GTO in the system of modern physical education. GTO complex as the basis of physical education
Avdyukhin Alexander Viktorovich,
teacher physical education
MBOU "Secondary School No. 4" Reutov Moscow region
At present, specialists in the field of physical education and sports are increasingly paying attention to the fact that the tasks of modernizing Russian education put forward new requirements for the system of physical education of students. educational role physical culture, especially in relation to the younger generation, is immeasurably large. Therefore, teaching activities in the school are aimed at effective organization educational process which contributes to the psychological and socio-cultural development of students, by creating conditions for the formation perceived need in physical exercise and raising the level physical fitness.
Physical state, the level of physical fitness, the deterioration of the health of students predetermine the impossibility of confronting adverse environmental conditions and the difficulties associated with changes in the socio-political and economic structure of society. The efficiency of future specialists depends largely on physical and mental health, social well-being. higher education, the contribution that they are called upon to make in the revival of Russia.
On March 24, 2014, the Decree of the President was issued Russian Federation about the All-Russian physical culture and sports complex "Ready for work and defense". It says that in order to further improve the state policy in the field of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation, from September 1, 2014, the All-Russian physical culture and sports complex "Ready for Labor and Defense" is put into operation.
Over twenty recent years school curricula were built without taking into account the tasks and content of the TRP complex. The introduction of the new All-Russian physical culture and sports complex "Ready for Labor and Defense" (RLD) into the practice of educational institutions will require the improvement of state educational standards of education and programs in the discipline "Physical Education", the search for new forms and methods of practical work.
At present, the topic of revival is relevant, as it contains the normative basis of physical education and is a criterion for determining the level of physical fitness.
Main goals:
- determination of the level of physical fitness of students, possession of practical skills and abilities of physical culture and health improvement and applied orientation;
- organization of mass physical culture and sports leisure of students;
- propaganda healthy lifestyle life among students;
- increasing the interest of young people in the development of physical and volitional qualities, readiness for work and the defense of the Motherland.
The purpose of the implementation of the TRP Complex at present is to increase the efficiency of using the possibilities of physical culture and sports in promoting health, harmonious and comprehensive development of the individual, fostering patriotism and citizenship, and improving the quality of life of citizens of the Russian Federation.
As the child develops school age there are, like everything else in nature, two contradictory and interrelated processes: creation (assimilation) and destruction (dissimilation). During the period of school age, the child's body continues to develop, therefore, in this period, the ratio between assimilation and dissimilation develops in favor of assimilation, in adolescence this ratio begins to level off, after the end of the development of the organism, the process of dissimilation is constantly increasing. The process of assimilation is accompanied by the synthesis a large number proteins, resulting in significant energy expenditure. Physical activity activates skeletal muscles, metabolism and performance of the child's body. Hypokinesia (insufficient motor activity) leads to a lack of energy necessary for the process of assimilation of the body. That's why physical exercise that increase motor activity are essential at all stages of school age. All types of motor activity and almost all tests of the TRP standards provide for an increase in motor activity.
For high school students, the assimilation of new physical exercises is of practical importance for preparing the upcoming transition to military service, sports or work activities, because training in the assimilation of certain movements when performing physical exercises teaches the student to automatically control the muscles to perform the movements necessary in the production process or any kind of sport.
Motor activity increases the ability to assimilate incoming information, so physical exercises help the student's learning process and the formation of a moral personality.
After 23 years of oblivion, the TRP is returning to schools, higher educational institutions, to the life of every citizen, occupying important positions as
indicator of student achievement.
Since 2014, physical education teachers have again begun to prepare students for the delivery of the TRP complex. School students are active participants in all sports competitions, "Presidential Contest", where they show good results. For several years now, our school has been participating in the experiment-introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard, and now extracurricular activities are carried out in grades 5-7: these are sports games, football, basketball, volleyball. Extracurricular activities, like lessons, help to strengthen physical health students. All extracurricular activities are aimed at preparing the implementation of the TRP complex.
57. The history of the creation and development of the GTO complex as a program-normative basis of the Soviet system of physical education.
