Topic: Technical training of an athlete

Plan:

1. Concept and technical background

The place and importance of sports equipment in various types sports

2. Types, tasks of technical training

3. Characteristics of motor skill and motor skill

4. Stages of training in sports equipment

5. Methodology of technical training (means and methods)

6. Causes of technical errors and ways to correct them

Under sports equipment(technique of the sport) should be understood as a set of techniques and actions that provide the most effective solution of motor tasks, due to the specifics of a particular sport, type of competition.

Technical training is the degree of mastering by an athlete of a system of movements (techniques of a sport), corresponding to the characteristics of this sports discipline and aimed at achieving the highest sports results.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique.

1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. d.

2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (running long distances, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique should be aimed at economizing energy resources in the athlete's body.

3. Sports in which the art of movement lies (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle.

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what in can and how he owns technique of mastered actions. Enough high level technical readiness is called technical skill.

The main characteristics of rational technology are:

v Scope of technique- total number techniques that an athlete can perform.

v Versatility of technology- the degree of variety of techniques (in sports games, this is the ratio of the frequency of using different game techniques).

v Mastering the technique of movements- this criterion shows how this technical action is memorized, fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical: stability, stability, automation;

v Technique efficiency- is determined by its compliance with the tasks we solve and the high end result.

v Economy of technology- characterized by the rational use of energy in the implementation of techniques and actions, the appropriate use of time and space. Minimum energy consumption, the least stress of the athlete's mental capabilities.

v The minimum information content of technology for rivals- the ability to disguise their plans and act unexpectedly. Therefore, a high level of technical readiness implies the ability of an athlete to perform such movements, which, on the one hand, are quite effective to achieve the goal, and on the other hand, do not have clearly expressed informational details that unmask the opponent's intention.

There are General and Special technical training:

General technical training is aimed at mastering the versatile DUiN necessary in sports activities.

The tasks in the process of general technical training are solved as follows:

Increase the volume (range) of DUiN, which is a prerequisite for the formation of skills in selected form sports;

To master the technique of exercises used as means of physical training.

Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides the following tasks:

To form knowledge about the technique of sports actions;

Achieving high stability and rational variability of specialized movements that form the basis of the technique of the sport;

To diversify individual forms of technical actions that most fully correspond to the capabilities of an athlete;

Improving motor actions for successful participation in competitions;

To increase the reliability and effectiveness of the athlete's technical actions in extreme competitive conditions;

To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before. (for example, the “fosbury flop” in high jumps, the technique of pushing the shots according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing, “skating” in skiing, etc.);

Improving the technical skills of athletes, based on the requirements of sports practice and the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Characteristics of motor skill and motor skill

In the process of technical training of an athlete, a large, painstaking work is carried out on the assimilation of knowledge, the formation of motor skills and abilities. When mastering the technique of any motor action, the ability to perform it first arises, then, as further deepening and improvement, the skill gradually turns into a skill. Skill and skill differ from each other mainly in the degree of mastery.

MOTOR SKILL- this is such a degree of mastery of a motor action (MA), which is characterized by conscious control of movement, with the active role of thinking.

Characteristic features of motor skills are:

Ø Traffic control is not automated;

Ø The student's consciousness is loaded with the control of each movement;

Ø Low speed of execution;

Ø The action is not performed economically, with a significant degree of fatigue;

Ø There is a dismemberment of movements;

Ø Instability of action;

Ø Fragile memorization of the action;

Further improvement of DD with repeated repetition leads to its automated implementation, i.e. the skill turns into a skill.

MOTOR SKILLS - this is the optimal degree of mastery of the action, in which the control of movements occurs automatically, i.e., no special attention is required for them.

Characteristic signs of skills:

Ø Automated motion control;

Ø Consciousness is released from detailed control over each movement, however, the execution must be conscious;

Ø Unity of movements, i.e., the unification of a number of elementary movements into a single whole;

Ø No excessive muscle tension, unnecessary actions;

Ø Speed, ease, efficiency and accuracy of movements during its implementation;

Ø High stability of action under the influence of confounding factors (fatigue, bad external conditions, etc.);

Ø Strength of action memorization. A skill, if it is firmly fixed, does not disappear even with long breaks).

The formation of some motor skills can have a certain impact on the assimilation of other skills - this phenomenon is called transfer of skills. Distinguish:

§ Positive carry- the interaction of skills, in which a previously formed skill facilitates the process of forming a subsequent one. For example, the skill of throwing a small tennis ball helps to master the javelin throw.

