylatskoye and an open track for cycling. The ring road, almost 14 km long, meets the most stringent international standards.
Two green squares (90X90 m) located between the canal and the ring road are archery fields with a stable sports turf.
All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs were used, which mainly serve decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, mountain slopes covered with forests, hills and
islands. For the creation of an artificial relief, soil from the work during the construction of the rowing canal and artificial reservoirs was used. Currently, the complex is developing, acquiring new sports and recreational areas. The authors of the general plan of the sports park are architect. A. G. Echeistov, V. F. Gostev, A. A. Talalaevsky, engineer. E. A. Semenova-Prozarovskaya, N. A. Filippova, V. P. Timofeev.
To create a unique sports park, a part of the Bitsevsky forest area has also been allocated.
In the northeastern part of the park, an Olympic-class equestrian center has been built, which is successfully integrated into the nature of the Bitsevsky forest park, located on its huge (over 130,000 m2) clearing surrounded by trees and shrubs. The planar structures of the equestrian sports complex, which meet the high Olympic requirements, have been successfully solved.
Like any sports complex, the Olympiyskiy should be treated as a park where it is possible not only to hold major entertainment events, train athletes and athletes, but also organize recreation for residents of nearby urban areas. The green spaces of the park should have a significant impact on the improvement of the city's environment.
