Sports and technical parks in the world. Unique sports grounds. Eidi Stadium, Faroe Islands

Sports equipment located on the street is an indispensable attribute of any site built during the Soviet Union. In those days, the health of the nation was taken care of, and today this initiative has found a second wind. Established throughout the country street sport equipment , thanks to which children from an early age can instill in themselves a love for sports and develop physically.

What is included in the category of sports equipment?

Since children do not yet realize the importance of sports, such activities for them should be served in the form of a game. To do this, there are a variety of game simulators for kindergartens, schools and just for the street. They look interesting and arouse the interest of the younger generation. Sports ground equipment often painted in bright colors to attract attention.

You can buy these varieties from us. adult and children's sports equipment:

• built-in trampolines;
• complex and simple sports complexes;
• velodromes;
• skate parks;
• football and basketball courts;
• tennis, chess and other tables;
• simulators;
• workout equipment;
• dynamic structures;
• sports modules and grounds;
• and much more!

In each subcategory there are many different sports equipment of different directions, cost and dimensions. We can offer both small children's sports grounds, as well as full-scale parks for workout, cycling, skateboarding and other sports equipment. You can also find simulators for fulfilling the TRP standards here - another glorious tradition that has returned from oblivion and now benefits our children.

Children's sports: safety above all!

Everyone knows that a playground is a rather dangerous place. What to say about sports grounds on the street? Fortunately, today the problem of child injuries at such facilities has been practically solved. Modern equipment, which can be bought in the Novy Park catalog, is created taking into account all potential dangers and situations in which children can harm their health. In simulators, all moving parts are hidden in a casing so that the guys do not pinch their fingers or hair. Sharp parts are rounded off or retracted under a soft material cover so that even in the event of an impact, they do not leave significant damage.

It is also important to note that all the copies presented by us sports ground equipment have been double checked. The first is at the factory. The second one is at the warehouse of the Novy Park company, where we check every incoming shell. Therefore, you can always buy from us sports equipment for children with a quality guarantee. We care about our future - children - that's why we simply do not sell sports ground equipment that we doubt.

Any sports facilities should be located among green spaces and, at best, near the water.

Sports parks vary in size and location - from very small among the existing urban development to vast areas of hundreds of hectares on the outskirts. They can be both independent and adjacent to the park as its continuation.

Architectural and planning solutions for sports parks depend on their purpose, natural and climatic conditions, range of facilities, etc.

The range of sports park facilities should meet the diverse needs of various categories of visitors in accordance with their age, desire for certain sports, and physical fitness.

The recreation area (park area) unites all zones and, in turn, is divided into several sections: active recreation with playing fields, playgrounds, glades for physical education and sports, and quiet recreation with the organization of a network of walking alleys and recreation areas. It is also recommended to create a children's zone, for which the skillful use of the terrain, landscape, and plantings is of great importance.

Microclimatic conditions on the territory of sports parks can be significantly improved by a system of planning and engineering measures, with vegetation playing a leading role. Green spaces are necessarily included in each group of sports facilities, they have the property of unifying the environment, making it organic.

In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, a large sports and recreation park on Otdykh Island has become a favorite place for mass festivities and walks for city residents. The composition of the park is free, although its main planning axis coincides with the main traffic routes for visitors (motorway and pedestrian alleys), dividing the park into two parts: an active recreation area (entertainment, sports, fitness) and a zone of quiet recreation and walks.

The center of the park's space-planning solution is a group of structures with a central arena for 30,000 spectators, a sports and concert hall for 6,000 people, a small sports arena, outdoor and indoor swimming pools, flat sports facilities, service pavilions, and parking lots are located there.

The saddle-shaped stadium, round in plan, dominates the landscape of the park and is organically connected with nature by the wide expanses of the river and the mountains visible on the horizon. The sports and concert hall is adjoined, on the one hand, by pavilions and exposition areas of the flower exhibition, and on the other, by a zone of mass entertainment facilities. A significant area of ​​the park is reserved for the children's area.

The recreation area is a landscape park with a system of picturesque alleys. Along them in the glades there are platforms and devices for board games and quiet rest. Placed in the zone

a large pond of irregular shape for swimming and bathing with a well-equipped beach strip. On the bank of the Yenisei there is a boat station with a slipway. The range of facilities and organization of the park make it possible to use it for recreation and physical culture and sports both in summer and in winter.

Noteworthy are the architectural and planning solutions and the improvement of some foreign sports parks.

Sports park on Otdykh Island in Krasnoyarsk: I - demonstration area. Sports complex: 1 - stadium for 31 thousand spectators; 2 - small sports arena; 3 - outdoor swimming pool; 4 - indoor swimming pool; 5 - dressing room pavilion; 6 - sports grounds; 7 - cash desks; 8 - parking lots; 9 - economic zone; 10 - universal sports hall for 6 thousand people; 11 - exhibition pavilions; 12 - central exhibition area. Territory of mass entertainment events; 13 - restaurant, dance hall, cinema hall; 14 - gazebo; 15 - pavilions; 16 - Green Theatre; 17 - lawns for games; attractions; II - educational and training zone: 18 - training sports core; 19 - training football field; 20 - sports grounds; 21 - dressing room pavilion; III - children's zone: 22 - area of ​​​​pioneer parades; 23 - House of Pioneers; 24 - "Old Fortress"; 25 - Marine Club; 26 - playgrounds; 27 - "Flight into space"; 28 - viewing platform; 29 - depot of the children's railway; 30 - club rooms; 31 - children's stadium; 32 - buffet; 33 - labyrinths; 34 - rocket plane; 35 - the town of "merry little men"; 36 - autobicycle route; 37 - children's railway; 38 - board games pavilion; IV - recreation area: 39 - beach; 40 - swimming pool; 41 - dressing room pavilions; 42 - playgrounds for board games; 43 - cafe; 44 - rental pavilion; 45 - reading room; 46 - veranda; 47 - boathouse; 48 - boat station
Sports park in Tremblay, suburb of Paris: 1 - main entrance; 2 - kindergarten; 3 - club; 4 - center water sports; 5 - ice rink; 6 - basketball and volleyball courts; 7- tennis courts; 8 - shooting range for archers; 9 - riding grounds; 10 - athletics center; 11 - sector of recreation and free games	Layout plan of the "Health" park in the Palanga resort in Lithuania: 1-2 - the main entrance and park facilities; 3,4,6 - entertainment sectors; 5 - group of sports devices; 7 - sector of physiotherapy exercises; 8 - a group of pools with sea water; 9, 10 - men's beach (general, therapeutic); 11 - common beach; 12, 13 - women's beach (general, therapeutic); 14 - maintenance of beaches; 15, 16 - seaside forest park; 17 - sculpture; 18 - artificial lake; 19 - the road to the balneary
People's Sports Park in Rihimäki (Finland): 1 - sports core; 2 - football field; 3 - summer stage; 4 - platform with terraces for spectators; 5 - tennis courts; 6 - bathing complex; 7 - indoor gyms; 8 - natural park; 9 - car parks