§ Negative carry - such an interaction of skills, in which a previously formed skill makes it difficult to form a subsequent one. For example, while learning a back flip and a back flip.

In the construction of the learning process, one can single out STAGES OF TRAINING, both independent and interconnected:

First stage - initial learning (rough coordination) . In the course of it, a general idea of ​​a motor action is created (by the methods of storytelling and demonstration) and an attitude is formed to master it, the main mechanism of movement is studied, the structure of execution is formed (by holistic, dissected methods), gross errors are prevented and eliminated. If the trainee, after creating a mental and visual representation of the physical exercise being studied, is able to independently reproduce the basis of his technique, then this completes the first stage of training. This is usually observed when learning many general preparatory and other simple exercises. It is necessary to achieve independent fulfillment by those involved in the basics of the DD technique as a whole by facilitating the conditions for fulfillment, while gradually reducing the assistance provided. Multiple repetition of the studied DD at each lesson.

Second phase - in-depth learning (fine coordination) . The learning is in-depth, the understanding of the patterns of DD is detailed, its coordination structure is improved by the elements of movement. The attention of those involved selectively focuses on individual details of the technique, awareness of its spatial characteristics, temporal and dynamic. At the same time, the mental activity of those involved is directed to understanding the meaning of the movements being learned and the causes of minor errors, appropriate conditions are created during execution (lightened, complicated), forcing them to consistently focus on the specified details.

Third stage - consolidation and further improvement (stable and variable fine coordination ) . A skill is created and the ability is formed to appropriately apply DD in real conditions of practical activity (both training and competitive actions). Consolidation occurs in the process of repeated repetition of the learned action in relatively constant external conditions. In the future, stabilization and improvement are carried out, the necessary strength and stability are achieved (using a holistic method). The duration of the third stage depends on the preparedness of the trainees and many other factors. On the whole, the improvement of technology must acquire an increasingly individualized character at this stage. This requires the coach to study the characteristics of the physique, the level of development physical qualities. At this stage, mobility and variability of the action are ensured, its adaptability to confounding factors of the external environment, changes in the physical and mental state of those involved - at the same time, the conditions for a real situation of practical application (competitive) are partially created. The number of repetitions increases from session to session. At this stage, the need for effective action is developed.

Basic provisions of the technical training methodology

(means, methods)

The use of means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.

Means and methods of verbal, visual impact These include:

a) Conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;

b) Demonstration of the technique of the studied movement;

c) Demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;

d) Use of subject and other reference points;

e) Sound and light leading;

f) Various simulators, recording devices.

Means and methods, which are based on the performance by an athlete of any exercise in this case apply:

MEANS: The main means of learning are physical exercises.

Leading (gradually approaching the main)

Imitative (copying mainly the characteristics of the action being learned)

General preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;

Special preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;

- methods of holistic and dissected exercise, they are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;

Uniform

Variable

Repeated

interval,

Game

Competitive and other methods that contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

Additional material

Motor skill – is the ability to perform DD based on certain knowledge of his technique, starting from the relevant prerequisites with great concentration engaged in constructing a given scheme of movements. In the process of formation of motor skills, the search for the optimal variant of movement occurs with the leading role of consciousness. Repeated repetition of motor actions leads to gradual automation of movements and motor skill turns into a skill, characterized by such a degree of proficiency in technology, in which movement control is automated, and actions are highly reliable.

In progress sports training DD have an auxiliary function. It can manifest itself in two cases: 1) when it is necessary to master lead-up exercises for the subsequent learning of more complex DD; 2) when it is necessary to achieve a simple mastering of the technique of the corresponding DD, the formation of skills is a prerequisite for the subsequent formation of DN.

The formation of RP is stabilized when the system of necessary influences is reproduced frequently and relatively stereotypically.

The process of technical training is carried out during the entire long-term training of an athlete.

The long-term process of technical training of an athlete is divided into 3 stages:

1. Stage of basic technical training;

2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and the achievement of the highest sports and technical skills;

3. The stage of preservation of sports and technical skills.

Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second 6-8, the third 4-6.

Therefore, the construction, specific content and methodology of the technical training of an athlete at each stage, as a rule, is subject to the periodization of the annual training cycle. Most often, this is most pronounced in the training of highly qualified athletes. The fact is that for beginner athletes, the annual cycle is not divided separately into preparatory, competitive and transitional periods. They have all year training sessions are preparatory.

Hence it follows that the process of mastering and improving the technique of movements within the annual cycle of training in qualified athletes is largely depends on the patterns of acquisition, preservation and further development sportswear.

