What is the name of a person's ability to rebuild the motor. Physical qualities and methods of their education. Education of physical qualities

Physical qualities are different aspects of a person's motor abilities, the degree of mastery of certain movements.

It is known that anyone can learn to skate or ride a bicycle. But this does not mean that anyone can skate 10 km or cycle 100 km. Only those who have developed strength, speed, endurance, dexterity can do this. We say: a person is strong, fast, hardy, dexterous. These words denote physical, or, as they are also called, motor qualities.

Change physical qualities with age.

Without a sufficient development of physical qualities, one cannot seriously dream of any success in sports. Physical qualities are developed during training, physical exercises. Depends on the degree of their development physical training athlete. General physical training - versatile development of all qualities; special physical training - the development of physical qualities necessary in a particular sport.

Development of physical qualities (for example, strength) is not an end in itself. An athlete needs a certain strength in order to quickly master the necessary motor skills. If a teenager does not have the strength to raise straight legs to the bar from the hang, then he will never learn how to perform a kip raise, no matter how well he knows the technique of doing it. gymnastic element. Therefore, before you learn any movement, you must definitely do a whole series of preparatory exercises well. Physical qualities are important. They help students learn to control their movements, develop motor skills. And for this it is important that physical qualities develop comprehensively and in a timely manner. Disharmony in their development is the same deviation from the norm as disproportion in physique. The standards of the TRP complex help to develop physical qualities. Athletes, in order to receive a rank or title in their chosen sport, must pass the norms of the TRP complex.

There are certain periods in a person's life when it is best to develop one or another motor quality. This should be taken into account when training. To assess the level of development of physical qualities, various tests or control exercises are used. The main indicator of strength as a motor quality is the maximum amount of tension developed by the muscles. The strength is measured with various dynamometers. It is known that the strength of a muscle depends on its thickness. At the same level of training, people more weight can show great power. To compare the strength of people of different weights, use the concept "relative strength", i.e. the maximum voltage.

Absolute Power- the force per 1 kg of the athlete's weight. In sports related to the movements of the athlete's body in space, it is important relative strength.

Each sport requires the development of the strength of certain muscle groups. For weightlifters, it is most important to develop the muscles of the arms, legs and torso, for jumpers - the legs, for gymnasts - the muscles shoulder girdle. To develop various muscles You need to constantly change exercises.

Rapidity. There are two words for defining the same motor quality: quickness and speed. Running speed, for example, depends on the frequency and length of steps, on the strength of the leg muscles. To characterize this physical quality, the concept of “speed” is used, which consists of three indicators: the time of a motor reaction (the time of response to some pre-known signal); time of a separate movement; frequency, pace of movement. Rapidity can be defined as a person's ability to perform motor actions in the minimum period of time for given conditions. The speed abilities of a person are relative: you can perform some movements very quickly and others much more slowly. If the movements are different, such as running and swimming, then you can run fast and swim very slowly. For each movement, speed must be developed separately, although in similar movements the previously acquired skill matters. To cultivate speed, it is necessary that the exercise technique be correctly mastered. The exercise is performed in full force, as quickly as possible and in a short period of time, since it is impossible to maintain maximum speed for a long time. The number of repetitions should be such that the next attempt does not cause a decrease in speed. Between attempts, you need to rest so that the exercises resemble competitions or games.

Endurance- the ability of a person to perform any type of activity for a long time without reducing its effectiveness, the ability to resist fatigue. Distinguish general endurance - the ability to perform for a long time different kinds movements of moderate intensity - and special endurance - the ability to maintain working capacity for a long time. To develop endurance, you need to gradually increase the time of doing exercises of moderate intensity: run at a calm pace, go skiing, swim. In the future, it is necessary to gradually increase the speed of passing the distance. With the development of endurance, strong-willed qualities are brought up, the ability, as athletes say, to “endure” at a distance develops. The appearance of a feeling of heaviness in the legs (legs like weights), tightness in the chest (the heart is about to jump out), suffocation (nothing to breathe), apathy (why is all this necessary) are signs of the onset of the so-called dead point. It takes a lot of will power from an athlete to overcome this condition. After that, a “second wind” sets in, the athlete feels a sense of relief and can continue to work for a long time. The main reason for the “dead center” is the insufficient restructuring of the work of the heart and respiratory organs. This condition appears with an excessively high load or speed at the beginning of the distance, if the warm-up before the race was insufficient, or if the athlete is poorly prepared physically. Volitional qualities are also developed during spurts - accelerations at a distance.