10 km from the center of Paris, architect. Bourbonnet designed a youth sports, recreation and entertainment park. Half of the entire territory (35 ha) is reserved for sports facilities, about 10 ha for parking lots for 3,000 cars and the remaining 30 ha for a recreation area.

Although a territory with a completely flat, uninteresting relief was allocated for the park, the widespread use of artificial relief techniques made it possible not only to functionally separate zones of different purposes, but also to create a modern picturesque park with good natural conditions for recreation and an interesting spatial composition.

The layout of the park is a ray composition, typical for French parks in the second half of the 17th century. Park alleys and roads fan out from the main building of the youth club, located at the entrance to the park; the beams are united by a number of circular alleys. The entire territory is an elliptical bowl. Around the central zone of recreation and walks there is a system of terraces, on which there are physical culture and sports devices. Creating a concave surface allows you to look at all the spaces of the park from any point.

In European countries, popular sports parks have become widespread. In them you can play sports games, go in for physical education, take a walk along the shady alleys, sunbathe on the open lawns. They are intended for recreation of visitors on outdoors among greenery.

The main load on the parks occurs in the summer evening hours and on holidays, when equipment and devices for holding sports competitions and national games. During weekday morning hours, only sports and training complexes and park areas for quiet recreation are mainly used on the territory. An example is the folk-sports park in the Finnish city of Rihimaki, in which entertainment and entertainment facilities are located directly next to the sports area. All major planar and volumetric sports facilities are close to the entrances to the park from the side of the main highway.

At some distance from the main structures in the meadows, among the greenery, there is a summer stage and a complex of swimming pools. Most of the territory is organized as a quiet recreation area with a network of walking alleys and meadows in green areas.

Of great interest are special sports and recreational parks (LFK), which are widely used primarily in resort cities.

The LFK park is a medical facility that has a close functional connection with a sports center, but is not adapted for holding demonstration events. To organize a park, it is advisable to use the territory of a well-ventilated, dry, sparse forest on the shore of a reservoir or sea.

In the park "Health" in the resort in Palanga (99.5 hectares), most of the territory is occupied by a seaside pine forest with a network of walking alleys. Open glades and lawns are equipped for physical education, games and relaxation. In the western part, where the stream flows, a bathing complex and medical beaches are organized.

Exercise therapy parks are widely known due to the simplicity, accessibility and mass use of natural methods of treatment and strengthening the body with the help of natural factors. In winter, on park flat sports facilities in areas with appropriate natural and climatic conditions, skating rinks for mass and figure skating, hockey fields, and ski slopes are laid. Many foreign parks and green areas of cities are equipped with illuminated ski slopes, which Scandinavian urban planners consider "the biggest gain in the field of recreation, which, moreover, are cheaper than other sports facilities."

Olympic parks. The Olympic Games are an important event in the sports life of the whole world. For their implementation, unique sports facilities and entire complexes located in green areas are created.

In our century, the preparation of Olympic sports complexes requires the construction of not separate structures, but the creation of an interesting original landscape using various forms of space, combining the ensemble with the surrounding nature, rational use of facilities and the entire park after the end of the games.

Since ancient times, sport has accompanied human life, the history and development of sports are associated with the development of the material and spiritual life of society.

At the end of the 19th century, when economic, cultural and scientific ties between states expanded, it became necessary to hold international sports competitions. By the 1st Olympiad in 1896 in Athens, it was enough to reconstruct the ancient stadium somewhat. The II Olympiad was generally held in the clearing of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Later, for the Olympics, they began to build new sports facilities in green areas. The first Olympic stadiums of our time were built in 1908 in London and in 1912 in Stockholm. The X Olympiad was held in Los Angeles (USA, 1932) at a stadium with three-tier stands for 105,000 spectators, located on an area of ​​40.5 hectares.