In this regard, in the annual cycle distinguish 3 stages of technical training:

1) search;

2) stabilization;

3) adaptive improvement (adaptive).

At the 1st stage technical training is aimed at the formation of a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improvement of the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) of individual movements that are part of competitive actions. This stage coincides with the first half of the preparatory period.

At the 2nd stage technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of integral skills of competitive actions. It covers a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period.

At the 3rd stage technical training is aimed at improving the formed skills, increasing the range of their expedient variability (variability), stability (stability), reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparation period and extends to the competition period as a whole.

The main tasks of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are:

1. Achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills, which form the basis of techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;

2. Partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of dynamics.

To solve the first problem, as a rule, the method of complicating the external situation, the method of exercising under various conditions of the organism, is used; to solve the second one - the method of facilitating the conditions of technical actions, the method of conjugate effects.

The method of complicating the external environment when performing technical methods, it is implemented in a number of methodological methods:
1. The methodical method of resistance of a conditional opponent is used mainly in sports games and martial arts. Elements of fighting with a conditional opponent helps the athlete to improve the structure and rhythm of the technique. It provides a high load density in the lesson, is an effective psychological factor for raising self-confidence, for cultivating courage and determination.

2. Methodical reception of difficult starting positions and preparatory actions. In diving, the height from the springboard decreases. Football players are invited to perform kicks and head kicks on the ball flying along a complex trajectory.

3. Methodical reception top speed and accuracy of performance. For example, in boxing, an athlete is given a high rate of punches for a certain period - 1 round. In the long jump, the run is performed along a slightly inclined track. In football, rapprochement between partners is used when performing a pass with constant force, etc.

4. The methodical technique of limiting space for performing actions makes it possible to complicate the conditions of orientation when improving a skill. In running and jumping, steps are performed according to pre-made marks. Boxing uses a reduced ring, etc.

5. The methodical method of performing actions in unusual conditions involves changing the training conditions (natural conditions, equipment, inventory), helps to improve one or more characteristics of the movement technique (spatial, temporal, dynamic, rhythmic, etc.) For example, in athletics, running or running in jumps against a strong wind, on wet ground, and in cross-country skiing- movement on the deprived ski track.

The method of exercises in the conditions of the athlete's body that make it difficult to perform technical actions.

1. A methodical technique for performing an action in a state of significant fatigue. In this case, the athlete is offered exercises on technique after physical activity great volume and intensity. So, in gymnastics, at the end of a lesson, an athlete performs the most difficult combination “on technique”. This technique puts a great load on the central nervous system of the body and requires a high concentration of volitional efforts from it.

2. A methodical technique for performing actions in a state of significant emotional stress is carried out by introducing control, competitive and game methods into the performance of exercises for technique.

3. The methodical technique of periodically turning off or limiting visual control allows you to selectively influence the receptor-analyzer components of a motor skill. As a result, athletes increase their ability to perceive and carefully evaluate their own movements according to kinesthetic sensations. For example, rowing with your eyes closed allows you to better feel the movement of the boat and more easily control the stability of the skill with the help of “muscle feeling”.

4. The methodical method of forming a working environment sets up an athlete for the mandatory implementation of an improved technical technique in a competitive environment, stimulates his activity in the process of improving the skill. So, in a training fight, a fencer receives an instruction to focus mainly on technical techniques or, conversely, on attacking techniques.

Method of facilitating the conditions for performing technical actions consists of a number of methodological techniques.

1. Methodical example of isolating the action element. For example, in boxing, the following is distinguished: an accentuated impact movement of the hand, a push with the leg and pelvis, rotational movement of the body and shoulder girdle with the subsequent connection of these elements. In swimming, the work of the arms and legs stands out.

2. The methodical technique of reducing muscle tension allows the athlete to more subtly correct individual movements in the motor skill, control the coordination of movements (according to the mechanism feedback), which speeds up the process of improvement. So, in a fight, an opponent is selected more light weight, in boxing, athletes perform exercises in light training gloves.

3. The methodical reception of additional guidelines and urgent information contributes to the most rapid mastery of the necessary amplitude of movement, tempo, rhythm, activates the process of awareness of the action being performed. For example, a straight line is drawn for a javelin thrower, strictly along which he performs a run.

The method of conjugate effects implemented in sports training mainly with the help of the other two.

1. Methodical reception of specialized dynamic exercises is based on the mutual development of physical abilities and the improvement of motor skills. This is achieved through the selection of special exercises. So, in swimming, fins and shoulder blades are used to create additional resistance during rowing movements. IN athletics jumping exercises, long jumps and high jumps are performed with a weighted belt. In water polo, passes and throws are performed with a weighted ball, etc.