Building endurance takes time and patience.

Agility- the ability of a person to quickly rebuild motor activity in accordance with the requirements of a changing environment.

Agility is a complex movement quality, and it is very difficult to measure it.

An indicator of agility is the accuracy of the movement, high coordination, quick reaction, the ability to quickly master new movements. Dexterity is most evident in sports games and in sports related to martial arts: boxing, wrestling, fencing.

For the development of dexterity, it is necessary to constantly change the exercises and complicate the conditions for their implementation.

Among other physical qualities, the following are very important: flexibility - the ability to perform movements with a large amplitude; coordination - the ability to accurately and economically perform various movements; balance - the ability to maintain a given body position, as well as a sense of time, rhythm, space.

The highest development of any physical quality cannot be achieved without high level development of other physical qualities. Physical fitness should be versatile.

Great value for improvement physical fitness has accurate knowledge and registration of sports results.

Every student, every athlete must record and know their results. From them you can judge how physical training has changed. Such records will clearly show the effect of physical exercises.

motor coordination ability

3. Means of education of coordination abilities

The practice of physical education and sports has a huge arsenal of means for influencing coordination abilities.

The main means of educating coordination abilities are physical exercise increased coordination complexity and containing elements of novelty. The complexity of physical exercises can be increased by changing the spatial, temporal and dynamic parameters, as well as due to external conditions, changing the order of the projectiles, their weight, height; changing the support area or increasing its mobility in balance exercises, etc.; combining motor skills; combining walking with jumping, running and catching objects; performing exercises on a signal or for a limited period of time.

The widest and most accessible group of means for developing coordination abilities are general preparatory gymnastic exercises of a dynamic nature, which simultaneously cover the main muscle groups. These are exercises without objects and with objects (balls, gymnastic sticks, jump ropes, maces, etc.), relatively simple and quite complex, performed in changed conditions, with different positions of the body or its parts, in different directions: elements of acrobatics (somersaults, various rolls, etc.), exercises in balance.

The development of coordination abilities has a great influence on the development of correct technique natural movements: running, various jumps (in length, height and depth, vaults), throwing, climbing.

To develop the ability to quickly and expediently reorganize motor activity in connection with a suddenly changing situation, mobile and sports games, martial arts (boxing, wrestling, fencing), cross-country running, cross-country skiing, and mountain skiing serve as highly effective means.

A special group of means is made up of exercises with a primary focus on individual psychophysiological functions that provide control and regulation of motor actions. These are exercises to develop a sense of space, time, the degree of developed muscular effort.

Special exercises to improve coordination of movements are developed taking into account the specifics chosen kind sports, professions. These are coordinatingly similar exercises with technical and tactical actions in a given sport or labor actions.

In sports training, two groups of such means are used:

a) leading, contributing to the development of new forms of movements of a particular sport;

b) developing, aimed directly at cultivating coordination abilities that are manifested in specific sports (for example, in basketball, special exercises in difficult conditions - catching and passing the ball to a partner when jumping over the gymnastic bench, after performing several somersaults in a row on gymnastic mats, catching the ball from partner and throw in the basket, etc.).

Exercises aimed at developing coordination abilities are effective until they are performed automatically. Then they lose their value, since any motor action mastered to a skill and performed under the same constant conditions does not stimulate the further development of coordination abilities.

The implementation of coordination exercises should be planned for the first half of the main part of the lesson, since they quickly lead to fatigue.

4. Methodical approaches and methods of education of coordination abilities

When educating coordination abilities, the following main methodological approaches are used.

1. Teaching new diverse movements with a gradual increase in their coordination complexity. This approach is widely used in basic physical education, as well as at the first stages of sports improvement. By mastering new exercises, trainees not only replenish their motor experience, but also develop the ability to form new forms of motor coordination. Possessing great motor experience (stock of motor skills), a person copes with an unexpected motor task more easily and quickly.

The cessation of learning new diverse movements will inevitably reduce the ability to master them and thereby slow down the development of coordination abilities.

Education of the ability to rebuild motor activity in a suddenly changing environment. This methodological approach also finds great application in basic physical education, as well as in game types sports and martial arts.

Increasing the spatial, temporal and power accuracy of movements based on the improvement of motor sensations and perceptions. This methodological technique is widely used in a number of sports ( gymnastics, sports games, etc.) and professionally applied physical training.

