Basic concepts

Movement training is a purposeful pedagogical process of forming the necessary knowledge, motor skills and skills.

The technique of physical exercise is a way of solving a specific motor task, which is characterized by efficiency, rationality and takes into account the real conditions for performing movements.

Motor skill is the degree of possession of a motor action, which is characterized by conscious control of movement, instability to the action of confounding factors and instability of the results.

A motor skill is an optimal degree of mastering the technique of action, characterized by automated (i.e., with minimal control from the mind) control of movements, high strength and reliability of performance.

When mastering the technique of any motor action, the ability to perform it first arises. Then, as the action improves, the motor skill gradually turns into a skill. In the future, the ability to use the acquired skill in various conditions is developed.

Athletics- one of the main and most popular sports, which combines exercises in walking, running, jumping and throwing, as well as in all-around.

Teaching methodology in athletics

Achieving high sports results in athletics is largely due to rational technical training athletes. In the process of learning the technique of track and field exercises, its level changes from the elementary technique of a beginner to the perfect technique of a master of sports.

In the process of teaching the technique of athletics, it is necessary to solve several problems.

General pedagogical tasks aimed at the formation of moral consciousness and behavior, strong-willed qualities, diligence, self-education, aesthetic and emotional development of the individual.

Wellness tasks aimed at improving health, preventing injuries, promoting proper physical development.

Applied tasks are aimed at the formation of the necessary ideas, knowledge, motor skills and abilities.

Specific educational objectives are aimed at the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities to control relatively simple movements necessary to master the basics of the technique of the track and field event being studied, to acquire the skills of teaching track and field athletics by university students.

Given the structural complexity of the technique of athletics, the leading methods for mastering them are learning exercises in parts with their consistent reduction into a whole.

With the growth of the physical and motor abilities of those involved, the method of a holistic exercise can be used to improve individual elements, create the necessary rhythm.

For younger schoolchildren, with a relatively small understanding of their feelings, the visual method is suitable. The application of this method requires the teacher to be able to exemplify the details of the technique and lead-up exercises. In extreme cases, you can show a training film or video. For high school students and students, due to the ability to concentrate their attention for a long time, the explanation method is preferable. All the teaching methods under consideration are closely related to each other, but at certain stages one of them becomes predominant.

To facilitate learning, a difficult exercise, i.e. a holistic action, divided into phases, highlighting the main phase in the chain of movements, to which all the others are subordinate. The main phase in walking, running and jumping is the repulsion phase, in throwing - the final effort and release of the projectile. With the training of these basic movements, the mastery of the technique of track and field athletics usually begins. After that, one should proceed to the study of the auxiliary phases and details of the technique, gradually complicating the exercise itself and the condition of execution.

When teaching each exercise in different types of light athletics, the attention of those involved should be paid to certain aspects of the movement in a certain sequence. First, master the correct starting position, establish which parts of the body are involved in the performance of movements, clarify the direction of movements. After that, it is necessary to achieve consistency in movements along the optimal amplitude at low speed. Then you can gradually increase the speed of movements and perform them with increasing strength. Such a consistent mastery of the main aspects of the movement allows you to specifically set particular tasks and use a variety of methodological techniques when teaching the technique of track and field exercises.

In athletics classes, the teacher organizes the performance of exercises by the frontal method (all at the same time), group (successively, in groups), individual (alternately, one after another). For the purpose of initial training, a frontal method should be used, less often a group one. The individual method is applied at the stage of improvement.

Typical scheme of teaching methodology. When teaching the technique of athletics exercises, you can use the general pedagogical provisions in a typical scheme:

1 Task: to create a correct idea of ​​the rational technique of this athletics exercise.

Means: 1. A story about the technique of the exercise, with an explanation of the main patterns and conditions for its implementation. 2. Demonstration of technique (showing or illustrating technique with the help of visual aids) in accordance with the rules of the competition. 3. Testing elements or exercises in general in light conditions.

2 Task: to teach the technique of the main link of the exercise, its phases and the technique of the exercise as a whole, taking into account the individual characteristics of those involved.

Means: 1. Performing special-leading exercises to master the basic elements of the technique of the studied type. 2. Performing special preparatory exercises for development physical qualities in relation to a specific type of athletics. 3. Familiarization with the peculiarities of the exercise by each student in order to determine the main shortcomings and ways to eliminate them.

3 Task: improving technology chosen kind athletics.

Means: 1. Performing the studied exercise in accordance with the rules of the competition. 2. Performing special-leading exercises for the development of physical qualities and technique of movements. 3. Performing the main exercise in difficult conditions.

Mastering athletics exercises should begin with the most accessible types, such as walking and running., which contribute to the development of the physical qualities of an athlete and the necessary skills, on the basis of which it is possible to study more complex types of athletics. It is advisable to start learning with mastery correct technique running step in running on average and long distances. Then you should move on to the study of running on short distances taking into account the peculiarities of running from the start, on a turn, at the finish line, etc. Further, you can study the technique of relay running, running with barriers, obstacles.

Learning the technique of track and field jumps can begin with a high jump, which makes it possible to better master the push in combination with the speed of the run. Then they begin to study the long jump from a running start with active repulsion. More technically difficult types of jumps - a triple running jump and a pole vault require more high level special training for those involved. These types are taught when the long and high jumps are completed.

When teaching the throwing technique, it is necessary to master the throw (push) of the projectile, performed with acceleration from the start of the run to the final phase of the final effort, i.e. with a certain rhythm of movement. Teaching throwing techniques should begin with throwing exercises of a general nature using projectiles of various weights. After that, you can move on to mastering the technique of shot put, throwing a ball, grenade, spear, hammer, disc.

On initial stage training, the tasks of mastering the basics of rational sports equipment are solved. At the same time, students develop a general idea about. technique of the studied type, the ability to perform a motor action in an elementary form is formed. At the stage of improvement, sports equipment is brought to a relatively high level. At the same time, a motor action is mastered in detail according to its spatial; temporal and dynamic characteristics. Those involved learn to deeply understand and analyze the patterns of sports equipment.

It should be noted that motor skills and abilities are not always formed in parallel with the development of physical qualities. That's why sports equipment should be considered in close relationship with the level of development of the physical qualities of those involved. In the lessons on teaching the technique of athletics, the teacher uses three main methods: explanation, demonstration and direct assistance. In addition, the verbal method, the methods of visualization of exercises, the use of technical teaching aids, urgent information about the parameters of movements, ideomotor and competitive methods are used.

verbal method helps to comprehend the movement, to create an idea about it, about its character, directions, efforts. With the help of the word, all the means, methods and techniques of teaching are combined. The teacher should avoid wordy long explanations, use short and clear formulations, focusing on what needs to be done when solving a given problem, without looking too far ahead. As you master sports equipment the explanations are getting deeper, covering more and more details.

Visualization method in teaching technique, it involves an exemplary demonstration, which allows those involved to form a complete picture of the exercise. The demonstration is usually carried out by a teacher or one of the students, who is well versed in the technique of the type being studied. The demonstration of films, posters, educational films, drawings and photographs is also recommended. When demonstrating the technique of an exercise, the teacher must pay attention to the semantic side of the action, ensuring that the demonstrated exercise is presented as a solution to a specific motor task.

Those involved master sports equipment different ways, but above all using complementary methods for performing the exercise as a whole (the method of a holistic exercise) and in parts (the method of a divided exercise). It should be noted that the method of dissected exercise is mainly used to improve and consolidate individual parts and elements of the whole. Moreover, separately learned movements are easily combined with a holistic action only when they correspond to its structure.

To increase the effectiveness of the learning process, you can use techniques that facilitate the conditions for performing the studied movements (reducing running distances, reducing the height of obstacles, reducing the weight of projectiles). However, it should be borne in mind that the use of facilitated conditions should be temporary, since otherwise students may not quite correct movement skills are consolidated.

When solving various problems of teaching the technique of athletics exercises, various simulation exercises, external landmarks of the direction and amplitude of movements, temporary shutdown of one of the analyzers in order to stimulate the work of others, switching the attention of those involved and other techniques are widely used. A more rapid mastery of the perfect technique of running, jumping and throwing is facilitated by special lead-up exercises, which are similar in structure to the basic athletics exercises.

The most important condition successful mastery of technique is the ability of those involved to see their mistakes, analyze and find the reasons for their occurrence. The student himself should be able to assess the correctness of the exercise, this increases his activity in the learning process. But still, the main thing is the pedagogical skill of the teacher, his ability to organize training, apply the most effective means and methods, as early as possible to detect errors and identify the causes of their occurrence.

To effectively correct errors, it is very important to correctly identify the cause of their occurrence. Such reasons may be: a) increased excitability of those involved; b) a state of fatigue; c) poor mobility in the joints; d) insufficient development of motor qualities; e) a vague idea of ​​the exercise being performed; f) incorrect execution of previous actions; g) conscious intervention "in the details of movements that are usually performed automatically, etc. If there are several mistakes made at the same time, it is necessary to establish the main one, with the correction of which the rest can be eliminated.

For the harmonious development of a person, not only mental stress is necessary, but also physical exercises. Therefore, many parents prefer to send their children to different sports sections. The leader is athletics.

What is athletics?

This is a sport that uses running, walking, throwing, jumping. This sport has existed since ancient times - athletes appeared in ancient Greece. This is evidenced by paintings on vases, pots, jugs and various frescoes.

Athletics running. It is divided into several types:

1. Sprinting is a run over short distances, such as 100, 200 and 400 meters. This also includes relay races.
2. Middle distance running - 800 and 1500 meters. To run such distances, endurance and colossal time spent on training are necessary.
3. Long distances - 5000 and 10000 meters. In this race allocate marathon run(42 km 195 m).
4. Race with obstacles and barriers. Performed at 110, 400, 3000 meters. For this competition, people with high growth are allowed. Since the height of the barrier is about 1 meter. It is worth mentioning that only men perform the 3000m race. Hurdling requires special endurance, speed and coordination.

Athletics competition rules

In any competition (even non-sports) there are prescribed rules. This is necessary so that the participants are honest and obey the general rules of conduct, and the winner wins a well-deserved victory and receives his reward. The rule can be called the distribution of participants by age groups. A boy of 11 cannot compete with a man. The requirements for them are fundamentally different. Athletes are divided into groups based on the date of birth. This is a group of teenagers (11 and 13 years old); youth junior and youth senior group; group of adults.

Running for short distances (up to 110 meters) is carried out along a straight track, without turns. All distances exceeding this figure are performed in a circle (counterclockwise). Each participant has his own lane, from which he has no right to go. If the length of the race is 800 meters, the athletes run along their lanes until the first turn, and then continue the race along the general line. In other cases, the competition takes place on a common lane.

The competition takes place in several stages:

• Run directly.
• Quarterfinal.
• Semifinal.
• The final.

The best runners compete in these stages. But this approach is possible only with a large number of participants. To start running, the athletes are given a signal: to start, attention, march. There must be sufficient time between these commands to allow the runner to prepare and start. The march is served either by a red flag or a pistol shot. If at least one runner started moving before the march command, the entire team returns to its original position. After two incorrect starts, the athlete is disqualified for the violation. Interestingly, even extra movement can provoke others to run prematurely. And this is also considered a violation.

If the athletes run each in their own lane, they should not step over the line and interfere with the movement of a competitor. Running on a common track is considered more difficult. You can only overtake an opponent on the right side.

Disqualification conditions:

1. The participant independently left the track or stopped.
2. Stepping into someone else's lane.
3. Reducing the distance by any means.

If we are talking about hurdles, then the participant does not have the right to knock down obstacles, run around them and interfere with the opponent by moving to his line.

This sport is different from normal walking. There are a number of conditions that must be followed. For example, the leg should always be straight at the knees. Keep your supporting leg in contact with the ground. The leg should not be torn off the floor, as this happens when running. This sports activity requires the use of mental abilities, as it is necessary to control the speed. If brisk walking turns into running, the participant loses the right to compete further. There are different mileage requirements for men and women. This is true, since the stamina in men is much higher.

Athletics sprint

This run is also called sprinting. In this competition, good reaction and adaptation to rapidly changing environmental conditions is important. The running distance is from 30 to 400 meters. 30-meter races are held indoors, and all the rest - in stadiums. Also allocate a sprint with the transfer of the baton. It requires great skills and the ability to work well in a team. For a fair evaluation of the results (who came to the finish line first), a photo finish is used. This is an undeniable opportunity to prove superiority.

There are several types of jumps: long, high and pole vault. To jump higher and further, the coordinated work of every muscle of the body is necessary. The jumper must have good coordination of movements. It is worth noting that it is preferable for an athlete to have a small weight. Overweight people will not be able to effectively transfer body weight in space during the flight. Extra pounds will pull the athlete to the ground. Long legs are also a definite plus. Jumps are performed both from a place and from a run. You need to push off from a flat surface (an ordinary flat piece of land will do) or from a wooden platform laid in the ground.