Plan of the stadium of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin: 1 - approach from the center of Berlin; 2 - main gate; 5 - central arena; 4 - May field; 5 - open theater; 6 - platforms for gymnastic exercises; 7 - dance floor; 8 - training center; 9 - tennis courts; 10 - platform; 11 - restaurant; 12 - station; 13 - hippodrome

Plan of the university sports complex, located south of Mexico City: L-A - Expressway "Rebel Avenue"; 1 - administrative building; 2 - central library; 3 - humanitarian faculties; 4-faculty of exact sciences; 5 - engineering and architectural faculties; 6 - Faculty of Medicine; 7 - university sports grounds and dormitories to the south of them; 8 - Olympic Stadium for 110 thousand spectators

Olympic complex in Munich: 1 - central arena; 2 - gym; 3 - swimming pool; 4 - cycle track; 5 - universal hall; 6 - hall for volleyball; 7 - fields for field hockey; 8 - training fields; 9 - hall for warm-up; 10 - Olympic village (for women); 11 - Olympic village (for men); 12 - TV tower; 13 - radio and television center; 14 - press town; 15 - theater; 16 - artificial lake; 17 - hill; 18 - metro station; 19 - high-speed railway station; 20 - parking lot; 21 - photography direction

Olympic Park in Munich: a - a schematic diagram of the park's landscaping; A - the main sports facilities; B - Olympic village; B - higher sport school; G - Olympic hill; b - placement of adult trees on the main pedestrian alleys laid on the embankment

For the XI Olympiad, the reconstruction of the old stadium in Berlin was carried out. Its construction was carried out in three stages. At that time, the stadium was the largest in the world, its central arena could accommodate 100,000 spectators (35,000 standing places), and even more was the Mayskoye Pole, where up to 250,000 athletes could take part in sports parades at the same time. The longitudinal west-east planning axis of the park, on which the main entrance, the central arena and the Mayskoye Pole are located, goes well with the slanting winding alleys connecting the main sports facilities with various sites. The outdoor theatre, hippodrome, swimming pool are successfully located - they are located on the edges of the forest that begins here.

The 15th Olympic Games in 1952 were held in Helsinki at a reconstructed stadium that could seat 65,000 spectators. The stadium is located in the central park of the city, next to football fields, a swimming pool and a multi-purpose gym.

The authors managed to create a landscape typical of Finland on the territory of the Olympic Park using outcrops of granite rocks, boulders in combination with old and minor new plantings and, most importantly, to successfully fit quite significant sports facilities into it. During the construction of structures, landscaping and landscaping were mainly reduced to the desire to preserve the surrounding nature in its natural state.

At the XIX Olympiad in Mexico City, the main competitions and training took place on the sports complex of the university campus with an area of ​​300 hectares, where the central stadium "Estadio Olimpico" is located.

The undoubted advantage of the campus is its unity with nature. It is achieved by landscaping, a successful combination of natural and artificial relief, as well as the widespread use of local building material - gray tuff of various shades.

At the XX Olympiad in Munich, all major competitions were held at the new sports facilities of the Olympic Park. On the territory of 300 hectares, the authors of the project managed to achieve an organic combination of nature and architecture, they created a single landscape that includes various forms of space use. The main facilities of the complex - the Olympic Stadium (the capacity of the stands is 80 thousand people), the swimming pool and the sports hall - are located on an elevated earthen platform and close the main Olympic Square on the north side in a semicircle.

On the south side, this space opens onto an artificial lake with a fountain. On the square at the edge of the stadium there is a bowl with the Olympic flame, around it are the flags of the participating countries.

The main pedestrian alley, laid along the embankment, starts from the central square of the park and passes under the cable-stayed roof, the width of which in some places reaches 120 m. up to 7 m high with linear planting along the top. This minimized the negative impact of heavy traffic.

The football field of the central arena is located in an artificially created recess. Under the grass cover at a depth of 25 cm, a system of underground irrigation and heating pipes with a total length of 18.95 km was laid, which makes it possible to extend the operation time of the field and improve its grass cover.

The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex (up to 20 m wide) are laid on raised (up to 3 m) embankments, all intersections with highways are at different levels. They offer picturesque views of the wide lawns used to disperse spectators after the end of the competition and the expressive sports facilities of the park.

Mature trees were planted along the pedestrian alleys with a grid of 7.5X7.5 m, and some of them were placed directly on the paths, which allowed the flow of spectators along the shaded corridors from bus stops and parking lots to the main sports facilities. The conceptual scheme of planting greenery of the complex was decided on the basis of creating a park on a completely bare spot in an extremely short period of time (2-3 years). And the landscaping scheme made it possible to provide good care for the plants and get the effect in just a year.

Unusual architectural forms of structures, bold engineering and design solutions are further emphasized by the surrounding nature. Abandoning large, monumental squares and parade axes, the authors created a unique and rare beauty Olympic Park. Green spaces divided its territory into separate sections, each of which was given an individual character due to the use of various types and forms of green spaces, their high decorative qualities and the use of plant characteristics to change depending on the season and lighting.

The green hills, which owe their origin to the former landfill, have become one of the decorations of the park. Their slopes are lined with low-growing pines, oaks, and shrubs. A network of walking paths is organically inscribed in the relief. Among the heaps of granite blocks, artificial streams with waterfalls flow down from the top. At the foot is an artificial lake with an area of ​​3.6 hectares with an island near the shore, where a stage is equipped for concerts and performances. Spectators sit on terraces with grass, an amphitheater descending to the water. Evening performances take place against the backdrop of illuminated hills, a fountain and a water surface. The lake is used for boating and at the same time as a reservoir for collecting storm water from a huge cover. On the shores of the lake and the canal, lined with willow, water iris, all conditions have been created for visitors to walk along the lawns and groves, paths of free contours have been laid, and recreation areas have been equipped. The lake is especially beautiful in the evening, when the illuminated multi-colored bushes on the slopes of the hills with the snow-white jets of the fountain, beating high in the center of the lake, create an absolutely fantastic picture. During the construction of the park, about 5,000 mature trees and 180,000 bushes were planted. The main tree species is small-leaved linden. 36 tons of grass seeds were used to create lawns (area of ​​85 ha) and grass cover of sports grounds.

Parking lots for 5,000 cars near the central arena are arranged in an unusual way. The entire territory is divided by rows of mature trees into eight areas covered with granite slabs with seams sown with grass. On ordinary days they are used for physical education and sports games.

The main sports complex of the Olympics, which took place in Moscow in 1980, was the Lenin Central Stadium in Luzhniki, built in 1956.