The program and normative basis of the system of physical education was the All-Union sports complex"Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR" (TRP). In 1937, in the development of the TRP complex, the Unified All-Union Sports Classification was introduced - a normative document that determines the sequence of skill growth in all cultivated sports, the level of preparedness of athletes and the development of their achievements from mass sports categories to the highest classification categories. The norms and requirements of the classification, as well as the TRP complex, are constantly being improved and become more complicated. The changes made to the TRP complex were approved in 1939 by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and in 1972 a new TRP complex was introduced by a special resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The formation of the TRP complex took place in the period 1931 - 1934. First, stage I is introduced, consisting of 21 tests, 13 of which had specific standards. Then stage II is developed - 24 types of tests, 19 of them are certain standards. Especially for schoolchildren, the TRP complex was supplemented with the "Be Ready for Labor and Defense" (BGTO) stage. The decision of the All-Russian Sports Complex under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1934) stated: "In order to expand the children's amateur physical culture movement, a comprehensive physical development pioneers and schoolchildren, strengthening their bodies and instilling physical skills in them, introduce a children's badge "Be ready for work and defense". The BGTO stage contained 13 standards and 3 requirements for assessing physical fitness for schoolchildren 13-14 and 15-16 years old. had to study successfully, be actively engaged in physical culture, be able to conduct physical culture lesson with a group of comrades, know the rules and be able to judge sports game optionally. By approving the BGTO level, the creation of the first version of the GTO complex for ages 13-35 was completed.
58. The main stages in the development of bodies of state management of physical culture and sports in the country (1913 - 2013).
59. Physical culture and sports in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.
During the Great Patriotic War, physical culture work was carried out in three areas: training of the Red Army reserve and Vsevobuch; organization of mass competitions for the delivery of a new TRP complex (Ready for Labor and Defense), attracting young people and workers to participate in mass trade union-Komsomol ski and athletics crosses; training of sportsmen-dischargers. Despite the difficulties of wartime, the championships of the republic in certain sports did not stop (chess, cross-country skiing, Athletics). Vsevobuch was conducted according to the 110-hour program of the "Voroshilovsky shooter" - the 1st stage of wartime. Additional - according to the 10-hour program of political studies. Classes were held for 15 hours a week: Monday, Wednesday, Friday for 3 hours and Sunday for 6 hours. All this took place during non-working hours, so as not to disrupt the normal course of work of enterprises, institutions, collective farms, plants, and factories. The republican sports committee annually held republican championships in cross-country skiing, ski crossings, starts on significant dates on February 23, March 8, etc. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. the physical culture movement and the system of organizational work of the committees of physical culture and the DSO passed the most difficult test with honor. Athletes and athletes were ready for work and defense. They not only fought heroically on the front lines, but also selflessly worked in the rear, fulfilling plans by 150-200%. The figures speak of the scope of work during the war years of the Republican Committee for Physical Culture and Sports: 12,300 badges of the BGTO, TRP I and II levels were trained; trained 2,250 athletes; 115,000 people took part in cross-country skiing and athletics.
The GTO complex has been created. Is this a new format? Let's compare. The Regulations on the All-Union Physical Culture Complex "Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR" states: The All-Union Sports Complex "Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR" is programmatic and regulatory framework Soviet system of physical education.
The current position of the VFSK GTO claims: “The All-Russian physical culture and sports complex - program and normative basis of physical education of the population". As they say, find the differences. So, the TRP format is the same.
But after all, pundits: Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences V.I. Lyakh, Doctor of Pedagogy, Professor of the Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism A.P. Matveev and others like them recognized the Soviet system of physical education, based on the program and normative basis of the physical culture complex, as unsuitable.
Offering their "Concept of Physical Education and Health of Children and Adolescents" (Moscow, 1992) and claiming its state recognition, a group of scientists led by Ph.D. IN AND. Lyahom, among the weighty arguments of the insolvency of the Soviet system of physical education, they single out the poor level of health of Soviet schoolchildren. At the same time, data are given from the Research Institute of Hygiene for Children and Adolescents of the USSR Ministry of Health. According to these data, at the time of the collapse of the Soviet state, 43% of students suffered from various chronic diseases, up to 50% of schoolchildren had various degrees of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, and up to 40% had abnormalities in the cardiovascular system.