2. The methodical technique of specialized isometric exercises involves the use of isometric exercises in certain articular angles that are characteristic of the technique. For example, in weightlifting, an athlete performs isometric tension in a low squat position with leg flexion angles of at least 90 degrees.

Systematic physical exercises in order to achieve an individual maximum result in these exercises are associated with the concept of "sport" and "sports training".

Many students go in for a certain sport and achieve high results. High sports result - the ego is always a huge work, the presence strong will in humans, a reasonable organization of the way of life.

In addition, an athlete must have a good idea of ​​all those complex processes that occur in the body under the influence of training loads and other environmental factors. The main forms of preparation are: a training lesson (training), competitions, additional classes (charging, self-training, recovery activities, etc.).

• ? physical training;
• ? technical training;
• ? tactical training;
• ? psychological preparation;
• ? theoretical (integral) training.

Each section has its own tasks, certain means, methods are used, which are determined by the type of sport, the level of preparedness of the athlete, age, calendar sports competitions, conditions. At the same time, the content of sports training (sections) has a number of general provisions, fair for all sports and any contingent. Let's briefly review these provisions.

Technical training

The main task of technical training is to master motor skills and abilities in the chosen specialization, bringing them to a high degree of stability and rational variability. What is the technique for performing this or that exercise? This is the most rational way achievements best result. The technical execution of the exercise is the most economical, aesthetic and productive movement.

In the technique of any motor action, one can distinguish: the basis of the technique, the main link (or links) in the basis and details of the technique. For example, a long jump with a running start using the “scissors” method. The technique of this jump consists of a run-up, repulsion, flight phase and landing - this is the basis of the technique. The main link is repulsion, the details of the technique are the individual features of the implementation of the base. One athlete develops his own take-off rhythm, the other has a difference in the flight phase, and so on.

Technical training also distinguishes between general technical training - mastering a variety of motor skills and skills that summarize the motor arsenal that promotes the development of coordination, and special technical training - all motor actions that make up the chosen sport, mastering these skills, improving them, taking into account the individual characteristics of each athlete . The more complex the sport in terms of coordination, the greater the proportion of technical training at all stages of the training process.

tactical training

The content of sports training includes such a section as tactics (a way of conducting wrestling). Tactical training is divided into theoretical and practical parts. Studying the ways to achieve victories or the reasons for the defeat of not only our performances, but also the leading athletes, our rivals, we develop the so-called "tactical thinking". A high level of tactical thinking allows an athlete to take into account two types of factors in a timely manner:

• ? conditions of specific competitions;
• ? strong and weak sides his opponent and his own.

On the basis of the obtained theoretical conclusions, a

tactical plan for a specific competition. Thus, in tactical training, it is conditionally possible to distinguish between general tactical training (most often theoretical) and special tactical training - a performance plan for each specific competition and even in one competition, a plan for fighting a specific opponent.

• 1) improvement in the distribution of forces during the competition (uniform, uneven, starting acceleration, finishing acceleration, etc.);
• 2) improvement in the flexible use of techniques: to have in reserve a technique unexpected for the opponent, a “crown” element or number;
• 3) improvement in interactions with partners but a team ( game types sports), playing certain techniques for specific players, combinations, combinations, unexpected replacement of players, etc.;
• 4) improvement in expedient switching, most often associated with the ability to impose one's tactics on the opponent, unexpectedly moving from defensive actions to attack or active defense.

By its nature, tactical struggle can be directed, as indicated above, to the organization of defense, attack, or active defense. There are also individual, group and team tactical wrestling.

The role of tactical training in different sports is not the same. Tactical training plays a leading role in games, team competition. The closer the contact with the opponent, the more difficult and important the tactical training, and all other sections of training are subordinate to it.

Psychological preparation

Other things being equal, in modern sports wins the one who stronger character, knows how to tune in to the fight, does not succumb to the bitterness of failures, or, conversely, is able not to fall ill with "star fever". All these features are associated with the psychological preparation of the athlete.

For successful performance in competitions, it is necessary to be able to achieve an optimal combat state. It is made up of three components:

• 1) physical condition (physical fitness), which is mainly achieved by warming up;
• 2) emotional state (psychological readiness for competitions, achievement of readiness to go to the start, start tricks, etc.);
• 3) mental (the result of ideomotor training).