Discus, ball throw

A big misconception is that throwing objects is easy. Probably, at school, many passed the standard for throwing objects and did not always get a good mark for it. In addition, after such throws, muscle stiffness and pain were often felt. An unprepared person can injure himself, for example, dislocate the shoulder joint or stretch the muscles. To throw balls, you need to "agree" with each muscle group. The athlete must understand which muscle is tense, in which direction to turn the body and with what scope to take the arm back. Throwing a javelin, discus, shot or ball is performed from a running start. Shot throwing occurs in a jump. This is the main feature and difference.

In any sport, training plays an important role. If you or your children decide to get serious about running, jumping, throwing, be prepared to spend a lot of time and effort. To achieve a good result, you should practice every day. Self-training is less effective, so sign up for a section or find an athletics coach. Three periods are distinguished in training: preparatory, competition and transitional. The first and second periods last for 6 months, and the transition period - about 3 weeks. During the competition period, the athlete tries his hand at sports competitions. Based on the results, the coach makes a conclusion on which exercises should focus on.

Special methods have been developed for training. They can be presented in different versions, but the essence is the same - to train endurance, improve speed and quality. Sports require discipline and organization. Athletes are forced to qualitatively plan the workload of the day, leaving enough time for physical activity.

It is important to calculate the strength of your own body so as not to cause nervous and physical exhaustion. Everyone knows that active and constant physical exercise exhaust the nervous system, weaken the immune system. To prevent this from happening, it is important to include rest in your schedule. It doesn't have to be passive. Changing the type of activity has a positive effect on overall well-being.

Proper balanced nutrition is necessary to maintain the functioning of organs and systems in an enhanced mode of operation. Sleep at least 8 hours, walk on fresh air and sunbathing is also essential. Since the body is working for wear and tear during training, it needs support in the form of multivitamins. To choose the right complex of macro and micronutrients, consult a doctor. Basically, training is aimed at developing endurance, strength, speed, flexibility of joints and muscles. Regular practice builds will and character.

Athletics section

In every country, region, city and even village there are sections for athletics. Nothing special is required to enroll in such a school. The main desire is yours or your child's.

You should pay attention to the state of health and the presence of contraindications. Diseases of the cardiovascular system, spine, head injuries, tuberculosis, chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys do not allow you to practice any kind of sport. In addition, the acute phase of the flu, colds is also an obstacle to exercise. Bruises and injuries of the limbs can remind of themselves if you do not stop training or behave carelessly.

Children are very energetic and active. They need to turn energy into action, only in this case there will be no mental and physical discomfort. To give the child into the hands of creativity or sports is up to the parents. Already in the preschool period, it will become obvious what your child prefers. In the Youth Sports School children go in for athletics in their age group. In addition to a positive effect on physical development, this good time forwarding. Children are under the guidance and supervision of a coach. They learn to be organized, disciplined, responsible.

To have a complete understanding of this type of activity, search the video "sport athletics" in the search engine.

I would like to highlight another side of athletics - this is the use of doping. Often in pursuit good results and victory, participants take stimulant drugs. Given the strict control system, deception is often discovered and the athlete is disqualified.

Athletics is well suited for energetic people who are worried about their physical development.

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1 Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Kherson State University Department of Olympic and Professional Sports Bevzyuk V.S., Kutsegub S.I. Athletics (teaching method) Kherson 2004

2 Bevzyuk V.S., Kutsegub S.I. Athletics. Methodical manual for students of the faculty physical education and sports of all forms of education. Kherson, It tutorial is intended mainly for students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. The material is based on an athletics curriculum designed to study the techniques and methods of teaching athletics by future school teachers, instructors, and coaches. Currently, athletics are becoming the subject of sports hobbies for many schoolchildren. But the methods of mass education are still far behind the progress of sports practice. Many schoolchildren, beginners regular classes track and field athletics in the Youth Sports School, universities, have to retrain the technique again, which slows down their further athletic growth. Of course, much depends on the skill and dedication of the teacher. physical education. From the ability and desire to combine program material with classes in the school sports section. Only in this case, athletics will bring undoubted benefits to the health of schoolchildren and will make it possible to popularize this exciting sport more widely. The methodological manual was discussed at a meeting of the Department of Sportsmanship of KSU (minutes dated). Approved by the Methodological Council of the University (minutes dated). Recommended for publication by the Academic Council of KhSU (protocol dated). Compiled by: Bevzyuk V.S. Kutsegub S.I. Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Master of Sports. Senior Lecturer of the Department of Sportsmanship, Master of Sports. Reviewers: Grabovsky Yu.A. Malyarenko I.V. Head of the Department of Sportsmanship, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor. Head of the Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education, Candidate of Sciences in Physical Education and Sports, Associate Professor.

3 INTRODUCTION The ancient Greek word "athletics" in translation means "struggle, exercise". In ancient times, athletes were called those who competed in strength and agility. Currently, athletes are called well physically developed and strong people. The name "athletics" is conditional and is based on the external impression of the ease of performing exercises. Athletics combines several types of exercises: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around. Each type of athletics has its own characteristics and develops certain psychophysical qualities and skills. Walking is an excellent endurance exercise and is an auxiliary exercise in the training of runners. The effect of walking on the body is easily regulated, the total load can be moderate and very high. Walking is good for hygiene exercise for people of all ages. Race walking competitions are held on the tracks of the stadium, on ordinary roads from 3 to 50 km. Running is a simple and natural form of transportation, the most common form of exercise and is included in many sports. Running helps to strengthen the whole body, develops speed and endurance. In athletics, there are: a) smooth running; b) with obstacles; c) relay race; d) running in natural conditions (cross). Jumping, as a way to overcome obstacles, is characterized by short-term, but maximum neuromuscular efforts. Jumping strengthens the whole muscular system and especially the muscles of the legs, abdomen, back. Jumping develops speed and agility. Track and field jumps are divided into two types: 1) jumping over a vertical obstacle (high jump, pole vault); 2) jumping over a horizontal obstacle (long jump, triple jump).

4 Throwing exercises in pushing and throwing projectiles at a distance. Throwing also has a positive effect on strengthening the muscles of the whole body, and especially the arms, abdomen, back, and legs. Throwing develops strength, speed, agility and accuracy. Depending on the method of execution, athletics throwing is performed: 1) with a throw from behind the head (spear, grenade); 2) with rotation (disk, hammer, core); 3) push (core). All-around is a complex of various exercises (running, jumping, throwing) that perfectly affects the physical development of a person. All-around helps to develop all the basic psychophysical qualities to a greater extent than with the help of any one type of athletics. Athletics exercises have a health value. Classes are held in the air, exercises affect all muscle groups: strengthen locomotor system, improve the activity of the respiratory organs, the cardiovascular system. Thus, with the help of athletics exercises, the tasks of harmonious, versatile physical development of a person are solved. Athletics is of great importance for the formation of a growing organism, the physical education of the younger generation. The educational value lies in the fact that athletics exercises form the character, temper the will of a person, teach him not to be afraid of difficulties, but to overcome them boldly. Athletics in a team, participation in team competition fosters a sense of collectivism, responsibility for the task assigned. Useful skills and knowledge are acquired in the field of building and planning classes, observing the correct regimen, hygiene, and nutrition.

5 The history of the development of athletics Walking, running, jumping, throwing various projectiles (spears, stones, and other hunting tools) have been an integral part of people's lives since ancient times. Naturally, they became the basis for competitions in speed, strength, agility and endurance. Archaeological finds of vases, medallions, coins, sculptures help to imagine today how the ancient Greeks, and later the Romans, held competitions, which are now called athletics. The ancient Greeks called all physical exercises athletics and divided it into “light” and “heavy”. They referred to “easy” as running, jumping, throwing, archery, swimming and some other exercises that develop dexterity, speed, and endurance. Wrestling, fisticuffs, and in general all exercises that developed strength, the Greeks attributed to weightlifting. The name "athletics" today is rather conditional. After all, it is difficult to call, for example, ultra-long distance running or hammer throwing "light" physical exercises. The 1st Olympic Games can be considered the official beginning of the formation and development of track and field exercises. Ancient Greece which were held in 776 BC. These holidays of friendship and peace were held every 4 years. At the I Olympic Games, athletes competed only in running (dromos) at a distance of 1 stage (192.27 cm). From 724 BC to the O.I. 2-stage running (diaulos) was included. After 4 years, the first long-distance race (dolichos) 4714.5 m was held, and from 708 BC. began to hold a competition in pentathlon (pentathlon), which included running in 1 stage, long jump, discus and javelin throwing, wrestling. In running at the start, a special plate (balbis) was used to support the legs. The run began on a signal. And there was a penalty for false starts.

6 Competitions in long jumps were held in a somewhat peculiar way. The participants made a run, as in our time, but they jumped holding dumbbells in their hands, which, in their opinion, strengthened the action of the swing with their arms and ensured stability when landing. Discus throwing was carried out from a place from a small elevation, and javelin throwing, according to some data, was carried out at a set target, according to other data - at a distance. Unfortunately, the results in throwing have not reached our times. Among the famous athletes of antiquity, Leonidas of Rados achieved the greatest fame. He was crowned with an olive wreath 12 times. Of the long-distance runners, the sportsman Lalas is called the winner of the Olympic Games of 440 BC, who, after the finish, fell dead from overexertion. The winners of the Olympic Games of that time were awarded an olive wreath, and often released from state duties. The athlete the winner received a lifetime pension, bonuses. In Olympia, statues were erected to the winners, feasts were held, poets composed laudatory odes, etc. Modern athletics, earlier than in other countries, began to be cultivated in England. Back in 1837, running competitions over a distance of about 2 km were held here. The participants of this competition were students of Rugby College. Competitions are soon organized at the colleges of Eton, Oxford, Cambridge, and London. A little later, the competition program included sprinting, hurdles and weight throwing, from 1851 long and high jumps from a run, and from 1864 hammer throwing and shot put. A new stage in the development of athletics began with the annual competition between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In 1865, the London Athletic Club was founded, which holds the first national athletics championships. In 1880, an amateur athletics association was founded in England, which received the rights of the supreme body for athletics within the British Empire, as well as in its

7 colonies. In the USA, the first athletic club appeared in New York in 1868. But, perhaps, universities became the center of the development of athletics in America in those years. In the years Athletics as an independent sport is beginning to be cultivated in almost all European countries. The revival in 1896 of the modern Olympic Games had a great influence on the development of athletics throughout the world. The program of the Games of the First Olympiad in Athens (1896) included 12 types of athletics competitions, and in 1996 (Atlanta) athletes competed for 44 sets of awards (this is more than in any sport). Competitions for women at the Olympic Games were included in 1928 (5 types), and at the 1996 Games, women competed in 20 types, and already at the Summer World Championships (1999) and the Sydney Olympics, women took part in jumping competitions from sixth and hammer throw. The official date of birth of athletics in Russia is considered to be 1888. That summer, a group of young people vacationing in the dacha town of Tyarlevo near St. Petersburg created a jogging circle, and on August 6 of that year they held their first running competition. Money for the organization of the competition, for memorable prizes was collected by subscription. The following year, the circle adopted the name "Society of Runners", and since 1893 - "Petersburg Circle of Sports Fans". The club members started running in early spring on Petrovsky Island, and with the onset of summer in Tyarlevo. The competition program is supplemented in 1893 by long jumps from a running start, from 1895 by shot put, high jumps, hurdles and steeple chases (steeplechase). A little later, there are competitions in cross-country and pole vaulting, discus throwing and javelin throwing. The program of a large sports festival organized by the circle in 1895, which, thanks to free admission, was attended by about spectators, in addition to cycling included running at different distances, running long jumps, hurdling, ball throwing and

8 cast iron core. The circle became the center for the development of athletics in Russia. Here the first competition rules were developed, which received general recognition. In 1911, the All-Russian Union of Athletics Amateurs was created. At the insistence famous sportsman and journalist G. Duperron, who visited the Olympic Games in Paris in 1900, all competitions began to be held according to the metric system. In 1908, the circle built the first cinder track in Russia. As members of the circle recalled, the most famous athletes from different countries H. Kolehmainen, A. Stenroos, J. Saaristo, E. Brundage performed there. In the same place in 1908 the circle holds the first championship of Russia. In 1912, 47 Russian athletes took part in the Olympic Games in Stockholm for the first time. Unfortunately, this first performance was unsuccessful, the athletes of our team did not take any prizes. After that, the Russian Olympic Committee decided to hold the annual All-Russian Olympiads, which were supposed to contribute to the development of the sports movement in the country and the best preparation of Russian athletes for international competitions and, above all, for the Olympics. In 1913, the first All-Russian Olympiad, for the first time a marathon run and a women's championship in athletics were played on it. The second All-Russian Olympiad took place in 1914 in Riga. The hero of this Olympics was a young runner from Moscow, Vasily Arkhipov. On the sandy track of the Riga hippodrome, he showed an outstanding result for that time in the 100 m 10.8. I must say that with the same result in 1912, the American sprinter R. Craig won the title of champion of the V Olympic Games. The outbreak of the First World War, then the revolution pushed back sports competitions for many years.