Overcoming irrational muscle tension. The fact is that excessive muscle tension (incomplete relaxation in right moments performance of exercises) causes a certain discoordination of movements, which leads to a decrease in the manifestation of strength and speed, distortion of technique and premature fatigue.

Muscle tension manifests itself in two forms (tonic and coordination).

1. Tonic tension (increased muscle tone at rest). This type of tension often occurs with significant muscle fatigue and can be persistent. To remove it, it is advisable to use:

a) stretching exercises, mainly of a dynamic nature;

b) a variety of swing movements of the limbs in a relaxed state;

c) swimming;

d) massage, sauna, thermal procedures.

2. Coordination tension (incomplete relaxation of muscles during work or their slow transition to the relaxation phase).

To overcome the coordination tension, it is advisable to use the following methods:

a) in the process of physical education, it is necessary for students to form and systematically update a conscious mindset for relaxation at the right moments. In fact, relaxing moments should be included in the structure of all movements studied and this should be specially taught. This will largely prevent the appearance of unnecessary tension;

b) apply special relaxation exercises in the classroom in order to form a clear idea of the tense and relaxed states of muscle groups among those involved. This is facilitated by exercises such as a combination of relaxation of some muscle groups with the tension of others; controlled transition of the muscle group from tension to relaxation; performing movements with the installation to feel complete relaxation, etc.

The following methods are used to develop coordination abilities in physical education and sports:

1) standard-repeated exercise;

2) variable exercise:

3) game;

4) competitive.

When learning new fairly complex motor actions, the standard-repeated method is used, since such movements can be mastered only after a large number their repetitions under relatively standard conditions.

The variational exercise method, with its many varieties, has a wider application. It is divided into two sub-methods - with strict and non-strict regulation of the variability of actions and conditions for execution. The first includes the following types of methodological techniques:

Strictly specified variation of individual characteristics or the entire mastered motor action (change in power parameters, for example, long jumps or jumps up from a place at full strength, half strength; change in speed according to a preliminary task and a sudden signal of the pace of movements, etc.);

Changing the initial and final positions (running from a squat position, lying down; performing exercises with the ball from the initial position: standing, sitting, squatting; varying the final positions - throwing the ball up from the initial standing position - catching while sitting and vice versa);

Changing the ways of performing an action (running forward, backwards, sideways in the direction of movement, long or deep jumps, standing with your back or sideways in the direction of the jump, etc.);

- “mirror” performance of exercises (change of push and swing legs in high and long jumps with a run, throwing sports equipment with the “non-leading” hand, etc.);

Performing mastered motor actions after impact on the vestibular apparatus (for example, exercises in balance immediately after rotations, somersaults);

Performing exercises with the exception of visual control - with special glasses or with closed eyes (for example, exercises in balance, dribbling and throwing into the ring).

Methodological methods of not strictly regulated variation are associated with the use of unusual conditions of the natural environment (running, cross-country skiing), overcoming obstacles in arbitrary ways, practicing individual and group attacking technical and tactical actions in conditions of not strictly regulated interaction of partners.

An effective method of developing coordination abilities is a game method with and without additional tasks, which provides for the implementation of exercises either in a limited time, or under certain conditions, or certain motor actions, etc. The competitive method is used only in those cases when the trainees are sufficiently physically and coordinatively prepared in the exercise proposed for the competition. It cannot be used if the trainees are not yet ready enough to perform coordination exercises. The game method without additional tasks is characterized by the fact that the student must solve the arising motor tasks independently, based on his own analysis of the current situation.

Strength, speed, endurance, flexibility - how can all this be called in one word? The answer is simple: human motor abilities. Some of them are innate potential, some need systematic and purposeful development. We will analyze motor abilities by type, present their characteristics. Let us also touch upon their internal classification.

Concept definition

Motor (physical) abilities are a combination of psychophysical and morphological human properties that will meet the requirements of any muscular activity and ensure the effectiveness of its implementation.

It must be said that different people- individual physical abilities from birth. Their subsequent development or lack of it further increases the difference between us. In addition, someone can concentrate on improving themselves in strength abilities, someone in terms of endurance, someone wants to be flexible. All this makes the differences more significant.

Separate motor physical abilities are also those qualities by which we can characterize this or that person. Hardy, fast, strong, flexible, agile and so on.