The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moscow River and the ring road has an area of ​​180 hectares, of which 40 hectares are used for organizing entrances, approaches, stops and parking lots of public and individual transport.

The stadium is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, its entire territory is raised by an average of 1.5 m due to double expansion (up to 250 m) and deepening of the river bed. In total, about 3.5 million m3 of sand were washed. To lower the high level of groundwater, a drainage system with a length of about 6 km was built.

The stadium is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes; dominated by its transverse axis, oriented towards the city and the Lenin Hills. The core of the general plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and parking lots of ground transport get to sports facilities.

Along the front alley on the embankment there is a park recreation area. In total, more than 40,000 trees aged 5 to 50 years, 400,000 shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers were planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but also from the forest; among them are blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white locust, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretches for more than 30 km. Green spaces cover an area of ​​78 hectares.

When carrying out landscaping, a variety of techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout near the main structures - ordinary plantings, in a park recreation area - freely, picturesquely located.

Due to the need for construction at an accelerated pace (its construction took 450 days), tree planting was carried out not only in spring and autumn, but also in summer. Moreover, at the same time, the construction of an irrigation water pipeline was carried out, the pipes of which were laid on the surface of lawns with a slight deepening when passing alleys and paths.

A major Olympic center is Krylatskoye, where one of the best Rowing Canals in the world was built at the foot of the Krylatsky Mountains. A large body of water goes well with low, elongated sports facilities. The canal is filled by gravity through water intake facilities due to the difference in water levels of the canal and the Moscow River.

The two green squares (90X90) located between the canal and the ring road are archery fields with stable sports turf.

All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs are used, which serve mainly decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, mountain slopes covered with forests, hills and islands. The land from the work during the construction went to create an artificial relief rowing canal and artificial reservoirs.

Like any sports complex, the Olympiyskiy is primarily interpreted as a park that can provide an opportunity not only for holding large entertainment events, for training athletes and athletes, but also for recreation for residents of nearby urban areas in the bosom of nature. With its green spaces, it significantly affects the improvement of the city's environment.

The park of culture and rest is the most common and massive type of multifunctional park. It plays an important role in the system of physical education.

The first was opened in Moscow in 1928, the Central Park of Culture and Recreation. M. Gorky. Its activity was determined by a combination of cultural and educational work with the improvement of the health of millions of working people. The competition for its design was a serious theoretical contribution to the young Soviet science of park construction.

The main feature of the new type of park was the mass visitation. This determined the direction of design and construction of parks of culture and recreation.

In Moscow, parks of culture and recreation were created in Sokolniki, Izmailovo, Ostankino. There are parks in other cities as well. Since 1931, the network of parks began to expand rapidly. Now there are more than 2,000 cultural parks in the country.

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tours and recreation. They become the main link in the system of places for mass recreation of citizens.

According to our urban planning standards, parks are divided into urban parks with a minimum area of ​​15 hectares and district (planning areas) - 10 hectares, the availability time, respectively, is no more than 20 and 15 minutes.

IN last years in our country and abroad, there is a tendency to enlarge the areas of city parks, since only large park areas create full-fledged conditions for recreation and contribute to the improvement of the urban environment (according to research by the Central Research Institute of Urban Planning - at least 50 hectares). The area of ​​the park should be sufficient to accommodate recreational facilities designed for residents within the service area of ​​the park.

The placement of parks in the city and the organization of a sports zone in them depend on natural conditions. The natural conditions of the territory determine the architectural and planning structure, the quality of the sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic environment, as well as the individuality and expressiveness of the architectural and landscape appearance of the entire park and its sports zone.

Now there are almost no territories suitable for creating parks, especially in large cities. In this regard, "inconvenient" lands are widely used - with high humidity, difficult terrain, as well as lands with a landscape disturbed by human activity. They are used primarily for park construction, since the low proportion of development in parks makes it possible to make lower demands on the quality of territories. And the world practice of building parks, including multifunctional ones, has already accumulated experience in the use of such territories.

Parks of culture and recreation consist of several zones: sports (15-20% of the park area), cultural and entertainment (10), children (5), quiet recreation (60), economic (no more than 4-5). As you can see, the norms define the significant size of the sports zone in the park, the largest after the zone of quiet rest and walks. In active recreation areas, it occupies a leading position. Unfortunately, in most of our parks, the area of ​​sports zones is below the normative and determined by the projects (Fig. 10.5.1). In order to attract the population to mass sports and recreation activities, it is effective to expand the composition of facilities by building modern comfortable sports facilities, and primarily indoor ones (halls, swimming pools). In covered structures year-round work is possible. They are cost-effective, since in the parks the classes of health groups are mostly paid. The efficiency of operation of open structures is ensured by the use of stable, non-moisture-intensive, non-dusty and hygienic coatings of sites that require minimal maintenance.

The composition of the facilities should be varied, the requirements of different age groups should be taken into account. When designing and building, it is important to remember that physiologists recommend outdoor recreational activities. Among the structures, open ones should prevail. Covered ones should organically fit into the park landscape. Light structures are expedient, preferably transformable in order to use the structures as covered or open, depending on the weather and season.

The popularity and fashion for types of physical culture and outdoor activities is a relatively short-term factor, in contrast to the physiological one, but it must be taken into account at the stage of pre-project research. The most popular recreational and health-improving types are swimming, swimming, skating and skiing, sledding and skiing from the mountains. The most common sports games in the country are volleyball, table and tennis, badminton, football, in winter - hockey and winter football. In foreign parks, in addition to the above, entertaining sports and outdoor games and activities are popular, and facilities for them are widespread (grounds for small tennis, croquet, skittles, mini-golf, skateboarding grounds and tracks, etc.). These games are accessible and useful to everyone and give pleasure to participants of different levels of physical fitness. The structures for them are simple, occupy, as a rule, small areas, and require simple equipment. Therefore, it is advisable to include them in the composition of park structures. Despite the scarcity of physical culture facilities in most of our parks, the popularity of various types of physical activity is high and has a steady upward trend. Physical culture zones of the parks are visited by 20% in summer and 70-80% of park visitors in winter.