9 The true dawn of athletics came after the revolution. The first post-revolutionary athletics competition was a cross-country race held on May 7, 1918 in Moscow at a distance of 4.5 km. Victory with a score of 15.41 seconds. Muscovite Bocharov won. The first championship of the country in athletics was held in Moscow in 1922, 200 athletes from 16 cities and regions of the country participated. The following fact speaks about the state of sports at that time: at the individual championship of Moscow in athletics in 1921, one of the participants broke a spear, the competition had to be stopped, since there was no second spear in Moscow. In the year, Soviet athletes first appeared on the world stage. In 1923, international competitions between Soviet athletes and representatives of the Finnish Workers' Sports Union took place in Petrograd. start athletics was the first All-Union Spartakiad in 1928. 1280 people participated in the competition. 38 all-Union records were set. In the thirties, the results of our athletes begin to approach the best world achievements. In 1931, the TRP complex was introduced, which included cross-country and throwing. Gorinevsky played an important role in achieving high results among athletes, who scientifically substantiated the "Fundamentals of sports training” and helped to start work on creating Soviet school athletics. Even then, he saw training as an important educational process. For the development of the methodology for training athletes, a great role was played by Birzin's chest "The Essence of Training", which shows the need for comprehensive physical development, sequences of learning processes, the pattern of development of strength, speed and endurance. How to avoid overtraining. In 1939, the results of runners, jumpers, throwers came close to the best world achievements. High results

10 were achieved by women. Nadezhda Dumbadze broke the world record in the discus throw. New record Europe in the pole vault was set by Nikolai Azolin 4, 30. In 1940, employees of the athletics department of the Moscow-Leningrad Institute of Physical Education created the first textbook on athletics. According to the level of the best sports results in the world, athletes of the USSR from 28th place in 1925 in 1940 came to 5th place. World War II robbed the world sports the level of the European Championships, the World Championships, the Olympic Games. For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the European Championship in 1946 in Norway. In 1947, the All-Union Athletics Section became a member International Federation athletics. Two years later, the USSR athletes at the European Championship in Brussels won the most points for prizes. In 1952, for the first time after the revolution of 1917, the USSR national team took part in the Olympic Games. The debut was successful: 2 gold, 10 silver and 7 bronze Olympic medals. And the first match of the USSR-USA in athletics, held in 1958 in Luzhniki, brought victory to our athletes (scoring points). Out of 18 match meetings, Soviet athletes won 14. Many outstanding results were shown by both Soviet and American athletes.

11 1. RACE WALKING 1.1. From the history of race walking Race walking was not included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. But it is known that the athletes of ancient Greece used walking as a means of improving their physical abilities. In Europe, walking competitions began to be held in the 14th century, and in 1483 a 140 km competition was held along the route of Semur Otun Semur. It can be assumed that these were competitions in ordinary walking, and not in sports. The first official competition took place in England in 1866. In 1892, France hosted the first major international walking competition along the Paris Belfort route (496 km). In Russia, the first official race walking competitions were held on April 12, 1892 in St. Petersburg. In pre-revolutionary Russia, walking was not widespread. Competitions were held rarely and with a small number of participants. And the results of Russian runners were much worse than world achievements. After the revolution, competitions began to be held more often, in different cities, respectively. sports achivments have become higher. Improving the training methodology allowed Soviet runners to reach the forefront in the world. In 1954, M. Ukhov became the winner at the European Championship. At the XVI Olympiad in Melbourne, at a distance of 20 km, Soviet runners took the first three places (L. Spirin, L. Mikenas, B. Junk). Olympic champion in 1960 and 1968, bronze medalist in 1964, silver medalist of the 1972 Olympics, repeated champion of the USSR and Europe, V. Golubnichy was an outstanding runner of the 1990s. Between 1960 and 1986 Soviet athletes successfully

12 performed at the European and world championships (N. Smaga, V. Soldatenko, O. Barg, etc.) Analysis of the sports walking technique Walking is a cyclic locomotor movement. In all types of walking there is one and the same feature - the presence of a constant support. This feature distinguishes walking from running, where support and flight periods (flight phases) alternate. In walking, constant support on the ground is carried out either with one or at the same time with both legs. A double step (a step from the left and right foot) constitutes a cycle of movement. Each leg when walking is supporting and fly. The time during which the leg is the support of the body (reference time) is longer than the leg transfer time. This feature determines the two-support period in walking. The movement of the arms and legs in walking is strictly crossed. When walking, the pelvis moves along three axes: transverse, sagittal and vertical. When moving the leg forward, the pelvis descends towards this leg, and when repulsed by the leg, it turns in hip joint supporting leg towards her. Of all the movements of the pelvis, its movement around the vertical axis is the most important, because it increases the length of the step (Fig. 1). Rice. 1. Race walking Achieving high results in race walking is unthinkable without mastering the correct and strong skill of this walk.

13 Going to the start, the runner must solve two problems: 1) go without violating the rules of the competition, i.e. not be disqualified; 2) and at the same time achieve certain indicators (results). By sports walking technique we mean coordinated movements that provide the most appropriate solutions to the motor task (walk correctly and quickly). Race walking has much in common with ordinary walking and at the same time differs from it in its great coordination complexity, efficiency and relative economy. Main characteristic differences sports walking: a) high speed of movement; b) stride length exceeds 100 cm, and in some walkers it reaches cm; c) from the moment of landing of the leg on the ground to the moment of the vertical, the leg is straightened in the knee joint; d) significant movements of the pelvis around the vertical axis; e) active hand movements in the anteroposterior direction. In race walking, as in normal walking, there is an alternation of single-support and two-support positions. The duration of the two-support period is several times less than the duration of the one-leg support period and depends, first of all, on the walking speed. With an increase in speed, this ratio decreases, which leads to the disappearance of the double support and the appearance of the flight phase, i.e. to run Teaching the technique of sports walking Task 1. To teach the setting of the foot and the roll over the foot. Means: 1) walking in a straight line with the legs straightened at the knee joint, with a roll over the outer part of the foot.

14 Guidelines: hands perform movements as in normal walking. The speed of movement increases gradually due to the frequency of steps. Task 2. Master the movement of the pelvis around the vertical axis in combination with the movement of the legs. Means: 1) standing still, alternately transfer the weight of the body to the supporting leg with the knee of the free leg and pelvis forward; 2) walking in a straight line with a wide step with turns of the pelvis around the vertical axis; 3) walking (as in exercise 1) with setting right foot to the left, and to the left to the right of the midline; 4) walking with the “flashing” of the lower leg towards the ground; 5) hand movements alternately forward-inward and back-outward; 6) race walking in a straight line in general; 7) slow athletic walking in a turn with the torso tilted towards the center of the circle. Guidelines: do not raise your knee high. Don't lift or tense your shoulders. Task 3. Master the technique of walking in a turn. Means: 1) performing the previous exercise, but at a fast pace; 2) walking at a fast pace in a circle with a diameter of m; 3) sports walking "snake" in an arc of 5-6 steps on the left side and on the right side in compliance with the rules of walking in a turn; 4) race walking on a turn with access to a straight line. Guidelines: when moving backward, the right hand is taken outward more than when walking in a straight line. Improve the transition from walking on a turn to a straight line. Task 4. Teach the technique of walking on an inclined path. Means: 1) sports walking in a straight line with the entrance to the turn; 2) sports walking up with the torso forward and with an increase

15 bending of the arms than when walking on a horizontal plane; 3) sports walking from a mountain with a deviation of the body back and with a greater bending of the arms than when walking on a horizontal surface. Methodical instructions: to improve the transition from walking in a straight line into a turn. Reduce the length of steps, but increase their frequency. Task 5. Improving the technique of race walking. Means: 1) race walking in segments of m with an average competitive speed; 2) sports walking lasting from 1 to 2 hours at a speed of 8-9 minutes. for 1 km distance; 3) race walking on segments of m at a speed less than average; 4) race walking lasting from 1 to 1.5 hours with an increase in speed on segments of m to the average competitive; 5) sports walking lasting from 2 to 4 hours at a speed of 7-8 minutes. for 1 km distance. Guidelines: rest segments are 1-1.5 times longer than acceleration segments. Exercises for the topic “Walking” Basic: 1. Walking in order to study technique and main phases. 2. Walking to improve technique in general. Leading: 1. Imitation of the setting of the foot. 2. Adoption of the position of correct posture. 3. Walking along the separation with side and regular steps. 4. Walking on toes, heels, on the whole foot. 5. Walking with active work of the hands (hands take different positions). Preparatory:

16 1. Squats, leg swings. 2. Rotational movements with arms, shoulders. 3. Strengthening the muscles of the abdomen and lower back (in a standing position, in a hanging position on the gymnastic wall). To improve in technique: 1. Walking uphill, downhill and on the ground (for speed). 2. Walking, alternating with running. 3. Walking long distances (on a hike). 2. MIDDLE AND LONG DISTANCE RUN Middle and long distance running covers all competitive distances from 800 m to m (marathon run) inclusive. Middle-distance running includes running from 800 m to 3000 m, and long-distance running over 3000 m. Along with metric distances, they also run for miles (1 mile \u003d m). Medium and long distances also include distances in yards, widely cultivated in England, USA, Australia, New Zealand: 880 yards = 804.67 m but also for 7 stadia (1346 m), 12 stadia (4412.8 m). Thus, already in those ancient times, running was known not only for short, but also for medium and long distances. The origins of modern athletics in middle and long distance running should be sought in England. Already in the 18th century, professional runners performed here and were very popular. The first world record in the 800m, registered by the IAAF in 1912, belongs to an athlete from the USA, D. Meredith (1.51.9). Subsequently, the record was firmly taken over by representatives of New Zealand and

17 Australia. In 1962, the world record (1.44.3) was set by New Zealander P. Stell. 1500 m world records previously held by representatives European countries: Finn P. Nuria (in 1924). In the 70s, European runners lost their championship in the 1500m race, losing it first to the Australian G. Elliot (in 1960), and then to the American D. Ryan (in 1967). Competitions in the 5000m and m were included in the program of the Olympic Games in 1912. After 1964, representatives of the African continent joined the world elite of middle and long distance runners. Olympic champions became our women. In the 800m in 1960 in Rome, L. Lysenko became the Olympic champion (2.04.3). At the Olympics in Munich, the Soviet athlete L. Bragina (4.01.4) won the world record and the victory in the 1500 m run. The Ukrainian record in the women's 800m belongs to N. Olizarenko (in 1980). In the 1500 m run, the record belongs to S. Popova (in 1980). Analysis of the technique of running for medium and long distances phases of muscle tension with phases of relaxation. In middle-distance running, the stride length can vary from 1 m 80 cm to 2 m 20 cm. For the convenience of analyzing technique, running for medium and long distances can be conditionally divided into four phases: 1. Start and starting acceleration. 2. Distance running.

18 3. Running around the turn. 4. Finishing. Start and start Competitive running starts from the start; in running for medium and long distances, as a rule, a high start is used. At the command "Start!" the runner stands in front of the starting line so that the jogging foot is on the starting line, and the other is half a step back. In this case, the torso must be moved forward, legs bent. The position should be stable and comfortable. Hands take up a running position: the hand opposite to the exposed leg is brought forward. The runner's gaze is directed somewhat forward to the track. After a shot or the command "March!" the athlete starts running, trying to take a place at the curb. From the start, he runs in an inclined position with acceleration and, gradually straightening up, moves on to a more uniform run over the distance. Distance running. Distance running is performed with a swing step with a relatively constant length and frequency of steps. The length and frequency of steps depends on the individual characteristics of the runner, his height, leg length, etc. good technique distance running is characterized by the following main features: the body is slightly tilted forward; shoulders are slightly turned; in the lower back there is a slight natural deflection, which ensures the removal of the pelvis forward; head held straight; chin down; the muscles of the face and neck are not tense. The feet are placed on the ground in such a way that when they touch the ground, the heel is almost perpendicular under the knee. Setting the foot on the ground depends on the speed of running and stride length. The middle distance runner places the foot on the ground initially with the outer edge of the forefoot and then touches the ground with the entire foot. As the distance lengthens, the runner places the foot flatter on the ground.