Another thing is honestly connected with our concept - the physical qualities of a person. These are the innate anatomical, physiological, psychological qualities of each of us. They directly affect the development of human motor abilities. In addition, the improvement of the latter depends on the following:

character, willpower;
life goals;
environment, social circle;
ease of mastering new skills and abilities;
load tolerance, etc.

Ability types

What human motor abilities exist? The main ones are the following:

Power.
Coordination.
High-speed.
Flexibility.
Endurance.

Let's take a look at each of these categories in detail.

Power abilities

What are human motor skills? Their complex is based on the concept of "muscle strength". This is the name of the effort that a person needs to make any movement, move his body or maintain its position in space.

In terms of physical human capabilities - the ability to overcome external resistance, to prevent it due to one's own muscle tension. It depends on the following:

Muscle mass.
Quality muscle coordination.
Contractile properties of muscles - the ratio of red and white fibers of the tissue.
Central nervous factors.
Psychological and personal prerequisites.

How can muscles, in fact, demonstrate their power abilities? There are several options here:

Increasing own length.
Reduction of own length.
Without changing its own length.
With a change in both length and muscle tension.

Dynamic work of muscles - the first two cases, static work - the third, statodynamic - the last example.

Varieties of strength abilities

On the basis of all that has been said, these human motor abilities are divided into additional categories:

Speed power. Rapid movements of yielding or overcoming form, rapid switching from overcoming to yielding work, and vice versa. That is, actions where speed of movement is important along with speed. One of the varieties of these abilities will be "explosive strength" - the manifestation of large amounts of force in the shortest possible time.
Self-power. There will be two varieties inside. The first is holding for a certain period of maximum weights with maximum muscle tension. The second is the movement of objects with a large weight.

The concept of "human strength" is also divided into two groups:

Absolute - the maximum force that will be shown by a person in any movement, regardless of the weight of his body.
Relative - the amount of force that will fall on 1 kg of mass.

Speed abilities

Speed motor abilities - a set functional properties, which ensure the execution of physical actions in the minimum time for current conditions.

These abilities manifest themselves in two forms - elementary and complex.

The elementary ones are:

Fast reaction person for a signal.
Performing local single movements with maximum speed for the individual.
Sharpness - the ability to quickly start any action.
The ability to perform certain movements at the maximum speed.

These elementary types are most often combined with other motor abilities. Their combination (complex, in other words) will form the next group. The complex category includes:

Speed starting abilities. This is the ability to quickly pick up speed at the start of the action to the maximum individually possible.
Distance speed abilities. Reaching the maximum level of remote speed.
Quick switching from one movement, action to a qualitatively different one.

Speed abilities: the main factors of influence

Both on the formation of motor abilities, and on their manifestation, development in this case the following will affect:

Mobility of nervous processes. What does it mean? The speed of transition of nervous processes from a state of rest to a state of excitation and vice versa.
Fiber ratio muscle tissue, their elasticity, extensibility.
Efficiency of coordination - intermuscular and intramuscular.
Development of volitional qualities, strength, coordination, flexibility.
The level of perfection of movement technique.

What is coordination?

The most general definition is the transformation of the actions of one's organs into a controlled system. On this path, a person faces many difficulties - the distribution of his own attention between the movements of the joints, parts of the body, the need to coordinate them (movements), overcoming a large number of degrees of freedom inherent in the body, the elastic compliance of the muscles.

For motor activity Three types of coordination are needed:

Nervous. Coordination of nervous processes that, through muscle tension, are able to control movements.
Muscular. Coordination of the work of muscles transmitting control commands from the nervous system and other senders to parts of the body.
Motor. Coordination of combinations of movements of body parts in time and space, which should correspond to the performed motor task.

The concept of "coordination" is also important. This is the name of the harmonious combination of the performed movements and the task, the conditions of activity and the state of the body.

Coordinating abilities

What then will be considered? This is a complex of individual properties, which manifests itself in solving various coordination complexity of motor tasks. They are responsible for its success. The basis of the motor ability here is the understanding of the task, the quick search for ways to implement it.

What specific species are they? First of all, the following stands out:

Differentiation of various parameters of action - power, temporal, spatial, etc.
Orientation in space.
Equilibrium.
Connection and restructuring of movements.
Quick adaptation to a changing situation, an unusual task.
Completion of tasks in a specific rhythm.
Controlling the duration of your motor reaction.
Anticipation of various signs of movements, conditions for their implementation, changes in the environment, etc.
Rational muscle relaxation.