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Based on the physiological significance of certain types of physical culture and sports, the analysis of the attendance of park sports and sports facilities, as well as the methods of sports and recreational activities, JSC "TsNIIEP named after B.S. Mezentsev" proposed an approximate composition and number of sports and sports facilities for various types of parks in cities of different sizes (Table 10.5.1, Figure 10.5.1).

In addition to the structures listed in Table. 10.5.1, it is advisable to arrange marked illuminated walking routes (health paths) on the territory of the park, bases for recreational swimming, swimming, boating, water skiing, surfing, as well as well-maintained beaches, places or ponds for fishing.

Every park is different; during reconstruction and construction, it is necessary to pay serious attention to local conditions (natural, traditions, national sports and recreation, etc.), in connection with which the composition of the facilities of the sports zone can be adjusted. Supplementing the main composition, areas or tracks for roller skating and boarding (skateboards), areas for recreational sports and outdoor games - croquet, bast shoes, skittles, sports attractions can be arranged. In large citywide parks, there may be horse-riding bases with paths and riding grounds, as well as an indoor artificial ice rink for mass skating, an artificial wave pool, and a bowling alley. All main structures should be accompanied by auxiliary ones - wardrobes, changing rooms, showers. A sauna or a Russian steam bath, medical consultation and rental points are recommended.

During reconstruction, the recommended composition of sports facilities should be adjusted. For reconstructed parks with insufficient compared to the standard area (usually these are parks located in the central districts of the city) in case

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when there is no nearby sports complex that could take on sports and recreational functions, the following ways of organizing the zone are recommended: the composition of sports and sports facilities should be developed through the construction of indoor structures (halls, swimming pools, artificial ice rinks), open structures small areas. In addition, it may be more expedient to conduct classes in indoor facilities with an artificial microclimate than in the open air in the parks of the city center, where the hygienic parameters of the environment are worse than on the periphery. Open structures in this case can be reduced to 1 - 2 sites of universal use, i.e. have sizes and surfaces that meet the requirements of different sports games or sports (the most popular or cultivated in a given place, park).

Another way to organize a zone of physical culture and sports facilities during the reconstruction of parks with insufficient area is to increase the territory of the zone to the normative one at the expense of other zones, giving the park a predominantly sports and recreational function. The functions of other areas of the park (such as cultural and educational, entertainment, entertainment) can be performed by the corresponding institutions of the city center, where they are most developed.

When placing a sports center of a city or a planning area next to a park being designed or reconstructed, it is advisable to cooperate with the halls and pools of the sports zone of the park with the halls and pools of the center, and combine the planar structures of the park and the complex, placing them on a single site. This will allow creating large structures and not duplicating technical and utility rooms.

When designing a zone, one should also take into account its development in the future, reserving an area for this.

It is advisable to place a sports zone within a 5-minute walking distance from the entrances to the park. At the same time, structures associated with mass visits are placed near the main entrance. This allows

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to bake them with well-maintained communications, which makes the facilities used daily available at any time of the year, especially in the off-season.

There are two main planning options for locating the zone in the park: compact and dispersed (Fig. 10.5.2). Compact is more convenient to use and more cost-effective (smaller length of roads and utilities). But sports zones are visited mainly by residents of areas adjacent to the park. Therefore, in a large park, it is more convenient for visitors to place the zone facilities dispersed around the perimeter of the park (that is, near not only the main entrance, but also secondary ones).

Approximate balance of the territory of the sports zone with recommendations

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with a given composition: three-dimensional structures - 3 - 5; planar structures - 27 - 30; paths, alleys - 10 - 15% of the zone area. The rest of the area (50 - 60%) is recommended for green spaces.

Physical culture zone According to the types of structures, the park can be divided into three subzones: structures with seats for spectators (in city parks), a subzone of indoor structures and a subzone of open structures (Fig. 10.5.3).

SPORTS PARKS

There is a trend towards specialization of parks in big cities. All over the world, centers and historical residential areas are being actively reconstructed, which, as a rule, have several small parks. The areas of these parks are insufficient for the full development of all zones of parks of a multifunctional profile, according to domestic terminology - parks of culture and recreation. Then, one or two functions are predominantly developed. Another important factor in the specialization of parks is the increasing demands of visitors to comfort, which is satisfied by specialized services.

The most common type of specialized park, especially abroad, is sports. In big cities, there is a special need for physical education and sports: people suffer from physical inactivity and experience high loads on nervous system. Both require active recreation with certain physical activity, which is exactly what sports parks provide, in contrast to sports centers designed mainly for the preparation of athletes and competitions.

Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, water, equestrian, cycling, etc.).

Universal parks, called sports and recreation centers, are large urban or suburban (following the example of well-known suburban German riviera parks) complexes, which, according to the composition of structures, are

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which seats are close to sports centers (Fig. 10.5.4 -10.5.6). They differ from sports centers in a larger area of ​​greenery and the main focus on mass physical education and recreation and active recreation.

The unique Olympic parks are large sports complexes for the Olympic Games. Such are the Olympic parks in Melbourne, the Meiji and Kamazawa parks in Tokyo, the parks in Mexico City, Munich and Montreal. After the Olympic Games, the problem of their use arises. A good example is a park in Munich. Even during its design, the principle of "short distances and green landscapes" was proposed. On the reclaimed territory of 140 hectares, an artificial relief was created for the construction of intersections of pedestrian and transport routes at different levels. After the Olympic Games, this vast landscaped area has become a place of active recreation for the population of Munich, both in summer and in winter. Bulk artificial hills in winter turn into mountains for mass sledding and skiing.