19 When taking off, the leg is fully extended. The correct take-off angle in middle-distance running is about 50. Turning running. When passing the turn, the runner leans slightly to the left, the movements of the left hand become less intense, and the right hand more intense. The toe of the right foot is placed more inward, and the elbow of the right hand is retracted to the side. When entering a turn, inexperienced runners often make the typical mistake of running away from the curb, thereby lengthening their path. Finishing. Running for medium and long distances almost always ends with a finishing throw. Its length may be different. On average, it is m. During the finish, the running technique changes: the forward tilt of the torso increases, the arm movements become more energetic, the repulsion and swing of the free leg are stronger. After crossing the finish line, the runner does not stop abruptly, but switches to a slow run, then to walking, in order to gradually bring the body into a relatively calm state. Means: 1) explanation of new moments of running in the stadium (running direction, lane length, running speed); 2) demonstration of running on segments of 100, 200, 400 m by a teacher or a qualified runner. Demonstration and analysis of films and posters on running technique; 3) performance by those involved in jogging on segments of m. Methodological instructions: the teacher in the process of running reveals the individual characteristics of the students and at the same time points out the most gross mistakes.

20 Task 2. To teach running in a straight line with a uniform and variable speed. Means: 1) repeated runs of meter segments with acceleration (it is necessary to monitor the smooth increase in speed); 2) when re-running with acceleration, those involved should try to maintain the gained speed, but if tension appears, reduce it; 3) to master the skill of switching from slow running to fast running, jerks are used on command during acceleration; 4) completes the study of the technique of running along the distance, fast running with acceleration by m with the inclusion of "free running". Guidelines: when teaching, the teacher must take into account the basic requirements for the running technique: straightness of the direction, full extension of the push leg in combination with the extension of the thigh of the fly leg forward, overrunning of the lower leg of the fly leg at the moment of the vertical, free and energetic work of the hands, the direct position of the torso and head, quick and soft setting of the foot on the ground from the front. In the learning process, attention should be paid to the correct implementation of these basic elements. Task 3. Teach the technique of running in a turn. Means: 1) jogging around the turn on the track of the stadium; 2) jogging in a circle of various radii; 3) jogging on a turn with access to a straight line; 4) jogging with an entrance from a straight line into a turn; 5) switching and free play. Methodical instructions: when performing these runs, it is necessary to pay attention to the slope towards the turn and to the fact that the hand farthest from the turn works wider and more to the side (as if across). The foot should be turned with the toe in the direction of the turn, and the leg farthest from the turn should be turned inward more. When running into a straight line after a turn, pay attention to

21 free, sweeping run ("free run") while maintaining the gained speed. Having mastered the free and correct running along the distance (in a straight line and in a turn), you should proceed to the study of the start technique. Task 4. Teach high start technique Means: 1) demonstration of running from a high start; 2) study of starting positions, execution of the commands “To the start!”, “March!” and starting acceleration; 3) a high start performed by one athlete on a straight line and a turn; 4) a high start performed by a group on a straight line and a turn; 5) running in slope with acceleration. Guidelines: the study of the starting positions should be carried out by the entire group of athletes at once, paying attention to the position in which the athletes are on the command “To the start!”. Athletes must stand steadily and start running from a comfortable position. To do this, pauses between commands can be specially lengthened. The first starts should not be carried out in full force. To create an idea of ​​​​running and tilting, you can offer those involved to run while standing in place at an emphasis on a barrier or wall, at a distance of 1.5-2 steps from the support. For a more emotional conduct of classes during the training in technique, it is desirable to use a relay race. 3. SHORT DISTANCES From the history of sprinting Sprinting is the oldest form of track and field athletics. So at the ancient Olympics, athletes competed in the race for one stage (192.27 m). In modern times, the first sprint competition was held in England in 1860. The distance was 100 yards (91.4 m).

22 The first official world record holder in the 100m was the American D. Lippincott 10.6 (1912). He showed this result in the semi-final at the Olympics in Stockholm. In 1930, Canadian Percy Williams shows 10.3 seconds at the shortest distance. The great American athlete Jesse Owens in 1936 brings the world record in the 100 meters to 10.2 seconds. This record lasted until 1956 and was improved by his compatriot Willy Williams (10.1 sec.). At the Olympic Games in Mexico City (1968), a world record for electronic timing of 9.95 seconds was registered. This result was shown by the American James Hines, who, according to manual timing, had a result of 9.9 seconds. World records in the 200 m track with a full (100-meter) turn have been recorded since 1951. The first official record holder at this distance was the American Andrew Stanfield (20.6 sec.). In 1966, Tommy Sly shows the result of 20.0 seconds. He also at the Olympic Games in Mexico City (1968) brings the world record to sec. Only after 11 years this result can be surpassed by the Italian Pietro Mennea (19.72 sec.). In 1928, women's sprint (100 m) was included in the program of the Olympic Games for the first time. The result of the American winner E. Robinson was 12.2 seconds. After 20 years, the women's program was replenished with a new distance of 200 m, and since 1964, athletes began to perform at a distance of 400 m. The European Championship in 1969 was the beginning of the success of Ukrainian athletes. V. Borzov became the champion of Europe. He successfully performed in meetings with the strongest American and European sprinters. He was European champion in 1969, 1971, 1974. At the Olympic Games in Munich (1972), V. Borzov wins the 100 and 200 m race. Analysis of sprinting technique

23 Short-distance running is a typical speed exercise, which is characterized by the performance of short-term work of maximum power. In sprinting, athletes of various heights and physiques achieve success, but they are well physically developed, strong and fast. Short-distance running for men and women includes 100, 200 and 400 m runs, as well as 4x100 m and 4x400 m relay races. start to finish, are one holistic and inseparable exercise, which is based on the athlete's desire to "come" to the finish line first in shortest time. For the convenience of analyzing running technique, it can be conditionally divided into four phases: 1) start; 2) starting acceleration; 3) distance running; 4) finish. Start A good start instills confidence in the athlete, and this is the first step to success. For a successful start, the runner must take a comfortable position, favorable for the start of the run. For this purpose, a starting machine or pads are used. They provide firm support for pushing off, stability of foot placement and angles of inclination of the supporting platforms (Fig. 2). Rice. 2. Starting machine (a) and pads (b)

24 The starting point should be considered a distance of one and a half feet from the start line and between the blocks. In the location of the starting blocks, three main options can be distinguished (Fig. 3). Rice. 3. Location of the starting blocks 1. The “normal” front block is set 1-1.5 feet from the starting line, the back block is set at a shin distance (about 2 feet) from the front block. 2. "Stretched" distance between the blocks is reduced to 1 foot, the distance from the starting line to the front block is about 2 feet of the athlete. 3. The "close" distance between the blocks is the same as with the "stretched" start, but the distance from the starting line to the front block is 1-1.5 of the athlete's foot length. In each individual case, the athlete finds his starting position, and if this gives him confidence, the benefit is double. The choice of one or another variant of the arrangement of the blocks is determined primarily by the individuality of the athlete. Growth, limb length, leg strength, and speed play a leading role in this. In the process of improvement, the arrangement of the pads may change. This is considered the best

25 option, in which the athlete feels relaxed and can instantly develop greater speed after the signal. At the command "Start!" the runner takes the starting position: crouching, he rests his palms on the track in front of the starting line, then sets the fly leg on the block standing behind, and then on the push leg standing in front of the block, while lowering himself to the knee of the fly leg. Hands rest in front of the start line. The fingers form an elastic arch between the thumb and the rest of the closed fingers. The push leg firmly rests the foot on the block, swinging only with fingers to the lower edge of the block. Elbows are straightened, hands are shoulder-width apart. The back is straight, relaxed. The head is held straight in relation to the body. The weight of the body is evenly distributed between the arms, the foot of the push leg and the knee of the fly leg. At the command "Attention!" the runner slightly straightens the legs, separates the knee of the fly leg from the track, moves the torso up and forward until the pelvis takes a position slightly above shoulder level (10-20 cm). At the same time, the weight of the body is distributed between the arms and the pushing leg, but in such a way that the projection of the MCMT on the track does not reach the starting line by cm. The feet of both legs rest firmly against the solid support of the blocks with their entire surface. The head is held straight, does not fall down and does not throw back. For a rectilinear initial movement, it is necessary to bring the knees together, and the heels located on the blocks should be slightly spread apart. The position of the runner, adopted by the command "Attention!" should not be overly tense and constrained. All attention must be focused on the shot, and not on the movement that needs to be done after it sounds. The movement from the start after the signal must be reflexively connected with the shot. The signal for the start of the run forces the athlete to make an energetic, but free step from behind with his standing foot forward with lightning speed. The foot is carried low over the track. ahead standing leg picks up the movement created by the swing leg and completes

26 push force from the front pad. The arms are bent at the elbows and move back and forth (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Starting from a low start. This allows you to put the foot on the track from top to bottom. The foot is placed, albeit quickly, but gently. When the foot is firmly planted on the track, the repulsion turns out to be directed upwards and there is an incomplete hit in the push. The feet on the first steps should not rise high above the track. The setting of the foot occurs slightly behind the projection of the CMCT. This allows you to improve your running speed. Starting acceleration The first athlete performs starting acceleration, trying to gain maximum speed. This is achieved by the correct and rapid implementation of the first steps from the start. The first step ends with the full extension of the leg standing on the front block, and at the same time lifting the thigh of the other leg. The rational technique of the starting run is characterized by a significant torso tilt forward at the beginning of the run, and with an increase in speed and a decrease in the amount of acceleration, the slope decreases and the running technique gradually approaches the distance running technique. The speed of running in the starting acceleration increases

27 by lengthening the steps at a certain pace. Of great importance is the vigorous movement of the hands back and forth. In the starting run, they are performed with a large amplitude due to the wide span of the hips in the first steps from the start. The feet in the starting acceleration are placed somewhat wider than in the distance run. With increasing speed, the legs are placed closer to the midline. Distance running By the end of the starting acceleration and upon reaching the highest speed, the runner's torso straightens and has a slight forward inclination (75-80). The foot is placed on the track elastically, with the front part of the foot directed towards the ground. This movement creates preliminary tension in the muscles of the foot and lower leg, preceding the depreciation phase. It should be noted that this technical detail is typical for all the strongest sprinters and is in many ways a sign of rational technique running. The lower leg is nearly vertical on landing. In the depreciation phase, the runner descends on the entire foot (for qualified sprinters, the full lowering of the entire foot does not occur). The straightening of the supporting leg occurs at the moment when the thigh of the fly leg is raised high enough. The repulsion ends with the extension of the supporting leg in the knee and ankle joints. In the flight phase there is an active reduction of the hips (Fig. 5). Bringing the leg forward and up, and then quickly lowering it provides the optimal length and pace of steps. The frequency of movements of the legs and arms is interconnected. Cross-coordination helps increase cadence by increasing arm movement.

28 Fig. 5. Distance running Finishing Finishing consists in crossing a vertical plane passing through the finish line. The winner is the athlete who first touches with his torso a ribbon stretched at chest height above the line marking the end of the distance. There are two ways to finish: the first way is the "chest throw" when the runner makes a sharp forward tilt with his chest, moving his arms back; the second way is when the runner, leaning forward, simultaneously turns sideways to the finish line so as to touch it with his shoulder. Both finishing methods are almost the same. Runners who are not proficient in finishing throw technique are advised to run the finish line at full speed. Running for 2 0 0, m. Running for 200 and 400 meters differs from running for 100 meters by the location of the start and the passage of the beginning of the distance along the turn of the track. Starting blocks are installed at the outer edge of the track tangent to the turn, which makes it possible to run the initial segment in a straight line.

29 When running on a turn, the runner deviates with his whole body inward, otherwise he will be carried to the side by the centrifugal force created when running along a curve. Increasing the tilt of the body to the left should be gradual. To reduce the distance traveled when running along the turn of the foot, you need to put it closer to the curb, turning them to the left. The movement of the right hand is more inward, and the left hand is somewhat outward. Shoulders turn to the left. As you exit the turn onto a straight line, the inclination of the body gradually decreases, and at the moment you enter the straight line, the body straightens. Teaching the technique of running short distances Task 1. Teach the correct repulsion. Means: 1) running with straight knees, pushing off with the foot; 2) running in jumps with active extension of the thigh of the fly leg forward and pushing forward; 3) running in place with raising the hip and bending the lower leg; 4) running with shortened steps ahead of the push, extending the swing leg and raising the lower leg at the moment of the vertical; 5) running uphill (perform as exercise 4). Methodical instructions: the number of repetitions can be different. It depends on how soon the one who practices learns these exercises. Task 2. Teach free running along the distance. Means: 1) running from the mountain by inertia; 2) running segments m in a straight line, followed by running by inertia; 3) running in a straight line on segments of m with a change in the pace of running at a distance. Guidelines: all running exercises are first performed by each individually, then by a group. Perform exercises slowly, finish as soon as excessive tension, stiffness appears. Task 3. Teach running in a turn.