Note that in life these abilities are no longer manifested in their pure form, but in various combinations with each other.

What is dexterity?

Dexterity acts as a unifying component of all the listed coordination abilities. It is necessary to perform motor tasks in unusual, rapidly and unexpectedly changing conditions, with a complication of the situation. Dexterity allows you to quickly get out of a difficult situation, show adaptability, maneuverability, redirection of actions. This is the readiness of the individual for unpredictable and sudden influences that do not depend on him.

Agility is not a purely physical quality. A big role in improving the motor ability behind the central nervous system. Many scientists call wisdom the cause of dexterity. In this case, it is a certain experience of behavior in a variety of situations.

Dexterity is a psychophysical quality that cannot be measured quantitatively. It is important to note its uniqueness - for each person the sphere of development of this ability will be individual.

Endurance

A simple and capacious definition is the ability to withstand natural physical fatigue during the performance of a muscular task.

There are two main criteria here:

The time during which a given muscle work is carried out.
The constancy of the correct execution of the specified actions.

As a motor ability, endurance is divided into two types:

General. Ability to perform long-term work of moderate intensity. It is believed that this endurance is most influenced by the present environment.
Special. This is already a kind of endurance, correlated with the task that a person performs - speed, coordination, strength. Depends on a complex of factors - the potential of the musculoskeletal system, rational technique possession of one's own body, speed of waste muscle energy and so on.

General endurance serves as a special prerequisite. However, the different types of this ability are negligibly dependent on each other. So, a person with a well-developed strength endurance does not always show excellent results on coordination endurance.

Flexibility

Flexibility is called certain properties of the morphological apparatus, which determine the mobility of certain parts human body relative to each other, are responsible for the ability to perform movements with a large amplitude.

Within itself, the ability is divided into two categories:

Active. The ability to achieve large ranges of motion by reducing muscle groups passing through a particular joint.
Passive. The greatest amplitude of movements, which is achieved due to the application of external forces to a moving part of the body - a projectile, weights, the efforts of a sports partner, etc.

Flexibility can also be general (mobility of all joints of the body) and special (limiting mobility of specific joints that meet the requirements for a particular activity).

Here we have analyzed all types of human motor abilities. As you can see, they are not independent, but are closely intertwined.

1. Physical training is a pedagogical process aimed at improving physical qualities and achieving maximum sports results.
2. Agility - the ability of a person to quickly master new actions and rebuild motor activity in connection with the existing situation.
3. Endurance is the ability of a person to do work for a long time without reducing its effectiveness.
4. Purposefulness is a clear awareness of the goals and objectives of the athlete, an active and steady desire to improve his skills
, industriousness.
5. Perseverance - steady long-term and active achievement of the intended goal, including unexpected difficulties, a positive attitude towards the content of difficulties.
6. Volya - conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities in overcoming external and internal difficulties of committing purposeful actions and deeds.
7. Ability - a set of personality traits that meets the objective conditions and requirements for a particular activity and ensures its successful implementation.
8. motive is a conscious or unconscious motivation underlying the choice sports activities, as well as fulfillment training work participation in competitions, actions.
9. motivation - a set of reasons that determine the activity and purposefulness of training and purposeful activities.
10.need is a reflection in the consciousness of need, often experienced as an internal tension and stimulating mental activity associated with goal-setting
11. Prechoregulation is a set of measures aimed at pharmaceutical preparation of an athlete in a special state, allowing him to most effectively realize his abilities.
12. auto-training is a method of self-hypnosis, which is based on repeated verbal statements and self-orders.
13. Suggestion is a method of mental influence on a person that allows a specialist to evoke certain feelings and states in an athlete.
14. mobilization is a process that causes the activation of the mental activity of an athlete, allowing you to successfully complete a motor task or successfully perform in a competition
15. overfatigue - a state of the body, which is characterized by a significant increase in the recovery time after heavy loads.
16. speed - the ability of a person to make movements in the minimum period of time for given conditions.
17. strength - the ability of a person to perform actions with a certain muscle tension (effort)
18. reflex is the body's response to stimuli from the external or internal environment, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system.
19. heteroregulation is the impact on the athlete from the side (coach, psychologist, doctor)
20. Psychic self-regulation is the impact of an athlete on himself with the help of words, appropriate mental images, ideas and imagination.