Among the vices of the Soviet system of physical education V.I. Lyakh and his group say that there is a single curriculum for all schools in the country. At the same time, its orientation is determined to be detrimental, “…reduced to physical training schoolchildren to work and serve in the army, to compensate for insufficient physical activity, to train TRP badges, to form sports skills. They propose "the central idea of the restructuring of physical education: its transfer ... to the formation of a culture of health, the education of healthy lifestyle habits by means of physical culture."
Eradicating the indicated vices, the new Russian education system provides the right to write programs to everyone "and sundry". In accordance with paragraphs 6 and 7 of Article 32 of the Law of the Russian Federation of June 10, 1992 "On Education", the development and approval of educational programs and curricula, work programs of training courses, subjects, disciplines (modules) falls within the competence of an educational institution. Teachers are given freedom in choosing curricula, programs, teaching materials, information resources.
In writing programs for various age groups students, V.I. Lyakh with associates.
Having criticized and debunked the Soviet system of physical education as vicious, Ph.D. A.P. Matveev states: “Physical education, being “an integral part of communist education”, is reduced to directive forms and gradually transformed into a system training sessions aimed at the development of physical conditions ( physical qualities). Arguing that "it was not ready for the reorganization of society, which began in the 90s, and practically ceased to exist in its entirety," the scientist proposes "to transform physical education." A.P. Matveev outlined in the innovative educational program "Physical Education" for students of secondary schools. (Moscow 1995). Unlike previous programs, it is “characterized by an accentuated focus on the formation of a scientifically based worldview in schoolchildren associated with human bodily culture, as well as a system of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for confident organization and conduct independent physical exercise.
The era of writing textbooks "many and different" began to educate and familiarize students with self-study physical exercise. To date, a federal list of textbooks recommended for use in modern schools has been created, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
A significant drawback of the Soviet era of physical education was considered to be the limitation of the educational process to two lessons, which did not allow to fully use its capabilities in the development of physical qualities.
This situation was corrected by the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation , Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, State Committee for Sports of the Russian Federation and the Russian Academy of Education dated July 16, 2002 “On improving the process of physical education in educational institutions of the Russian Federation”. Clause 3.2. of this order obliged, when developing new basic curricula in educational institutions introduce an additional third lesson in physical education.
Other state documents were also adopted, providing for measures for the successful development of physical culture and sports. Among them, it is worth highlighting the Information Letter of the Ministry of Education dated 03.10.2003 “On the introduction ungraded training in physical culture ...". This decision was made “in order to implement the Concept for the Modernization of Russian Education, implementation of humanistic approaches to teaching and educating students”.
It should be noted that the reorganization of the system of physical education was an integral part of the modernization of the entire system of school education. It ended with the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES) into practice. It was developed in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (Article 7) and the Concept for the Modernization of Russian Education for the period up to 2010, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2001; approved by the decision of the Board of the Ministry of Education of Russia and the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Education of December 23, 2003; approved by the order of the Ministry of Education of Russia "On approval of the federal component of state standards for primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education" dated March 5, 2004; published by the Institute for New Educational Systems.
To date, in the subject "Physical Education" we already have the second generation of the Federal State Educational Standards.
It would seem, taking into account the high (nowhere higher) status of persons and state institutions that took part in the formation of the Russian system of physical education, one can finally say that its “bright path” has been determined.
An no. Analyzing the state of physical education in the system of school education of the post-Soviet period, which is more than 20 years old, President V.V. Putin states: “Today we are confronted with extremely disturbing trends. As experts note, the physical education of Russian children is much worse than it was several decades ago”. At the same time, very depressing statistics are given: “At the age of 14, two thirds of children in Russia already have chronic diseases. Two-thirds. Half of the schoolchildren have deviations in the development of the musculoskeletal system, 30% have disorders in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
"Here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's day!". V.I. operates with practically the same figures. Lyakh, justifying the failure of the Soviet system of physical education.
Now President V.V. Putin , passing a verdict on the current system of physical education as untenable, insists: "it is necessary to reconsider approaches to physical education, build it as a complex, effective and modern system."
So it turns out that, paraphrasing the classic, we can say: our comrades are leading us on the wrong road.