30 Means: 1) running around the turn clockwise and against it with the torso tilted in the direction of the turn; 2) running in a circle with a radius of m (perform as exercise 1); 3) running along a turn in segments of m with a change in the pace of running; 4) running along a turn with access to a straight line; 5) running in a straight line with the entrance to the turn. Guidelines: reduce the turning radius only after mastering the technique of running on a large radius turn. With the entrance to the turn, learn to tilt towards the center of the turn, leveling the occurrence of centrifugal force. The number of repetitions depending on preparedness. Task 4. Teach running from a low start. Means: 1) run with acceleration from a high start; 2) run with acceleration from a semi-low start; 3) execution of the command "Start!", "Attention!" with the next run-out without the “March!” command; 4) running from a low start uphill; 5) running segments from a low start, keeping the slope during the run; 6) running for 30 m from a low start according to the marks, maintaining the optimal slope during the run; 7) running from a low start along the marks through stuffed balls installed between them; 8) running segments of 30, 40, 60 m from a low start on command, followed by running by inertia; 9) running segments of 40 and 60 m from a low start on the turn. Guidelines: if the runner straightens up prematurely from the first steps of the start, it is necessary to increase the distance from the blocks to the starting line or install an inclined rail at the start that limits the rise of premature rise. Shot starts are applied after mastering the correct movements. Pay attention to the ability to move from running with maximum speed to run freely without losing speed. Runner Exercises

31 S e c cial ex ercise s 1. Running with high hips. 2. Minching run. 3. Movement of the arms as when running from the SP. legs apart, body tilted forward, arms bent at the elbows at a right angle. Perform hand movements at an average and fast pace in series of seconds. Focus on range of motion and relaxation shoulder joints. 4. Run in place with high hips and hands on the wall. Perform the exercise at an average and fast pace in series of seconds. Pay attention to the straightening of the supporting leg. 5. Running movements with the legs, lying on the back or in a stand on the shoulder blades. Perform movements at an average and fast pace for sec. Pay attention to range of motion. 6. Running with a high raising of the thigh and with the subsequent throwing out of the lower leg (stroke movement). 7. Running on your heels. 8. Jumping run from foot to foot, pushing forward and up. Pay attention to the full extension of the pushing leg. 9. Running downhill with maximum frequency and increasing speed. 10. Running (15-30 m) from various i.p. lying, sitting, kneeling, etc. 11. Running backwards. 12. Running with acceleration on the move for a while. 13. Running in the wind. 14. Running for the leader. 15. Running around the turn. 16. Running in a straight line

32 1. Walking on toes with high hips. Pay attention to the straight body. 2. Running on marks. Marks at a distance of cm from each other (marks: lines; circles drawn in chalk; flags placed on the side, tennis balls, maces, gymnastic sticks, etc.). 3. Running in a straight line with the feet strictly on the line and parallel to it. 4. Running through objects (medicine balls, baton, snowballs). By changing the distance, the arrangement of objects and the speed of running, you can improve the rhythm and length of the running step. 5. Running with hands behind your back, with a gymnastic stick, jump rope and other items. The exercise is performed: a) holding the stick in the bends of the elbow joints behind the back; b) with a rope thrown over the neck; c) with hands behind the back. 6. Standing still, legs apart, with a slight tilt of the torso forward, imitation of hand movements when running, jumping rope. 7. Running with a high hip lift, holding the gymnastic stick at waist level and alternately touching the stick with your knees, with slow forward movement. 8. Running with throwing the lower leg back with alternately touching the buttocks with the heels, slowly moving forward. 9. Running downhill with a slight steepness (3-5) at a different pace. 10. Running uphill with a slight steepness (5-7) at a different pace. 11. Raising the hip, standing at the support. At the moment of lifting the fly leg, the supporting leg rises to the toe and fully straightens. 12. Running with possibly high raising of the hip and a large torso forward from a high start on segments

33 Relaxation exercises should be applied after performing special and lead-up exercises. 1. Shaking hands with lowering them down and bending forward from ip. standing, hands up. 2. Shaking the legs, bent at the knees, from I.P. lying on your back. 3. Shaking hands laid aside, from ip. legs apart, arms to the side. 4. Mahi with a relaxed leg back and forth with a jump on the toe of the other leg. 5. Shaking the leg, performing the movement in different planes, in I.p. standing on the other leg. 6. Relaxed hand movements back and forth from SP. standing one hand in front, the other behind. 7. Relaxed hand movements from SP. standing, arms crossed in front of the chest with their diversion to the sides. 8. Lowering the relaxed arms to the sides down with the torso tilted forward and cross movement of the arms in front of you. 9. Swinging movements with a relaxed leg forward and backward. 10. Shaking the legs raised up from the I.P. lying on your back. 11. Shaking the legs raised up from the SP. stand on the shoulder blades with the support of the torso with the hands. 12. Alternate jumps on one and the other leg with shaking of the free leg, torso and arms lowered down during the jump. 13. Turns of the body to the left and right (twisting) with relaxed movements of the arms back. 14. Shaking hands with a partner holding his hand in a horizontal position (or holding a hand at elbow joint upright). 15. Shaking the legs with the help of a partner (holding the ankle joint) from the I.P. lying on your back.

34 4. COMPETITION RULES IN ATHLETICS (GENERAL) 1 The old structure of the “Competition Rules in Athletics” has been revised to make it more attractive and understandable to the general public. All international athletics competitions are held under the IAAF Rules and this must be emphasized in promotional materials, programs and other publications. IAAF Rules apply to both Men's and Women's competitions Main judge). One Technical Manager (Deputy chief referee for equipment). One Manager responsible for the room (meeting place). Jury Appeal Panel of judges One (or more) Track Referees. One (or more) Event Referees. One (or more) All-Around Referees. One (or more) Referees for events held outside the stadium. One Chief Judge and three (or more) Track Judges. One Chief Judge and three (or more) technical judges (jumping, throwing). 1 2001 IAAF Athletics Competition Rules

35 One Chief Judge and five (or more) judges for each of the race walking events that take place in the stadium. One Chief Judge and eight (or more) judges for each of the race walking events that take place outside the stadium. Other Race Walking Judges as required, including lap counters, warning card operators, etc. One Chief Judge and three (or more) Judges for Track events. One Chief Timekeeper and three (or more) timekeepers. One (or more) starter. One (or more) judges responsible for the return of athletes in case of false starts. One (or more) lap counter. One (or more) competition secretary. One (or more) competition commander. One (or more) wind speed measurement operator. One (or more) Photo Finish Chief Judge. One (or more) judge responsible for the room (place) for the gathering of participants. Additional judges One (or more) informants. One (or more) statistics. One advertising commissioner. One (or more) physician. If competitions are held for women, if possible, a female doctor should be appointed. D irector of competition

36 The Competition Director has the responsibility to plan the technical organization of the competition, to ensure that this plan is carried out and to solve in general all technical problems. With the help of the communication system, he is obliged to manage the provision of constant contact between the participants of the competition and all judges. Manager (Chief Referee) The Chief Referee is fully responsible for the correct conduct of the competition. He is obliged to check that all referees arrive at their places to perform their duties, appoint substitute referees (if necessary). The Chief Referee has the authority to suspend any referee who violates the Rules. Together with the commandant of the competition, he is obliged to ensure that only those people who need access to this area are in the center of the arena. Technical Manager (Deputy Chief Referee for Equipment) This referee is responsible for ensuring that lanes, runways, circles, arches technical landings, all equipment and implements were in accordance with the IAAF Rules. M e n e g e r re spon sible for the room (place) of the meeting o c In cooperation with the judges responsible for the gathering place, he is obliged to control the transition between the warm-up area and the competition area, to ensure that the athletes, after checking at the gathering place, are ready to start in their form. General provisions Judges

37 1. The chief referee in running events and the chief judges in each technical event (jumping, throwing) must divide the duties among judges in separate events. Tracks and races finishing in lane 2. All judges must line up on the same side of the lane and determine the order in which the athletes finish. In all cases where they cannot agree, the matter is referred to the Referee for consideration and a final decision. Note: judges must be located at a distance of at least 5 m from the continuation of the finish line, they must be allocated a tower. Technical events (jumps and throws) 3. Judges are obliged to control the execution and registration of each attempt, to measure the result in each valid attempt in all technical events. In the high jump and pole vault, measurements are taken while the bar is stationary, especially when trying to set a record. Two judges (at least) must keep a record of all attempts, checking their records at the end of each lap. An individual referee must indicate the result of the attempt as “passed” or “failed” by raising a white or red flag, respectively. Course Judges (track events) 1. Course Judges are assistants to the Referee and do not have the authority to make the final decision. 2. The Referee determines the location of the Judges on the course so that they can observe the competition from close range and in the event of a mistake or violation of the Rules by a participant, immediately send a written report to the Referee about this incident. 3. Any violation of the Rules must be indicated by raising a yellow flag. 4. A sufficient number of referees must be appointed for adequate control in the baton exchange areas.

38 Note: If the referee notices that an athlete is not running in his own lane or the baton is passed outside the transfer zone, he must immediately mark the place on the lane where the violation occurred, using some convenient material for this. Timekeepers / Judges and Photo Finishers 1. When manual timing is used, a sufficient number of timekeepers (one of whom is designated as chief) must be appointed, based on from the number of athletes who take part in the competition. The chief timekeeper distributes duties among the timekeepers. These timekeepers must insure the operation of the automated photo finish timing system. 2. When using an automated timing system, a Chief Photo Finish Judge and at least two Assistant Judges must be appointed. S t o r t e r i n d s o u n t i o n s o n s o n s o n s o n s o n o n 1. The starter must have complete control over the actions of the athletes who are on the start line. Before the signal "On the start!" the starter must make sure that the timekeepers, judges and the operator responsible for measuring the wind speed are ready to go. 2. The starter must position himself so that the entire group of runners has a narrow visual angle. In competitions using a low start, he must position himself in such a way that he is sure that all runners have fixed their positions before the shot is fired. 3. One (or more) referees must be assigned to assist the starter in charge of recovering athletes in case of false starts.

39 Assistant Starter 1. Assistant Starters must check that the athletes are running in their heat and that their numbers are correctly attached. 2. They must lead the athletes to their lanes or starting positions. When this is done, they give the starter a ready signal. 3. Assistant starters are responsible for the readiness of baton for athletes who run in the first leg of the relay. Announcer The announcer must provide the spectators with the names and numbers of the competitors in each event, as well as all relevant information about the composition of the heats. The results (place, time, altitude, distance, etc.) in each event must be reported as soon as possible after the information is received. At international competitions, this information is given in English and French. Official measurer The official measurer must check the accuracy of the markings, the accuracy of the location of equipment and inventory, and issue the necessary certificates to the Technical Manager before the start of the competition. For the purpose of control, he must have access to the plans and drawings of the stadium. Referees, Responsible Gathering Areas These referees must ensure that the athletes are dressed in national or club uniform approved by their national governing body. Make sure that the numbers on the clothes correspond to the entries in the start lists, so that shoes, quantity and

40 F I N I S T A R T the size of the studs, advertising on athletes' clothes and bags complied with the IAAF Rules and Regulations, and no unauthorized items were brought into the competition area. 5. RULES FOR RUNNING COMPETITIONS 1. The length of a standard running track should be 400 m. The track consists of two uniform straights and two curves, the radii of which are equal. The inside of the path is fenced with a curb about 5 cm high and 5 cm wide. If a section of the edge must be temporarily removed for technical disciplines, its place is indicated by a white line 5 cm wide and plastic cones or flags with a minimum height of 20 cm, located at a distance of no more than 4 m from each other. 2. Measurements should be taken at a distance of 30 cm from the edge or, if there is no edge, then 20 cm from the line, which means inner part tracks (Fig. 6). Measurement lines for all others All white color lines 5 cm wide measurement Fig. 6. Interior view of the lane Inner edge of the curb 5 cm wide (min.) Measuring line for the inner lane 3. The running distance is measured from the edge of the start line furthest from the finish to the edge of the finish line closest to the start.