To achieve the optimal combat state (OBS), three tuning formulas are recommended (but A.V. Alekseev):

• 1. "Any difficulties, obstacles mobilize me."
• 2. "To be able to add at the end - to finish." (At maximum effort, approximately 70% of physical reserves are used and only 5% of mental ones.)
• 3. "Competitions are a holiday for me."

The ability to mobilize to the maximum and relax to the maximum (self-regulation) is the key to successful performance in any competition.

Psychological training is closely related to intellectual (theoretical) training. The relationship between physical and mental state was mentioned above. It should only be emphasized the great importance of self-education in the preparation of an athlete.

Self-education is the activity of an object aimed at improving its personality in three areas: intellectual, emotional and physical.

One of the ways of self-education is an assessment by a person of his capabilities, qualities, place among other people (self-esteem).

Self-esteem is a regulator of personality behavior, it is associated with the level of claims, g.u. the degree of difficulty of the goals that the individual sets for himself. The discrepancy between the claim and the real capabilities of a person leads to inadequacy of behavior, hence emotional breakdowns, the appearance of increased anxiety and uncertainty.

In addition to self-assessment, such techniques as self-commitment, self-report, self-control, understanding one's own activities and behavior are used.

Self-education and self-education are necessary components of a creative personality. A high sports result is always a search, always creativity, always hard, long-term work.

Questions and tasks for self-control

• 1. What is the health-improving value of general physical training?
• 2. Why general physical training is the basis for sports?
• 3. What types of preparation does the process of sports training include?
• 4. Expand the concept of self-esteem as a regulator of the behavior of an athlete and an athlete.

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

Sports equipment - this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique:

1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of the competitive exercise.

2. Sports with the manifestation of endurance (long-distance running). Here, the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the body of an athlete.

3. Sports, with the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability in the changing conditions of competitive struggle.

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can do and how he masters the technique. A high level of technical proficiency is called technical skill.

The criteria for technical excellence are:

1. Scope of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.

2. Versatility of technology - the degree of diversity of technical methods. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions, - sport games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating.

3. Efficiency of possession of sports equipment, proximity of sports action equipment to an individually optimal option. Evaluation of the effectiveness of technology is carried out in several ways:

a) its comparison with some biomechanical standard. If the technique is close to biomechanically rational, it is recognized as the most effective;

b) comparison of the evaluated movement technique with the technique of athletes highly qualified;

c) comparison of the sports result with the results in technically simpler tasks that characterize the athlete's motor potential - power, speed-strength, etc. For example, running from 30 m from a low and then a high start is performed. The time difference will characterize the effectiveness of the technique low start;

d) comparison of the shown result with the expenditure of energy and forces during the performance of a motor action. The lower the energy costs, i.e. the economy of his movements, the higher the efficiency of the technique.

4. Mastering the technique of movements. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and fixed.

For well-mastered movements are typical:

a) the stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when it is performed under standard conditions;

b) stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s state changes, the opponent’s actions in complicated conditions);

c) preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;

d) automation of actions.

Types of training:

General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities. Special training is aimed at mastering special techniques inherent in a particular sport and sports specialization.

Tasks of general technical training:

1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities that are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as a means of physical training.

Tasks of special technical training:

1. To form knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. To develop individual forms of movement technique that most fully correspond to the capabilities of an athlete.

3. To form the skills necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. To transform and update the forms of technique (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before (for example, the “fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a set of tools and

sports training methods. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-correctional influence. These include:

a) conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;

b) showing the technique of the studied movement;

c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;

d) the use of subject and other landmarks;

e) sound and light leading;

f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods, which are based on the performance of any physical exercises by an athlete:

a) preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;

c) methods of integral and dissected exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;

d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.

Assessment of technical readiness. Control over technical readiness consists in assessing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the technique of the athlete's actions during the performance of competitive and training exercises.

Control of equipment is carried out visually and instrumentally. The criteria for the technical mastery of an athlete are the volume of technique, the versatility of technique and efficiency:

· The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that an athlete performs in training sessions and competitions. He is controlled by counting these actions.

The versatility of technique is determined by the degree of variety of motor actions that an athlete owns and uses them in competitive activity. They control the number of various actions, the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left sides (in games), attacking and defensive actions, etc.

The effectiveness of a technique is determined by the degree of its proximity to the individually optimal variant. Efficient technique- one that ensures the achievement of the maximum possible result within the framework of this movement.

Sports result is an important, but not the only criterion for the effectiveness of a technique. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a technique are based on the implementation of the athlete's motor potential.

In cyclic sports, technical efficiency indicators are especially important, since there is a quite clear pattern - an inversely proportional relationship between the level of technical skill and the amount of effort, physical costs per unit of the sports result indicator (meter of the way).