In response to this, the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the development of physical culture and sports in March 2014 presented a report "On the development mass sports and physical education of the population. It states that "Plan-2018" provides for the approval of the All-Russian physical culture and sports complex, involving the formation of a program and regulatory framework for the physical education of citizens. It is assumed that the introduction of the complex will make it possible to establish uniform standards of physical fitness for various age groups of the population (from 6 years old and older) and to fulfill the fundamental tasks of the Strategy and the state program to ensure continuity and modernization of physical education programs for citizens.”
It turns out that striving for the Russian future, we are stepping into the Soviet past. In the meantime, "confusion and vacillation" reign - physical education is at a crossroads: GEF or TRP.
The program and normative bases of the Soviet system of physical education are state and public educational programs, standards for determining the level of physical fitness of various groups of the population, standards in the field of training athletes.
First attempt at using motor tests In order to determine the level of physical fitness of various groups of the population of our country, the All-Union physical culture complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR” was introduced in 1931.
The formation of the software complex took place in the period 1931-1934. First, stage I is introduced, consisting of 21 tests, 13 of which had specific standards. Then stage II is developed - 24 types of tests, 19 of them are certain standards. Especially for schoolchildren, the TRP complex was supplemented with the “Be Ready for Labor and Defense” (BGTO) step. The decision of the All-Russian Sports Complex under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1934) stated: “In order to expand the children's amateur physical culture movement, the comprehensive physical development of pioneers and schoolchildren, strengthen their bodies and instill physical skills in them, introduce the children's badge "Be ready for work and defense" ". The BGTO level contained 13 standards and 3 requirements for assessing physical fitness for schoolchildren aged 13-14 and 15-16. The BGTO badge officer had to successfully study, actively engage in physical education, be able to conduct a physical education lesson with a group of comrades, know the rules and be able to judge a sports game of his choice. By approving the BGTO level, the creation of the first version of the GTO complex for ages 13-35 was completed.
In the period 1934-1988. the complex has been repeatedly modified, improved and adjusted in accordance with the spirit of the times, the tasks that confronted the country, and also in connection with the achievements of science in the field of physical education. The most significant changes occurred in 1939, 1946, 1955, 1959, 1972, 1985 and 1988.
In the pre-war years, the difficult international situation and the real threat of war made their adjustments. In 1939, a new TRP complex was approved. It significantly strengthened the military-physical orientation. Its steps remained the same, but each of them consisted of two sections - a section of general norms (mandatory for all dealers) and a section of elective norms. The mandatory norms included running at various distances, overcoming an obstacle course (for young men - 150 m with a rifle), swimming in clothes, shooting from a small-caliber rifle, gymnastics (exercises such as "charging"), ski training (for areas with snowy winters) , hiking (for snowless areas), theoretical knowledge of the foundations of the Soviet system of physical culture and hygiene. Choice norms consisted of exercises combined into groups according to the predominant manifestation of physical and volitional qualities in them (speed, agility, throwing and shooting skills, endurance, courage and determination, strength, defense and attack skills). There were seven such groups of exercises in the TRP of the II stage, six of the I stage, and five in the BGTO. To receive the badge, it was necessary to pass: BGTO - 11 norms (6 mandatory and 5 optional), TRP I stage for men - 14 norms (8 mandatory and 6 optional), TRP I stage for women - 13 norms (8 mandatory and 5 optional), TRP II level for men - 15 norms (8 mandatory and 7 optional), TRP II level for women - 13 norms (8 mandatory and 5 optional). The age groups were specified: BGTO - 14-17 years old, GTO - 17-41 years old and older (men) and 17-33 years old and older (women). For the BGTO and the TRP of the II stage, the "Badge of an excellent student" was established. The "Regulations ..." about the complex said: "... TRP badges enjoy the priority right to enter higher physical education institutions (ceteris paribus)."
In 1939, in a special resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, it was indicated that it was necessary to rework state programs for physical education on the basis of a new TRP complex.
In 1942, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports made changes to the TRP complex in order to meet the requirements of wartime. With a general reduction in the number of standards, it included such types of tests as throwing a bunch of grenades, high-speed hiking, overcoming water crossings, crawling, bayonet fighting. These norms have become basic and mandatory.