41 4. In all competitions up to and including 400m, each competitor must run in his own lane, the minimum width of which is 1.22m and the maximum width of 1.25m, marked with lines 5 cm wide. All lanes must be the same width. Starting blocks-blocks 1. Starting blocks-blocks are used at all competitions at distances up to 400 m inclusive (including at the first stage of the relay race 4x100 m and 4x400 m) and are not used at other distances. When placing starting blocks on the lane, the athlete must be aware that no part of them should go beyond the start line or into another lane. Starting blocks-blocks must be: - rigid in their design and not give preference to any of the athletes; - fixed on the track by a certain number of spikes. Starting block blocks should be quickly and easily removed from the track; - if an athlete uses his own starting blocks, they must comply with the Rules. Start 1. The start must be marked with a white line 5 cm wide. For all distances where competitions are held on a common track, the start line must be curved so that all runners start at the same distance from the finish line. 2. All competitions begin with the starter or approved starting device firing after the starter has satisfied himself that all competitors are in position. correct position and don't move. 3. At all international competitions, the starter gives the following commands in his state language:

42 - in running competitions up to 400 m inclusive (including relay races 4x100 m and 4x400 m) “To the start!”, “Attention!”, And when all the athletes responded to the command “Attention!”, Taking a stationary position, the starter produces a shot from a pistol or includes a starting device; - at distances over 400 m, the command “To the start!” Is given, and when the athletes froze, a shot is given. The competitor must not touch the ground with one or both hands. 4. If, for any reason, the starter is not satisfied with the readiness of the competitors for the start after all the athletes have taken their places, he must give the command that the runners leave their positions, and the starter's assistants line them up again on the start line. 5. At the command "To start!" and "Attention!" athletes must take the appropriate position and fix it. Failure to follow these commands is considered a false start. If an athlete after the command "To the start!" interferes with other competitors by creating noise or other obstructions, this may be considered a false start. 6. If the athlete starts moving before the starter fires or the starting device is engaged, this is considered a false start. 7. If the starter or referee responsible for the return of athletes considers that the start was made in violation of the Rules, he must return the athletes by firing a pistol. Running 1. The direction of running must be left-handed. Tracks are numbered from left to right, starting with the first track. 2. Regardless of who takes part in the competition, a runner or walker who pushes an opponent or interferes with him in any way is subject to disqualification.

43 3. In all races that are held in separate lanes, each participant must keep to his lane from start to finish. This also applies to relay races run in separate lanes. In the event that an athlete does not run in his own lane, he will be disqualified. 4. If an athlete pushes an opponent, forcing him to run out of his lane, and if in doing so the latter does not gain any real advantage, then the athlete will not be disqualified. If an athlete: a) runs at the finish line outside his own lane, or b) runs around a turn outside the outer line of his lane, without gaining a real advantage and without interfering with another competitor, he will also not be disqualified. 5. In competitions at a distance of 800 m, athletes run along their lanes to a line 5 cm wide, which runs across the entire track and is marked on each edge with a flag not less than 1.5 m high, located behind the track. Note: Athletes may run the 800m one or two in each lane, or they may be collectively started from the arc line. 6. An athlete after an unauthorized exit from the track or from the track will not be allowed to continue the competition. 7. Wind speed is measured from the moment the starter is fired at different time intervals depending on the distance 100 m 10 s 100 m s/b 13 s 110 m s/b 13 s At a distance of 200 m, wind speed is measured for 10 seconds from the moment when the leader runs to the finish line. 8. A device for measuring wind speed in cross-country events must be located at a distance of 50 m from the finish line. It should

44 be at a height of 1.22 m and at a distance of no more than two meters from the first track. Instruments for measuring wind speed must be certified by the relevant authorities. Finishes 1. The finish line must be marked with a white line 5 cm wide. 2. The competitor’s place at the finish line must be determined in the order in which the body (but not the head, neck, arm, leg, hand or foot) is “touched” a vertical plane drawn from the nearest edge of the finish line. 3. In competitions where the distance must be covered in a certain amount of time (one hour running, walking), the starter must fire a shot exactly one minute before the end of the competition to warn athletes and judges that the end of the competition is approaching. At the moment of the shot that signals the end of the competition, the judges specially appointed for this purpose must determine the place where each athlete last touched the lane before the shot was fired or at the moment the shot was fired. The distance covered by this time is recorded to the nearest meters. Timing 1. Two methods of timing are officially recognized: - manual timing; - fully automated timing with a photo finish system. 2. The timekeepers must be positioned along the finish line outside the lane, if possible at a distance of 5 m from the outer lane. So that all timekeepers can clearly see the finish line, they make a platform with an elevation.

45 3. The timekeepers use either a chronometer or an electronic stopwatch with numerical indications and manual control. 4. The time of all athletes who finished is recorded. In addition, where possible, the time of each lap for races of 800m or more and the time per kilometer in competitions of 3000m or more should be recorded. 5. The countdown starts from the moment the flash or smoke appears after the starting pistol is fired until the moment when any part of the body does not touch the finish line. 6. The time of the winners of each race is recorded by three timekeepers. 7. Each timekeeper is obliged to work independently, without showing his chronometer, without discussing the time recorded by his chronometer with other judges. He is obliged to record his time on an official card and, having signed it, to hand it over to the chief timekeeper. 8. In all lane competitions, manual timing shall round up the time to the nearest 1/10th of a second. In running competitions held outside the stadium, the time is rounded up to the nearest whole second. For example, in a marathon, a time of 2:10.45.3 is rounded up to 2: If the chronometer hands stop between two time lines, the greater time is recorded. 9. If the time of two out of three timekeepers is the same, but the third one is different, then the official time is considered to be the time recorded by the two timekeepers. If all three timekeepers show different times, then the average time is considered official. If the same result is recorded, then the athletes who showed it get into the next round of competition. If this is not practicable, a lottery must be held to determine the competitor(s) who will advance to the next round of the competition.

46 To determine the first place in the final in case of equality of results, the Referee has the right to decide on the organization of a new race for athletes with the same result. If he decides that this is not appropriate, the previous result remains (all athletes are awarded first place). When determining subsequent places, all athletes who have shown the same result receive a higher place. 6. RELAY RUN Relay race is a team type of athletics competition, which can be held both on the tracks of the stadium and on the streets of cities, highways, on the tracks of parks, on the ground. Sprinters usually compete in 4x100 m and 4x400 m relay races. Middle-distance runners in 3-4x800 m, 10x1000 m, 4x1500 m relay races. Mixed relay races are held at distances of m or m. In the program of the Olympic Games and other major international competitions 4x100 and 4x400 m relay races are included for men and women From the history of relay races Relay races began to be regularly included in the program of athletics competitions at the end of the 19th century. The rules of the competition introduced a 20-meter transfer zone, where athletes take the baton from their partner not from a place, as it was before, but from a running start. Currently, the baton receiver can start the run-up 10m before the handover zone, but the actual handover only takes place in the 20m zone. For the first time, competitions in the 4x100 and 4x400 m relay races were included in the program of the Olympic Games in 1912. The victory was then won by the teams of Great Britain (42.4) and the USA (3.16.7). Successfully

47 performed in the relay race and Soviet runners. At the Olympic Games in 1956, 1960 and 1972 they were silver medalists in the 4x100m relay races, at the 1980 Olympic Games they were winners in both relay races, and at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul they became the first in the 4x100m relay race. in women was included in the program of the Olympic Games in 1928. Team Canada won (48.4). The first official record of Soviet athletes in the 4x100 relay (57.9) was set in 1923. In 1953 and in 1956, our athletes held world records in the 4x100 m relay race. At present, the Ukrainian record in the 4x100 m relay race for men is (years), for women (years). each team runs in its own lane. In the 4x400 m relay race, the first stage of the team runs along their lanes, and starting from the second stage, the athletes run the first turn along their lanes, and then move to the common lane. At the first stage, the run begins with a low start. The runner holds the baton in his right hand, squeezing its end with three fingers, and leans on the ground at the starting line with his thumb and forefinger. For the transfer of the baton, a 20-meter zone is established, marked 10 m before the end of one stage and 10 m ahead from the beginning of another stage. The baton receiver has the right to start the run-up 10 m before the start of the transfer zone. This allows you to achieve a higher speed in the initial period of the next stage. In the 4x100 m relay race, the following method of passing the baton is used. The starter at the first stage holds the baton in his right hand and runs as close to the curb as possible. The waiting second runner stands closer to the outer edge of the track and takes the baton with his left hand, running his second stage on the right

48 to the side of the track, and passes the baton with his left hand to the right hand of the participant of the third stage, running along the left side of the track. The fourth participant runs along the right side of the track and takes the stick with his left hand. The participant receiving the baton in the second stage takes a low start position with support on one hand. Runners of the second and fourth stages stand at the outer edge of the track, leaning on it right hand and slightly turning the shoulders to the left. The runner in the third stage leans on the surface of the treadmill with his left hand, respectively turning his shoulders to the right. The distance between the runners during the transfer of the baton is equal to the length of the arm pulled back (1-1.3 m). A runner approaching the receiver of the baton gives any sound signal. Hearing him, the athlete running in front immediately takes his hand back. In this case, the transfer of the baton, as a rule, is carried out by moving the hand from the bottom up. The transmitter extends his hand forward and, moving from bottom to front and slightly up, accurately puts the baton into the receiver's hand. For the accuracy of the transfer of the baton, it is important to determine the moment the receiver starts running. To do this, a control mark is made at some distance in front of the transmission zone. At the moment when the passing athlete reaches the control mark, the receiving athlete starts running Teaching Relay Running Techniques Task 1. Create an idea of ​​the relay running technique. Means: 1) provide information about the types of relay race; 2) explain and show the technique of passing the baton in the 20-meter zone; 3) show the film loop of the transfer of the baton by the strongest runners.

49 Task 2. Teach the technique of passing the baton. Means: 1) with the help of explanation and demonstration, create an idea of ​​how to pass the baton; 2) passing the baton with the right and left hands, standing still; 3) Transfer of the baton at the signal of the teacher and when moving in steps; 4) passing the baton at the signal of the teacher at a slow, and then fast run. Task 3. Teach the start of the runner who takes the relay. Means: 1) start in a straight line from a position based on one hand; 2) start on a separate track at a turn (when entering a straight line) with support on one hand; 3) start on a separate track at the moment the transferor reaches the control mark. Guidelines: when teaching the technique of starting on the lane in the transfer zone, make sure that the receiver runs at the outer line of the lane on the 2nd and 4th stages and at the outer line on the 3rd stage. Task 4. Achieve the correct transfer of the baton at maximum speed. Means: 1) transfer of the baton at maximum speed in the transfer zone; 2) set individual control marks for the start of the run for the host; 3) full-distance team relay race with the participation of two or more teams. Methodical instructions: the technique of passing the baton is improved when running with 1/2-3/4 intensity. 7. RELAY COMPETITION RULES 1. Lines 5 cm wide are drawn across the track to mark the distances of the legs and define the baton handover area.

50 2. Each transfer zone shall be 20 m long, centered in the middle of this zone. They begin and end at the edges of the lines closest to the start line in the direction of running. 3. The 4x100m and 4x200m relay races run entirely in separate lanes, while in the 4x400m relay race the first lap and part of the second lap up to the first turn line the runners must run in separate lanes. Then they can go to a common track. 4. In the 4x100m and 4x200m relays, team members, with the exception of the first runner, may start running no more than 10m before the start of the baton handover zone. 5. In the 4x400m relay, in the first and last legs it is not allowed to start running outside his take-over zone and he starts running in that corridor. Note: in the 4x200m and 4x400m relay races, when no more than three teams start, it is recommended to run only the first turn of the first lap in separate lanes. 6. The baton is a solid, smooth, empty tube made of wood, metal, or other hard material. The length of the stick is cm. Its weight is at least 50 gr., And the circumference is mm. The stick is painted in such a color that it can be seen during the competition. 7. Throughout the run, the baton must be held in hand. If she fell, then the athlete who dropped the stick should pick it up. He may step off the track to pick it up, provided he does not shorten the distance in doing so. If this procedure is performed correctly and no injury is caused to the athlete of the other team, the fall of the baton will not result in disqualification. 8. In all types of relay races, the baton must be passed only in a special area. The passing of the baton begins the moment the receiving runner touches it. In the transfer zone, only the position of the baton is decisive, and not the body or limbs of the athletes.

51 9. After passing the baton, athletes must remain in their lanes or in the area until the lane is clear so as not to interfere with other participants. If an athlete deliberately interferes with a member of the other team by occupying someone else's lane at the finish segment of his stage, his team is disqualified. 10. Obtaining an advantage by pushing an athlete of "their" team, or other similar actions, leads to disqualification. 11. If a relay team has started in a competition, only two athletes may be substituted for the following events. A replacement in a relay team can only be made from among the athletes already entered for this or another event. 12. If an athlete who started in the previous round has been replaced by a substitute, he can no longer return to the team. 8. HARDER RUN 8.1. From the history of hurdling The first competition in hurdling dates back to 1837, and the first recorded record dates back to 1864. Initially, the barriers were poles firmly dug into the ground, painted like a zebra. Moreover, the barrier was common to all runners. These barriers were replaced by barriers resembling an inverted "T", and the barrier became "individual". In 1935, L-shaped barriers were used for the first time. This helped improve the world record to 13.7 seconds. (F. Towns, USA). Men's 110m hurdles have been running since 1896. Women's hurdles have been run at different distances and with different hurdle heights. Since 1968, athletes have competed in the 100m hurdles.