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The size of sports parks can be from tens to hundreds of hectares. When placing them in the city, as well as when placing sports complexes, conditions should be created for the evacuation of a large number of people and parking lots should be provided.

Specialized sports parks for a sport or a group of related species are intended for recreational activities associated with them, as well as for activities at a higher level than in other types of parks. The most common specialized parks are for water sports (Fig. 10.5.7). Abroad, there are numerous centers

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for swimming and bathing. Everywhere, including here, hydroparks are becoming more and more widespread. They need water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to this condition.

The sizes of specialized sports parks can be very different: from hundreds of hectares (for example, the hydropark in Krylatsky has a total area of ​​​​about 700 hectares, Kharkiv hydroparks from 60 to 150 hectares, etc.) to compact areas of several hectares, where place centers for swimming and bathing.

There may be specialized parks for other sports. The need for them is determined by the popularity of a particular sport in a given place, favorable natural conditions, etc. In different countries, especially in the UK, USA and Canada, golf courses or parks are common, which occupy large areas - from 50 to 100 hectares. There are well-known centers for roller skating and parks for cycling, where the complex terrain of the sites is functionally used. Skateparks are popular for skateboarding.

Sports parks are not such mass objects as multifunctional parks of culture and recreation, they are rather unique, especially large universal ones and, of course, specialized ones. Therefore, there can be no recommendations on the composition of structures, and even more so with quantitative indicators. They are designed according to special tasks, depending on local and natural conditions.

Among the structures of sports parks there are the most diverse - from large unique ones (indoor stadiums, pools with artificial waves, waterfalls) to simple playgrounds, lawns for sports and recreational games. This is determined by the purpose of the park, the number of inhabitants for which it is designed, its area and location in the city. The most common pools in all types of sports parks (Table 10.5.2, Figures 10.5.4 - 10.5.7), the so-called leisure type (with irregularly shaped baths, with an artificial wave, water slides).

Sports halls are very common - both universal, and specialized, and multi-purpose, i.e. not only for sports events, but also for spectacles, dances, etc.

Much less often than the halls, there are skating rinks with artificial ice (Table 10.5.2, Figures 10.5.4 - 10.5.6). Sometimes complex artificial skating rinks are built - indoor and outdoor. An example is the Ottobrunn sports park in Germany (Figure 10.5.4).

The palette of planar structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.

Unlike sports centers in sports parks, especially abroad, among flat structures they arrange playgrounds for entertaining sports games (mini-golf, botches, croquet, skittles, etc.), platforms and tracks for roller skating and boarding; mountains for sledding, shields, "plates" and skiing (Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.5). Golf courses are also found in foreign universal sports parks, but more often these are separate specialized parks. And we have new sports for our country - baseball, softball, squash, golf. In 1988, the first specialized golf sports park in Russia was built in Moscow (Fig. 10.5.8), and several more are planned to be built.

Green spaces must be at least 70% of the area of ​​the sports park. The area occupied by structures, paths and alleys is much larger than that in other types of parks, since the sports facilities themselves require large areas, and the paths and alleys must provide the possibility of evacuating a large number of people to parks.

kah, where the attendance is massive and where there are facilities with seats for spectators.

In large sports parks with facilities for competitions, sports and recreational activities and active recreation, it is advisable to allocate zones during design: entertainment and demonstration, training, active recreation, administrative and economic.

10.6. LANDSCAPING OF THE TERRITORIES OF SPORTS FACILITIES

10.6.1. LANDSCAPING AND MICROCLIMATE OF TERRITORIES OF SPORTS FACILITIES

Green areas play a significant role in shaping the climate of the city. Plantations not only reduce the air temperature under the crowns of trees and radiation temperatures in comparison with irradiated places, but also improve the thermal regime in the adjacent territory. The proximity of water spaces softens the microclimate.

Green sports facilities also affect the comfort of the microclimate, they can change the temperature, humidity and wind conditions of the sports area. The comfort of the microclimate at sports flat structures is determined by a complex of natural (climate), urban planning (placement in the city plan) and space-planning (the nature of the layout, development and landscaping of the sports zone) factors.

The space-planning construction of the sports zone and the features of each of its objects affect the microclimatic comfort of the environment for sports, depending on the location of the sites; the degree of concentration of sites and their blocking; orientation to the countries of the world; proximity to the water surface; type of coverage of sites and their technological equipment; nature of landscaping.

The terrain, three-dimensional and flat structures, roads and green spaces, their relative position can protect athletes from the blinding sun, strong winds, dust, gas, soot.

The comfort of microclimatic conditions in open sports facilities depends on a number of factors, which include mainly convection and radiation temperatures, air humidity, wind speed, insolation and lighting, chemical and bactericidal composition of air. These factors are significantly influenced by

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can provide landscaping of the territory where the facilities are located. The main components of landscaping in this case are both the reception and design of landscaping, and the properties of trees and shrubs that affect the comfort of the microclimate. These properties include: habitus (external form) of the plant, crown density, growth rate, leafing period.

The greatest microclimatic effect is given by arrays of trees with a density of 1.0 - 0.8; clumps of trees with a fullness of 0.7 - 0.8, multi-row stands. These types of landings can reduce the air temperature by 3 - 5 °, reduce the wind speed by 45 - 75%.

Groups, rows of trees, single trees reduce direct solar radiation by 95%. Their wind-shelter properties, which improve the aeration of the territory, are especially important. So, near playgrounds, windproof or openwork strips are useful. If it is necessary to reduce the wind speed to a greater distance, it is more expedient to use a strip of a blown structure.