The concept of the technical training of an athlete. The place and importance of sports equipment in various sports

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

Sports technique is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete's use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in various sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique.

• 1. Speed ​​​​power types. In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or in long and high jumps, while performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. .d.
• 2. Sports, characterized by the predominant manifestation of endurance. Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete's body.
• 3. Sports based on the art of movement. Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.
• 4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. This type characteristic of the game of volleyball

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can do and how he masters the technique of mastered actions. A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical mastery. The criteria for technical excellence are:

• - volume of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.
• - versatility of technology - the degree of diversity of techniques. So, in sports games, this is the ratio of the frequency of using different game techniques. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions - sports games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating.
• - the effectiveness of sports technique possession is characterized by the degree of closeness of the sports action technique to the individually optimal variant.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of technology is carried out in several ways:

• - comparing it with some biomechanical standard. If the technique is close to biomechanically rational, it is recognized as the most effective;
• - comparison of the estimated movement technique with the technique of highly qualified athletes;
• - comparison of the sports result with the results in technically simpler tasks that characterize the athlete's motor potential - strength, speed-strength, etc. For example, a 30-meter run is performed from a low and then a high start. The difference in time will characterize the effectiveness of the low-start technique;
• - comparison of the shown result with the expenditure of energy and forces during the performance of a motor action. The lower the energy costs, i.e. the efficiency of his movements, the higher the efficiency of the technique.

Mastering the technique of movements. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical:

• - the stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when it is performed under standard conditions;
• - stability (relatively low variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s state changes, the opponent’s actions in complicated conditions);
• - preservation of motor skills during breaks in training;
• - automation of actions.

Types, tasks, means, methods and stages of technical training of an athlete

Distinguish between general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.

The tasks in the process of general technical training are solved as follows:

• 1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities that are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.
• 2. Master the technique of exercises used as a means of physical training. Special technical training is aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides the following tasks:
• 1. To form knowledge about the technique of sports activities.
• 2. To develop individual forms of movement technique that most fully correspond to the capabilities of the athlete.
• 3. To form the skills necessary for successful participation in competitions.
• 4. To transform and update the forms of technique (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).
• 5. To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before (for example, the “fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a complex of means and methods of sports training is used. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-correctional influence include:

• 1. conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;
• 2. showing the technique of the movement being studied;
• 3. demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotape recordings, etc.;
• 4. use of subject and other landmarks;
• 5. sound and light leading;
• 6. various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods, which are based on the performance of any physical exercises by an athlete. In this case, apply:

• 1. general preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;
• 2. special preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;
• 3. methods of integral and dissected exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;
• 4. uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique. The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualification of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.

The process of technical training is carried out during the entire long-term training of an athlete.

The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:

• 1. The stage of basic technical training.
• 2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and the achievement of the highest sports and technical skills.
• 3. The stage of preservation of sports and technical skills. Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4 - 6 annual cycles, the second - 6 - 8, the third - 4 - 6.

Therefore, the construction, specific content and methodology of the athlete's technical training at each stage, as a rule, is subject to the periodization of the annual training cycle. Most often, this is most pronounced in the training of highly qualified athletes. The fact is that for beginner athletes, the annual cycle is not divided separately into preparatory, competitive and transitional periods. They have training sessions throughout the year that are preparatory in nature.

From this it follows that the process of mastering and improving the technique of movements within the annual cycle of training in qualified athletes largely depends on the patterns of acquisition, preservation and further development of sports form.

In this regard, 3 stages of technical training are distinguished in the annual cycle:

• 1) search;
• 2) stabilization;
• 3) adaptive improvement (adaptive).

Technical training at the 1st stage is aimed at the formation of a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improvement of the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) of individual movements that are part of competitive actions. This stage coincides with the first half of the preparatory period. At the 2nd stage, technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of integral skills of competitive actions. It covers a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period. At the 3rd stage, technical training is aimed at improving the formed skills, increasing the range of their expedient variability (variability), stability (stability), reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparation period and extends to the competition period as a whole. The main tasks of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are. (V.I. Dyachkov, L.P. Matveev, V.N. Platonov):

• 1. achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills, which form the basis of techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;
• 2. partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of kinematics or dynamics of individual parts of the skill in terms of the achievements of modern science and the requirements of sports practice.

To solve the first problem, as a rule, the method of complicating the external situation, the method of exercising under various conditions of the organism, is used; to solve the second - the method of facilitating the conditions of technical actions, the method of conjugate effects.

Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution

higher professional education

FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Department of "Physical Education"

Abstract on the topic:

"Fundamentals of technical training of athletes"

Completed:

Student gr.E 3-3 Telyatnikova K.K.

Checked:

Associate Professor, Ph.D. Voronkina L.V.

Moscow - 2012

1. Technical training…………………………………………………3
2. Stages in the construction of training……………………………………………..3
3. Tasks, content, methodology of technical training in the process of sportsmanship development………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Requirements of sports equipment……………………………………………………………10
5. Means of technical training………………………………………………………12
6. Formation of motor skills and abilities………………………14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………18

List of used literature…………………………………………20

1. Athlete's technical training

The technical preparation of an athlete is the process of teaching the technique of movements that are characteristic of this sport and necessary in it.

Distinguish between general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and skills from auxiliary sports, special technical training is aimed at achieving technical mastery in a chosen sport. It should be borne in mind that “sports technique” is understood as a certain way of performing a motor action, which is characterized by one degree or another of the athlete’s effective use of his motor capabilities to achieve a sports result.

1. Stages in the construction of training

Technical training is associated with the formation of young athletes motor skills and abilities, as well as relevant special knowledge. The process of formation of motor skills in children, as well as in adults, proceeds in phases (stages), according to which a number of relatively completed stages of learning a separate motor action can be distinguished. Conventionally, there are three stages in building the process of learning movements: 1) initial learning; 2) in-depth, detailed learning; 3) consolidation and further improvement of motor action.

The purpose of the 1st stage of training is to study the basis of the technique of a motor action, the formation of the ability to perform it in a "rough" form, the 2nd stage is to bring the initial "rough" possession of the technique of action to a relatively perfect one, and the 3rd stage is to ensure perfect mastery of the technique actions in competitive conditions. Age-related features of the formation of motor skills in children and adolescents are manifested mainly in the nature of the flow of phases at each stage of the process of teaching the technique of physical exercises.

At the 1st stage, the process of developing a motor skill in children, as a rule, is the least lengthy. With a rational teaching methodology, young athletes relatively successfully master the basics of movement technique, provided that the exercise being learned is feasible from the point of view of their physical capabilities. However, in comparison with adults, in children the initial phase of skill formation proceeds somewhat more slowly: the lack of motor experience and a less developed ability to analyze and synthesize motor representations affect.

The duration of the initial training stage depends on the nature of the exercise, its coordination complexity, and rhythm.

The initial learning of the technique of movements is provided by a wide range of methods and techniques: the actual visual demonstration of the technique of exercises, orientation, “feeling” of movements, “fixing positions”, “urgent information”, etc.

The most time-consuming is the 2nd stage of training. Differentiation of movements, which requires a certain concentration and adjustment, is a difficult task for children and adolescents. Therefore, in order to achieve a relative improvement in the technique of movements, a relatively large number of repetitions of exercises is required here.

Beginning young athletes are usually unable to focus on several details of movement technique at the same time. Therefore, the correction of errors and inaccuracies must be strictly consistent. At this stage, the methods of a holistic exercise with selective development of movement techniques are widely used.

At the 3rd stage of training, it is necessary that the motor skills acquired by young athletes do not turn into dynamic stereotypes, since the technique of movements with age, the growth of sports qualifications will change significantly, primarily depending on changes in body size, development of strength, speed, endurance and other physical qualities. At this stage of training, it is especially important to achieve a rational combination of standard (uniform, repeated, etc.) and variable (variable, game, etc.) methods.

1. Tasks, content, methodology of technical training in the process of sportsmanship development.

The improvement of sports equipment is carried out during the entire long-term training of young athletes, which is aimed at improving technical skills in the chosen sport. Under the technical mastery one should understand the perfect mastery of the most rational technique of movement when set to the maximum in conditions of aggravated wrestling. There are 3 stages of improving technical skills: 1) search; 2) stabilization; 3) adaptive (adaptive) improvement.

Technical training at the 1st stage is aimed at the formation of a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improvement of the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) of individual movements that are part of competitive actions. At the 2nd stage, technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of integral skills of competitive actions. At the 3rd stage, technical training is aimed at improving the formed skills, increasing the range of their expedient variability (variability), stability (stability), reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. The main tasks of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are:

1) achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills, which form the basis of techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;

2) partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of kinematics or dynamics of individual parts of the skill in terms of the achievements of modern science and the requirements of sports practice.