52 The 400 m hurdles distance for men has been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1900, and for women in the mid-70s. Two main points determine the success in hurdling: the speed of running between the hurdles and the technique of overcoming them. Hurdles are held at distances of 110 m (men), 100 m (women) and 400 m (men and women). Competitions are held indoors classic distances(110 and 100 m), and shortened ones (50-60 m). For effective training in hurdling, the following phases can be distinguished: 1) start; 2) starting run; 3) hurdle running and 4) finishing. Start. Running begins with a low start using starting blocks. The low start in hurdling is harder than the flat start. Its features lie in the fact that the length of the runner's steps to quickly overcome the first barrier must be accurately calculated. The distance to the first barrier is 13.72 m (for men) and 13.00 m (for women). Most often, the distance to the first barrier is run in 8 steps. High runners after special training overcome this distance in 7 steps. Overcoming the first barrier is the most important part of passing the distance. The success of the entire run often depends on the technique of overcoming the first barrier. The penultimate step should be slightly larger than the last one. This makes the push more powerful and therefore allows the first hurdle to be overcome faster. C o m p e r o f ob stacles. In the technique of overcoming an obstacle, attention should be paid to two main provisions: “attacking the barrier” and “leaving the barrier”. After the start, the athlete runs the distance to the first barrier with maximum speed. "Attack" of the barrier starts from the moment of setting

53 feet for the clean and jerk and ends in a sit-over-barrier position. An important element in the "attack" of the barrier is the movement of the fly leg. It is carried out with a bent leg (at the knee) and directed forward and upward. During the “attack”, the fly leg, arms, shoulders and body are directed forward by the runner (Fig. 7). After the completion of the “attack”, the “descent from the barrier” begins, ending with a landing on the fly leg. Landing is carried out elastically on the front of the foot of the straightened leg. The knee of the jogging leg is quickly carried forward and upward. This movement is combined with a sharp lowering of the swing leg behind the barrier and a “raking” movement with the hand (the push leg of the same name) down and back. After landing behind the barrier, the athlete must maintain the speed gained. Thus, the clarity and speed of overcoming the barrier is the first necessary condition for the entire run (Fig. 7). Rice. 7. Overcoming the barrier in the run at 110 m. Running between the hurdles. Running between barriers is done in 3 steps. The ratio of the length of running steps remains almost constant in distance running and characterizes the rhythm of hurdling. The first step, after the exit, is the shortest, the second is the largest, the third is a cm shorter than the second.

54 Finishing Finishing begins after the last hurdle has been crossed. The finish in hurdling is essentially no different from the finish in a smooth sprint run Teaching the technique of hurdling Task 1. Creating an idea of ​​hurdling. Means: 1) storytelling, demonstration of hurdling technique using video recording, conograms, horns, etc. Methodological instructions: the teacher should comment on all this, paying attention to important points in hurdling. Task 2. To teach the technique of overcoming the barrier. Means: 1) standing in front of the barrier on the push leg at a distance of cm, raise the thigh of the fly leg to the horizontal, rise on the toe of the push leg and, straightening the fly leg, lower it beyond the barrier. At the same time, move the push leg bent at the knee through the barrier with the knee moving forward; 2) the same, but from the approach (2-3 steps); 3) the same through 4-5 barriers (the distance between them is 2-3 m). Methodical instructions: monitor the synchronism of the movements of the fly and push legs. When lowering the fly leg, perform a raking motion, keeping the torso tilted forward. Task 3. To teach the rhythm of running between hurdles. Means: 1) running with hurdles in 3 steps (with close spacing); 2) running through 3-4 hurdles with 6-7 run steps; 3) also from 7-8 take-off steps with overcoming 4-5 barriers. In all exercises, the height of the barriers is underestimated (training). Methodical instructions: keep track of the repulsion distance from the barrier. The push is not directed upwards, but only forward. Timely change the distance between the barriers.

55 Task 4. Teach running from the start. Means: 1) running from a high start through 2-3 barriers; 2) running from a low start to the first hurdle; 3) the same with overcoming 2-3 barriers. Methodical instructions: pay attention to the acceleration of steps before repulsion. Mark the place of repulsion in front of the first barrier. Task 5. Teaching the technique of hurdling in general. Means: 1) running from a low start through 3-4 barriers at a close and normal distance; 2) running from a high start through 5-6 barriers; 3) running from a high start with overcoming 7-12 barriers; 4) group starts. Methodical instructions: before each lesson, special exercises of the hurdler should be performed. Fig. 8. Special exercises of the hurdler

56 9. 3000M OBSTACLES The hurdle races are held at distances of 1500, 2000 and 3000m. Each lap has 5 obstacles: four heavy non-tipping barriers and a water pit. The total number of obstacles at a distance of 1500 m is 15, at a distance of 2000 m 23 and at a distance of 3000 m 35. The pit with water is overcome 3, 5 and 7 times, respectively. The distance between the obstacles is 80 m. From the history of hurdle races Obstacle racing appeared in the middle of the 19th century in England, where it was called "steeplechase". The first steeplechase competition was held in 1864. And the first competition in running at 3000 m s / n took place at the VI Olympiad in 1920. The victory was then won by the Englishman P. Hodges (). The first official world record was set by the Hungarian athlete S. Rozhnei (8.49.6) in 1954. The distance of 3000 m s / n was first included in the program of the championship of the USSR in 1936. Then V. Belitsky set the USSR record (). G. Stepanov, G. Ermolaev, A. Lyubimov were outstanding athletes at this distance. V. Kazantsev ran this distance, setting a new world record, and won a silver medal at the Helsinki Olympics. In 1969, the world record was set by the Soviet runner V. Dudin (8.22.2). In 1973, the world record was set by the Chinese athlete B. Dchipcho (8.14.0). Over the past 20 years, representatives of Russia and Ukraine have lost their dominance on the world stage in the 3000 m hurdles

57 The 3000 m s/n run consists of running between obstacles and overcoming obstacles. The technique of running between obstacles is no different from the technique of running for long distances. The obstacles set at a distance of 3000 m s / n are the same height as in the 400 m hurdles. They are overcome by the usual barrier step. The second way to overcome obstacles is to step on them. In this case, the athlete, pushing off the track and stepping on the barrier with his bent leg, immediately jumps off it and continues to run. It is much more difficult to overcome a hole with water. An athlete 8-10 m before the obstacle slightly increases the speed of running. Then he jumps onto the barrier in front of the water pit, placing his bent leg on it, and then, pushing off the barrier, makes a low long jump in a wide step position, landing at the end of the pit. At the moment of landing, the jogging leg is pulled up to the swing leg and the next running step immediately begins. Teaching the technique of running at 3000 m s / n Task 1. Create an idea of ​​the technique of running at 3000 m s / n. Means: 1) a story, showing the technique of running with obstacles, a pit with water; 2) showing and telling about the technique of overcoming obstacles. Task 2. To teach the technique of overcoming obstacles. Means: 1) performing special exercises of the hurdler (attacking the hurdle, transferring the push leg and then the swing leg through the hurdles, running to the side of the hurdle; 2) overcoming the usual barriers of 76.2 cm and 91.4 cm; 3) overcoming barriers at a distance of 3000 m s/n; 4) overcoming barriers in the "advancing" way. Task 3. Teaching the technique of overcoming a hole with water. Means: 1) overcoming a conditional pit marked on the running track or on the stadium field; 2) overcoming a normal hole without water and with water.

58 Guidelines: when training, make sure that the trajectory of the jump is not excessively high. Task 4. Improvement in running technique and overcoming obstacles. Means: 1) running at various distances with overcoming barriers, a barrier and a hole with water located in a circle of a treadmill Methodological instructions: when improving technology, ensure that obstacles are overcome economically, quickly, without stopping in front of them. 10. RULES OF COMPETITION IN HURBLING AND OBSTACLES Rules for competition in hurdles 1. The standard distances in hurdles are: Men and boys: 110 m, 400 m Women and girls: 100 m, 400 m In each lane 10 hurdles are set up in the order shown in the following table: Distance Distance to 1st Distance between Distance from the competition hurdles from the start hurdles of the last hurdle to the finish line Men and Youth 110m 13.72m 9.14m 14.02m 400 m 45 m 35 m 40 m Women and girls 100 m 13 m 8.5 10.5 m 400 m 45 m m

59 HEIGHT 2. Each hurdle shall be positioned on the lane so that its footrests point in the direction opposite to the running direction and the edge of the bar coincides with the markings on the lane. Barriers (barrier construction Fig. 9) are made of metal or other durable material, while the top bar should be made of wood or similar material. The barrier consists of two bases and two vertical posts, which form a rectangular frame. Racks are attached to the most extreme point of each footrest. The barrier has such a weight that for its overturning, a force applied to the middle part of the upper bar, not less than 3.6 kg, is required. The barrier is adjustable in height for each distance. In this case, counterweights are necessary so that the overturning of the barrier occurs only when a force of not less than 3.6 kg and not more than 4 kg is applied. Plank thickness Fig. 9. Model hurdle 3. Standard hurdle parameters: Distance Height of hurdles for men for women for boys for girls 110 (100) m 1.067 m 0.84 and 0.914 m 0.762 m 400 m 0.914 m 0.762 m 0.84 m 0.762 m Barrier width from 1.18 m to 1.20 m. Maximum leg length 70 cm. Total weight barrier not less than 10 kg.

60 4. The width of the upper bar is 7 cm, the thickness varies from 1 to 2.5 cm; its ribs should be rounded. The bar is firmly attached to the edges of the uprights. 5. The top bar is painted in black and white or other bright contrasting colors, lines. Lighter lines, at least 22.5 cm wide, are located along the edges. 6. In hurdling, all competitions are held in separate lanes throughout the distance. 7. If an athlete brings his foot or leg past the barrier below the horizontal bar or deliberately knocks down the barrier with his hand or foot, then he is disqualified. Rules for competitions in steeplechase (steeple chase) 3000m, the total number of barrier obstacles is 28, and water holes are 7; at 2000 m, respectively, 18 and 5 (Fig. 10). Rice. 10. Model Hurdles 3. In a steeplechase competition, there shall be 5 hurdles on each full circuit, with the fourth placed in front of the water pit. Obstacles are distributed evenly so that the distance between them is 1/5 of the nominal length circle.

61 4. In the 3000m competition, the distance from the start to the start of the first full lap does not include any obstacles, but they are placed only when the athlete starts running the first full lap. 5. The obstacles must have a height of 0.914 m for the competitions for men and 0.762 for women. The width of the obstacle is 3.96 m, and the area of ​​the transverse top bar is 12.7 x 12.7 cm. The top bars are painted with black and white stripes or other bright contrasting colors. Each barrier weighs from 80 to 100 kg and has stands on each side of 1.20-1.40 m in size. The obstacle is installed on the track so that 30 cm of its upper bar protrude into the middle of the track beyond the curb. 6. The water pit, including the obstacle, measures 3.66 m for men and 3.06 for women in length and 3.66 (± 2 cm) for men and women in width. The water level (Fig. 11 and 12) must not exceed the level of the track. The maximum depth from the edge of the obstacle is 70 cm for 30 cm. From this point, the bottom begins to rise to the level of the path at the far end of the water pit. The obstacle must be well secured in front of the water hole and have the same height as the others. Fixed barrier Surface Water level Continuation of the track under water Approx. 11. Water pit for men's competitions

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Running 30, 60, 100 meters. Running is carried out along the tracks of the stadium or on any flat hard surface. The 30m run is performed from a high start, the 60m and 100m runs from a low or high start.

Belgorod Medical School of the South-Eastern Railway

Technique and methodology for teaching athletics exercises

Belgorod

Short distance running

For the convenience of studying the running technique, it is customary to conditionally subdivide into 4 parts: start, starting run, distance running and finishing.

DISTANCE RUNNING

THOSE X NIKA

Having gained maximum speed, the runner seeks to maintain it throughout the entire distance. The transition from the starting run to running along the distance is carried out smoothly, without a sharp straightening of the body, without changing the rhythm of running steps. Distance running should be strived to be performed with a wide step, with active pushing. An important role is played by the active extension of the hip forward and upward, which creates the prerequisites for placing the foot on the track with an active raking movement. Mastering the technique of running, you need to strive from the first lessons: run on the front of the foot, hands should work along the body in the direction of movement, the hands are relaxed, half-bent, the gaze is directed forward, breathing is rhythmic.

METHODOLOGY

1. Running with different speed segments 40 - 80 m.

2. Special exercises for mastering the technique:

a) running at the gymnastic wall;

b) work of hands on the spot;

c) running with high hips;

d) mincing run;

e) running with shin overwhelm.