The temperature and humidity of the air are formed within the entire sports area, and the speed of air movement is differentiated and largely depends on the landscaping of the sports facilities themselves, the placement of plantings, the type of planting, the assortment of trees and shrubs. The microclimate on the sports ground can be better or worse than the general microclimatic background of the sports zone, depending on how rationally the landscaping is designed and implemented.

Green spaces contribute to the creation of biological and psychological comfort. They improve the air, releasing phytoncides with leaves and flowers, increase the ionization of the air, increase the content of ozone in it - especially conifers.

When designing the construction of wings, strips and other elements of green spaces, the phases of their vegetative development and, consequently, the manifestations of phytoncidal activity should be taken into account. The choice of wood strips should ensure continuous release of phytoncides throughout the entire sporting season.

At urban sports facilities, the content of carbon monoxide emitted by motor vehicles decreases sharply after the appearance of foliage on the protective strips - on average by 2-3 times compared with the leafless period. Depending on the planting density, from 21 to 86% of dust is retained. The rough, hairy foliage of elm and lilac is especially effective in retaining dust. Elm leaves retain about 5 times more dust than poplar leaves; lilac leaves 3 times.

Green spaces are also a kind of filter that traps and absorbs part of the sound energy, especially Norway maple, balsam poplar, small-leaved linden.

When choosing plants for landscaping sports planar structures, it is important to take into account their resistance to mechanical damage.

To create fences, plants are chosen that are resistant to balls and other sports equipment. The ability of plants to restore damage and insensitivity to damage is also important. Siberian and European larch, warty birch, small-leaved and smooth elm, red oak, white and brittle willow, white and Canadian poplar, Norway maple, small-leaved linden, and common mountain ash have approximately equal rates of recovery of damaged shoots.

In modern standards for the design of sports facilities, it is not recommended to use trees and shrubs with thorns, lionfish and others, which, by clogging the grounds, create a traumatic situation. Plants that are very dusty during flowering and fruiting are also not recommended - irritating the human respiratory tract.

Green spaces are decorative, their silhouette and shape, color, and in addition, the aroma affect the emotional state of a person. The professional combination of plants with different shapes and well-thought-out colors in groups, arrays and tapeworms has a beneficial effect on the psyche of those involved in sports.

Creating a favorable microclimatic regime on sports grounds, biological and psychological comfort for athletes increases their performance, lengthens the season of comfortable conditions for sports.

Lawns also affect the sanitary and hygienic condition and aesthetics of sports complexes. The green surface of the lawn contributes to the evaporation of a significant amount of moisture from the soil (up to 200 g of water per hour with

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one square meter), which increases the humidity of the surface layer of air. The herbage of lawns lowers the air temperature in hot weather by 6 tons, 7°. Their powerfully developed root system contributes to the rapid mineralization of organic matter, promotes purification from putrefactive and harmful microorganisms that fall on the lawn with dust.

The species composition of trees and shrubs, the method of placement and the type of planting largely determine the comfort of the environment for sports (Fig. 10.6.1).

The choice of an assortment of trees and shrubs for landscaping sports areas should be based on the general and specific properties of plants, species whose properties meet the whole range of requirements, most effectively affect the microclimate and contribute to the hygienic, physiological and psychological comfort of the environment (Table 10.6.1) .

324 sports facilities

Specialized parks

Specialized parks are a special type of parks, typical for the largest cities with a certain functional focus. The functional and planning organization of the territory of a specialized park is carried out with its intended purpose. First of all, these are sports, children's, memorial parks, botanical gardens and parks.

The composition and number of park structures, landscaping elements in specialized parks depend on the thematic focus, the content of the park and are determined by the assignment for landscape design.

When landscape designing a specialized park, as a rule, an approximate ratio of the elements of the territory is recommended, i.e. balance of the territory, % of the total area:

Green spaces and reservoirs……………………………………………………….65…70

Alleys, paths, platforms………………………………………………………….....28…25

Structures and buildings………………………………………………………………..7…5

sports parks. sports parks are the types of parks in which the primary role is assigned to physical culture and sports, active recreation of the city's population for physical development and recovery. Sports parks occupy an area of ​​20 to 50 hectares.

Sports parks are divided into:

For specialized, intended for competitions and training of athletes in various sports;

Complex (physical culture and health) used for outdoor activities and sports-type games.

Special requirements are imposed on the landscape design of a sports park in terms of location in the structure of a city or district, according to the natural conditions of the area (territory relief, vegetation, sun exposure, clean air). In landscape design, great importance is attached to the functional zoning of the territory. functional zoning of the territory is determined by:

A clear schedule of movement; separating athletes and spectators resting in the park;

Loading and evacuation of visitors to demonstration, educational and training facilities and facilities for outdoor activities;

The allocation of recreational areas to restore the physical, mental strength of athletes and visitors to the park.

The organization of health-improving work and recreation in parks attracts masses of people of different age groups. Adults and children are engaged in sports sections, train, participate in competitions. Sports fans watch sports competitions. People of older and retirement age are engaged in health groups. The planning organization of the territory is formed, as a rule, on the contrast of open and closed spaces. The core of the sports park is stadium. When placing stadiums with a one-sided or horseshoe-shaped tribune, the wide view of landscape design through the open space that opens from the stands is taken into account football field(training fields, glades can be placed on the axis of the landscape composition) to neighboring territories (sea, lake, opposite bank of the river, fields, mountains).

Sports parks are calculated on the mass attendance of the population. In landscape design, as a rule, the following zones should be distinguished:

Sports zone (up to 50% of the entire territory);

Entertainment zone (5 ... 7% of the entire territory);

Quiet recreation area (up to 30% of the entire territory);

Service area (up to 5 ... 7% of the entire territory).

The sports zone can have a certain functional focus (for example, for horseback riding) or divided into sectors: the water sports sector, the children's sector, the sports and recreation sector, the sector with the young sailors' club. A large share in the balance of the territory is occupied by sites, roads, structures.