In the TRP complex of 1946, some military applied tests were excluded, and they returned to the pre-war standards again. In the complex, the total number of standards was reduced: in the BGTO stage - from 11 to 7, in the TRP stage I - from 14 to 9 for boys and from 13 to 8 for girls, in the TRP stage II the number of norms was reduced by 6. In this version of the complex it was clarified that all standards are surrendered in the conditions of sports competitions.
In 1955, the changes mainly concerned the reduction in the number of norms, the establishment of the relationship between the complex and the curricula for physical education in educational institutions.
Noticeable changes were made to the complex in 1959. Almost all the standards and requirements became more complicated, for their implementation it was necessary to score a certain amount of points by type of test. Passing standards was allowed only at competitions. Since universal compulsory eight-year education has been introduced in our country since 1958, it becomes mandatory for 8th grade students to pass the standards and requirements of the BGTO level.
Significant changes took place in the complex in 1972: the age limits of the complex expanded - from 7 to 60 years (the stage for children 7-9 years old was introduced in 1979), the standards received a fairly thorough scientific justification. The Ministry of Education of the USSR issued a circular letter “On the introduction of amendments and additions to the physical education curricula in connection with the introduction of the new All-Union Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense””. It emphasizes that the GTO complex is the programmatic and normative basis of the Soviet system of physical education. In the same letter, changes and additions to the curriculum are indicated and new indicative standards for athletics, ski training, gymnastics, swimming and speed skating. Kinds educational standards were the same as in the TRP, only in terms of performance they were somewhat inferior to them.
Since 1985, an improved complex began to operate. Its structure was changed, significant adjustments were made to the content of the types of tests. Those exercises that revealed the level of development of basic physical qualities and applied skills have been preserved. In this version of the TRP, the emphasis is on the development of endurance as a quality, to a greater extent associated with human health, requirements for a weekly motor regimen are introduced.
In 1988, the State Committee for Sports of the USSR adopted a resolution “On Changes and Additions to the Regulations on the All-Union Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR (TRP)””. This was preceded by a broad discussion about the complex in our country since October 1987, when its project was published. Opinions were very different, up to the elimination of the TRP complex. The changes affected the structure of the complex: it began to consist of two levels of the BGTO and two levels of the TRP, covering the age of 6-27 years. The number of norms was reduced to three, they had to be fulfilled within one day. Requirements could be taken during the academic or calendar year. Rigid planning for the training of badges was eliminated.
It is of interest to compare (where possible, of course) the level of regulatory requirements of the TRP complex from the moment it was introduced to the present.
Analysis of the content of the GTO complexes and work on them in 1931 - 1988. talking about the following. There is a dynamic of a significant reduction in the number of norms and requirements. In the last complex, adopted in 1988, 3 norms and 3-5 requirements are established at each stage. There has been a clear trend towards a decrease in the importance and popularity of the complex in the system of physical education, especially since the 70s, until the staging in the late 80s. question of its elimination. There is an unreasonably frequent introduction of changes and additions to the content and structure of the complex, an erroneously exaggerated idea of its significance for the process of physical education of the population. Particularly negative in its significance was the fact that the complex was proclaimed the program basis of our system of physical education, when until the 80s. the content of physical education facilities in secondary schools and other educational institutions was closely linked with the list of control exercises included in the GTO complex.
Given in the tables on p. 166 data are also typical for other age groups. They are generally indicative of a focus on lowering regulatory requirements. This indirectly speaks of the debatable assertion that modern boys and girls in terms of physical fitness surpass their peers of the 1940s and 1950s. In a number of major studies on this subject, it was noted that modern schoolchildren who do not go in for sports have an obvious lag in the development of relative indicators of functional capabilities from their anthropometric characteristics.
The command and bureaucratic style of work, in particular, the method of strict planning for the training of badges, when the activity of the physical culture team was evaluated by the number of those who fulfilled the norms, caused great harm to the TRP complex. As a result, a formal attitude to the matter appeared, “fake” reports began to be submitted on the number of trained badges, etc.
In 1988, many mistakes made earlier were corrected, and the main role of the complex was reduced to monitoring physical fitness. However, since the collapse of the USSR, i.e. since 1991, it, unfortunately, essentially ceased to exist, although it was not officially liquidated. Thus, we have lost the normative basis for the physical fitness of the population that is unified on the territory of Russia.