3. Run with acceleration and increase in rhythm

4. Running at a speed of 80% of the maximum on segments of 40-60 m.

5. Run in full force 40 - 60 m.

Guidelines

All running exercises and accelerations should be performed without tension, freely. The number of repetitions depends on the level physical fitness. After each acceleration, the teacher draws attention to the main mistakes, offering to eliminate them in the next run. Simultaneous instruction to the student to correct 4-5 errors will not allow him to eliminate even one.

Main mistakes:

1) Head thrown back;

2) Non-linear running, the upper body swings, the arms move across the body;

3) Top part the trunk is excessively tilted forward;

4) Setting the foot from the heel;

5) The legs are placed on the ground indirectly, wide gray;

6) Socks turned outward;

7) The foot becomes either behind or at the level of the knee joint;

8) No active foot raking;

9) Shoulders are raised, hands are enslaved;

10) The push is up, not forward.

Turning run

The technique of running along a turn differs from running along a straight distance in the following features:

When running along a turn, to overcome the action of centrifugal force, it is necessary to tilt the body to the left, place the feet with a slight turn to the left;

The right hand moves more inward, the left - outward;

Exiting a turn into a straight line is accompanied by a gradual decrease in inclination.

Methodology

1) Imitation of the movement of the hands in place (active, wider movement of the right inward);

2) Snake running, running in a circle with a radius of 10–20 m.

3) Running with acceleration along the turn with acceleration on segments of 60 - 70 m. Repeat acceleration at different speeds when entering and exiting the turn;

4) Running with acceleration along a turn along a large and small arc (1st and 8th track).

Guidelines

Pay attention to the need to run freely and unencumbered, follow the timely inclination of the torso to the center of the turn, change in the movements of the arms and legs, turn the feet to the left, wider and freer work of the right hand.

LOW START AND STARTING RUN

TECHNIQUE

Beginning of the run (start): the most beneficial is a low start. It allows you to quickly start running and reach maximum speed in a small area. For a better stop with your feet at the start, a starting machine or blocks are used. The location of the starting blocks can be in different versions depending on the length of the body and the characteristics of the runner's technique. The front block (for the strongest leg) is set at a distance of 35 - 45 cm from the starting line (1 - 1.5 tables), and the back block - 70 - 85 cm (or at a shin length distance from the front block). Some runners shorten the distance between the blocks by one foot or less by pushing the front shoe back (stretch start) or bringing the back shoe closer to the front (close start). The support platform of the front block is inclined at an angle of 45 - 50 °; and back - 60 - 80 °. The distance in width between the axes of the pads is 18-20 cm.

A low start is performed in the following sequence: having installed the blocks, the runner moves back 2-3 meters and focuses on the upcoming run. At the command "Start! » The runner approaches the blocks, crouches and puts his hands on the track. Then, with the foot of the weaker leg, it rests against the supporting platform of the rear block, with the foot of the other leg - against the front block, and falls on the knee of the rear leg. Lastly, he places his hands in front of the starting line at shoulder width or slightly wider. Hands at the line rest on the thumb, index and middle fingers, thumbs facing each other. The arms are straightened at the elbows, the gaze is directed down to the starting line.

At the command "Attention!" it is necessary to raise the pelvis above the shoulders by 20-30 cm, but do not fully straighten the legs in the knee joints. Regardless of the placement of the blocks and the anthropometric data of the sprinter, the angles between the thigh and lower leg, respectively, are 100 - 130 °. The shoulders move forward, the weight of the body is distributed over 4 reference points.

The starting run is performed on the first 7 - 14 running steps. On this segment of the distance, the runner must gain maximum speed. On the first 2 running steps, the runner tends to actively straighten his legs during repulsion. The movement is directed forward, while the torso is straightened. The length of the steps gradually increases and depends on the individual characteristics of the runner - leg strength, body length, physical fitness. Acceleration ends as soon as the stride length becomes constant.

METHODOLOGY

1) Running from various positions of the high start, 15 - 20 m.

a) I.P. - stand facing the finish line, legs together, arms freely along the body. Fulfillment - falling forward, start running.

b) I.P. - the same. Push leg in front, swing leg in back. The execution is the same.

2) Teach how to install starting blocks

3) Teach the commands "To the start!" and "Attention!". At the command "Attention!" learn to rationally distribute body weight on legs and arms

4) Teach how to run from the starting blocks

a) try out a low start, running 20-30 m segments;

b) I.P. - emphasis lying on bent arms. Execution - with simultaneous straightening of the arms, take out each leg in turn until the knee touches the chest (628 times with each leg).

c) stand in the blocks, put your hands at a distance of 60-70 cm in front of the start line. Fulfillment - take out the swing leg with the knee to the chest while straightening the push leg (7-8 times);

d) stand in the stocks, execute the command "Attention!" and, strongly pushing off, make a triple jump with the transition to a run.

e) put several mats 60 cm high on the track 1 m in front of the starting line. Stand in the blocks, execute the command "Attention!". Pushing off strongly, send yourself forward until you fall on the mats.

5) Master the technique of a low start in general on segments of 30 m

6) The same, fixing the time

Low start on a turn

Technique

The starting blocks are located at the outer edge of the track, which ensures that the start of the distance runs in a straight line, tangent to the arc of the inner edge. In the future, the technique is the same as in the low start in a straight line.

Methodology

1) Explain and show the rational placement of pads;

2) Starts along the turn at different speeds;

3) Use the straight start low start training aids.

Guidelines

When installing the pads, it is advisable to start training with the usual low start option. The correct distribution of body weight on 4 reference points should be controlled. The location of the shoulders relative to the starting line and the pelvis relative to the shoulders. All starting exercises at the beginning of training should be performed at optimal speed and without a command, and then gradually move on to group starts with commands.

Basic Mistakes

1) The head is thrown back, because the runner is looking at the finish line, the back is arched;

2) Arms are bent, the center of gravity is shifted back;

3) Shoulders are well forward of the starting line.

FINISHING

Finishing is the efforts of the runner in the last meters of the distance.

The run is considered completed when the runner crosses the imaginary plane of the finish line with any part of the body. The finish line is run at maximum speed, performing a throw at the finish line with the chest or shoulder at the last step.

METHOD A

1. Walking with torso forward and arms back;

2. The same, in a calm and fast run;

3. Shoulder finishing with medium and maximum speed

Guidelines

Perform exercises first on your own, and then in a group of 3-5 people.

Basic mistakes.

1. Finishing with a jump;

2. Stop immediately after the finish;

3. Early torso tilt

After completing the training in sprinting, they move on to its improvement.

Long jump "bending legs"

The run is used to create the initial speed of the body. It is characterized by a certain angle of steps, a change in their length and pace, running speed and overall length.

The length of the takeoff depends on height, gender, fitness in jumping and, most importantly, the ability to accelerate while running.

The starting position and the start of the run should ensure that the steps are standard in length. The amplitude of the first step is limited, the beginning of the movement is characterized by a forward fall, that is, always with the same effort and acceleration. The highest take-off speed should be at the moment of repulsion.

When choosing a run, students start running from the general mark set by the teacher, with the same foot. Observing the place of repulsion, the teacher indicates how much to bring or carry the run. Thus, the student correctly determines the length of his run. With their feet, students measure their takeoff and further refine it.

Introduction

The aim of the work is the system of training athletes. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that the training of an athlete is a multifaceted and complex pedagogical process, consisting of three interrelated components: education, training and education, the purpose of which is to ensure the development and improvement of knowledge, skills, motor skills and qualities necessary for mastering the technique of athletics exercises and the achievement of the results provided for by the plan and program.

The preparatory period has the following tasks: increasing the overall physical fitness; development of motor qualities for the chosen sport; mastery of technology; mastering the elements of tactics; education of moral and volitional qualities; increasing the level of theoretical preparedness.

Based on the goal, the tasks of the course work are formed:

1. Means and methods of training in athletics;

2. Basic principles of athlete training;

3. Types of training for an athlete;

4. Tasks of the preparatory period;

5. Methods of pre-competitive preparation for runners;

6. Methods of running for medium, long and short distances;

7. Organization of trainings;

8. Planning training sessions before the competition.

The sources of information for solving the above problems are collections of scientific papers, monographs, periodicals.

Means and methods of training in athletics

In the process of many years of training, an athlete, like any other athlete, undergoes technical, physical, tactical, theoretical and moral-volitional training.

At the first stage of preparation, the main attention is paid to teaching the technique of athletics exercises. On the second - along with training (approximately equally), a large place is given to training, the development of physical (motor) qualities: strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, dexterity. At the third stage main task is the development of motor qualities.

The main means of teaching and training an athlete are various physical exercises, auxiliary ones are a word and a show. Five types of exercises are widely used in practice. Basic exercises are exercises that are subject to study or in which this or that athlete specializes. Summing up - contributing to a more effective mastery of the technique of basic exercises. General developmental - through which the harmonious development of all organs and systems of the athlete is achieved. Special - exercises aimed primarily at the development and improvement of motor qualities and skills (techniques) specific to a particular type of athletics. And, finally, auxiliary - which, it would seem, are not directly related to the main athletics exercises, but play an important role. They contribute to a versatile physical training, more rational rest, first of all nervous system, more effective relaxation, etc. These include different kinds sports: gymnastics, skiing, swimming, sport games, as well as those types of athletics in which this athlete does not specialize.

The use of the same means can be carried out in different ways. Depending on this, they talk about one or another method of training or training method.

In the process of preparing an athlete, all the main methods are practically used, but the nature of their application is sequence, volume, intensity, etc. -- varies depending on the stage, whether the focus is on learning or training.

Since the preparation of an athlete begins with training, the method of explaining the technique of exercises is used first. The explanation should be short, descriptive and touch on the essence of the exercise being studied.

The explanation is accompanied by a demonstration of the exercise by a teacher (trainer) or one of the most prepared students, a demonstration of visual aids - photographs, films, drawings. It is useful to use film loops and short films. Moreover, a special effect is achieved in cases where film materials are shown in slow motion, with the tape delaying in the right places, with the return and re-showing of individual frames that capture the most important and difficult to digest elements of movements.

Determining what means and methods of preparation should be used in a school lesson or sectional classes with children of different ages, the teacher must proceed primarily from the age characteristics of his students. For primary school students, the display method is more suitable - visibility. That is why the physical education teacher is required to be able to exemplarily demonstrate the technique of certain types of athletics, general developmental and special exercises. For high school students, the method of explanation is of great importance. The younger and less technically trained the students, the shorter, simpler, more figurative the explanation should be and the more frequent and clear the demonstration.

When teaching the technique of athletics exercises (and in the future when it is improved), holistic and dissected methods are used.

The holistic method is to perform the entire exercise or its main part. Such exercises as smooth running, long jumps and high jumps with a running start, especially in the simplest ways, are studied, as a rule, as a whole. It is simply impossible to study them in parts (by a dismembered method). “Running” hand movements while standing still are not running, just like a run without repulsion is not a jump. The technique of throwing a small ball, grenades, spears and shot put is also studied in a holistic way. However, first the main part of the listed exercises is performed - throwing or pushing the projectile from its place.

Technically complex athletics, such as the hammer throw and pole vault, are taught from the very beginning in a dismembered way. It is possible to try to spin and release the hammer, but it is technically impossible for a beginner to do this correctly. The same applies to teaching the technique of pole vault, hurdling. Training in parts is widely used in other types of athletics, but in the subsequent stages of training.

In the training of an athlete, a uniform method is widely used, which is characterized by performing exercises with relatively the same intensity throughout the entire lesson (lesson) and is usually used in teaching and training in cyclic athletics - walking and running.

The variable method is characterized by alternating effort intensity. In some cases, the exercises are performed easily, without significant stress, in others - with increased speed, with great physical effort. At the same time, there is no clear, strictly established order in the alternation of efforts.

Methods in which a certain order of alternation of effort and rest is planned in advance are called interval and repeated. They are close to each other, but, as a rule, at the second and third stages of training, especially with the repeated method, the rest intervals are long, ensuring the restoration of strength of those involved to a level close to the initial one.

The control and competitive methods serve to check the results achieved as a result of training, to show the maximum possible achievements in the conditions of sports struggle with rivals.

In addition to methods of teaching and training, there are methods for organizing the work of students. In physical education lessons, the teacher, dealing with big amount children, uses mainly frontal (all at the same time), group (successively, in groups) and in-line (one after the other) teaching methods. This increases the density of the lesson, and hence its intensity. These methods play a particularly important role in the early stages of learning. In the future, an individual method can also be used, which acquires special significance at the stage of sports improvement.

The choice of one method or another depends on the nature and content of the lesson. Naturally, when performing lead-up exercises in the introductory lesson, the main method will be the frontal method, in the lessons dedicated to improving in certain types of athletics, the group and individual method, and in the control lesson, the competitive method.