To solve the first problem, as a rule, the following are used: the method of complicating the external situation, the method of exercise in various conditions of the body; to solve the second - a method of facilitating the conditions for the implementation of technical actions, the method of conjugate effects.

The method of complicating the external environment when performing technical methods is implemented in a number of methodological methods.

1. The methodical method of resistance of a conditional opponent is used mainly in sports games and martial arts. Elements of the fight against a conditional opponent help the athlete to improve the structure and rhythm of the technique, to achieve stability and effectiveness faster. It also provides a high load density in the lesson, is an effective psychological factor for raising self-confidence, for cultivating courage and determination.

2. Methodical reception of difficult starting positions and preparatory actions. So, in figure skating, a one and a half turn jump (“axel”) is improved first from a simple run-up, and then from the “boat” position. In diving, the height of the springboard decreases. Football players are invited to perform kicks and head kicks on the ball flying along a complex trajectory, etc.

3. A methodical technique for maximum speed and accuracy in performing actions. For example, in boxing, an athlete is given a high rate of punches for a certain period - 1 round. In the long jump, the run is performed along a slightly inclined track. In football, rapprochement between partners is used when passing the ball with constant force, etc.

4. The methodical technique of limiting space for performing actions makes it possible to complicate the conditions of orientation when improving a skill. Yes, in skiing Descents with a closed turn are included in a difficult route, which limits the time for choosing a turn of a certain radius. In running and jumping, steps are performed according to pre-made marks. In boxing, a reduced ring is used, etc.

5. A methodical technique for performing actions in unusual conditions involves changing the conditions of training (natural conditions, equipment, inventory), helps to improve one or more characteristics of movement technique (spatial, temporal, dynamic, rhythmic, etc.). For example, in track and field athletics, running or running in jumps against a strong wind, on wet ground, and in cross-country skiing, moving along an icy track.

The method of exercise in the conditions of the athlete's body that make it difficult to perform technical actions is also implemented in a variety of techniques.

1. A methodical technique for performing an action in a state of significant fatigue. In this case, the athlete is offered exercises for technique after physical activity of high volume and intensity. So, in gymnastics, at the end of a lesson, an athlete performs the most difficult combination “for technique”, in cross-country skiing, technique on tracks with different terrain is improved after passing a distance exceeding the competitive one, at a speed close to the competitive one. This technique puts a heavy load on the central nervous system of the body and requires a high concentration of volitional efforts from it.

2. A methodical technique for performing an action in a state of significant emotional stress is carried out by introducing control, competitive and game moments into the performance of exercises for technique.

3. The methodical method of periodically turning off or limiting vision allows you to selectively influence the receptor-analyzer components of a motor skill. As a result, athletes increase their ability to perceive and carefully evaluate their own movements according to kinesthetic sensations. For example, rowing with your eyes closed allows you to better feel the movement of the boat and more easily control the stability of the skill with the help of “muscle feeling”.

4. The methodical method of forming a working environment sets up an athlete for the mandatory implementation of an improved technical technique in a competitive environment, stimulates his activity in the process of improving the skill. So, in a training fight, a fencer receives an instruction to focus mainly on defensive techniques or, conversely, on attacking techniques.

The method of facilitating the conditions for performing technical actions consists of a number of methodological techniques. Here are some of them.

1. Methodical method of calculating the action element. For example, in boxing, the following are distinguished: an accentuated impact movement of the hand, a push with the leg and pelvis, a rotational movement of the trunk and shoulder girdle, followed by the connection of these elements. In swimming, the work of the arms and legs stands out.

2. The methodical method of reducing muscle tension allows the athlete to more subtly correct individual movements in the motor skill, control the coordination of movements (by the feedback mechanism), which speeds up the process of improvement. So in wrestling, an opponent of a lighter weight is selected, in boxing, athletes perform an exercise in light training gloves.

3. The methodical reception of additional guidelines and urgent information contributes to the most rapid mastery of the necessary amplitude of movements, tempo, rhythm, activates the process of awareness of the action being performed. For example, in figure skating on ice, the longitudinal axis of the figure is preliminarily drawn and landmark flags are set. For the javelin thrower, a straight line is drawn strictly along which he performs the run.

The method of coupled influences is implemented in sports training mainly with the help of two methods.

1. The methodical technique of specialized dynamic exercises is based on the mutual development of physical qualities and the improvement of motor skills. This is achieved through the selection of special exercises. So, in swimming, fins and shoulder blades are used to create additional resistance during rowing movements. In athletics, jumping exercises, long jumps and high jumps are performed with a weighted belt. In water polo, passes and throws are performed with a weighted ball, etc.