As a rule, a zone of quiet rest is allocated in large sports parks - a significant part of the landscape is allocated for this zone. There is also a children's section. For health reasons and to ensure the safety of participants and spectators, it is necessary to provide for the isolation of such sports as water-motor, shooting, automobile, equestrian, etc. For the most part, sports zones are solved by regular methods of landscape planning and composition, and a quiet recreation area - by landscape methods. Clearings of free configuration, smooth lines of roads and alleys create a favorable environment for recreation, contrasting with the intense rhythm of the landscape composition of sports grounds and vigorous activity (trainings, competitions) of the participants in the sports zone. Sports devices (grounds), according to existing requirements, should be oriented with a wide side from north to south. Small deviation angles are permissible: 5 ... 15 0 - for Central Russia; up to 25 0 - in the cities of the Arctic. The site for townships is projected in the direction to the north, northeast.

Landscaping is subject to requirements for protection against wind and noise from outdoor sports facilities. You should not obscure the playing space of the playgrounds with green spaces. By rationally placing green spaces, a calm background should be created, for example, when playing with a ball. Along the border of the sports complex (or individual sites), it is necessary to provide a strip of protective green spaces with a width of at least 5 m. The strip of green spaces should include one or two rows of trees and shrubs. In rows between trees, a distance of 2.5 ... 3.0 m is recommended, and between rows - 2 m. When forming protective strips of green spaces, it is necessary to maintain an interval of 10 ... 15 m from the boundaries of playgrounds with appropriate metal fences. Along the fences, planting of vines in the form of girlish and Amur grapes should be provided.

When landscaping areas around sports fields, the texture and color of foliage, the nature of flowering are taken into account. Plants with light foliage, as well as flowering shrubs, are not recommended to be planted, as they create an unfavorable background for games due to the loose structure of the bush, openwork of crowns, and light tonality. Plants that clog play areas are excluded from the range. playgrounds and outdoor swimming pools (needles, seeds, flower petals) prone to windbreak (silver maple, etc.), damaged by frost (exotics), as well as trees with early falling leaves and fruits, introduced plant species.

The Olympic Games have had a great influence on the development of sports parks in a number of countries. For their implementation, sports complexes with stadiums, swimming pools, sports facilities, parks were built. Olympic Park- a landscaped area for holding international sports competitions (competitions) with a regulated range of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet a high class of international requirements. Olympic parks are created at the Olympic complexes. When organizing the landscape design of Olympic parks, complex urban planning problems, such as the construction of modern architecture and design of sports facilities, the Olympic village, hotels, buildings for cultural and community services for athletes and tourists. It is necessary to interconnect the complex with the transport system and the prospects for the development of the city.

According to their organization, the Olympic complexes are divided into single, compact, with an independent dedicated territory and consisting of several territories in different parts of the city or even in different regions (for example, complexes in Rome (Italy), Moscow and Sochi). In planning an Olympic park with a stadium for 100,000 or more spectators, clarity and clarity of plan with a dominant center is necessary. Olympic parks are especially attractive if the natural qualities of landscape design are widely used. Depending on the assignment for landscape design separate zones can be combined (as sports and training), may be absent (entertainment zone) or can be added to them, for example, a zone of water sports, cycling, etc.

The Olympic complexes are characterized by a large-scale solution of structures (squares, stadiums), the clarity of the construction of pedestrian and transport roads (10 ... 12 m wide), occupying 60 ... 70% of the entire territory. Former Olympic complexes for the most part continue to operate as ordinary sports parks.

Hydroparks. Hydropark- park object of sports type. Hydroparks were developed in the second half of the 20th century. Hydroparks are created in cities experiencing a shortage of territory, on inconvenient, flooded lands, on areas with a high specific gravity of the water area. The volumetric and spatial landscape organization of hydroparks is characterized by the presence of open spaces: reservoirs, glades and meadows. In the general balance of areas, more than 25% of the territory is made up of water bodies intended for physical education and sports, cultural and educational events, entertainment, and quiet recreation. On the territory there is an opportunity to create comfortable conditions for recreation for all age groups of the population. The creation of beach areas, the construction of yacht clubs, harbors for sailing, motor ships and boat stations, entertainment attractions, water springboards and cascades, theater venues and restaurants predetermine the high recreational capacity of the territory (up to 500 people per hectare).

Depending on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, functional orientation, the territory of the hydropark is divided into the following functional zones: sports, entertainment, cultural and educational, children's play, service. Large areas of hydro parks should be accessible to residents of the city and should be served by public transport (suburban electric trains, metro, motor ships, boats, trams, trolleybuses, buses).

Children's parks. For the organization of children's parks, it is necessary to use favorable factors of the natural environment that promote active recreation, physical and mental development of children. The formation of park landscape design as an environment for children's recreation contributes to the figurative and cognitive content of its elements.

In children's parks, educational and health work for children by age groups: for preschoolers (up to 7 years old); junior schoolchildren (from 8 up to 11 years old); middle (from 12 to 14 years old) and older (from 15 to 16 years old) age.

Children's parks are divided into citywide and district.

Citywide children's park is a landscaped area with favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions with an area of ​​at least 8 hectares. On the territory of the park, it is desirable to have reservoirs, relief, contributing to the creation of a picturesque landscape design. The park should have convenient transport links with all areas of the city.

Regional children's parks with a service radius of up to 1 km are created in large cities. Regional children's parks occupy an area of ​​4 to 8 hectares. The attendance of district children's parks is determined approximately - at the rate of 20 ... 30% of the child population of the entire population of the district (city); of which: junior schoolchildren age - 30%; middle age - 50%; older age - 10%; preschoolers - 10%. According to calculations, up to about 100 m 2 of park area is accepted per visitor.

The functional and planning organization of the territory of the children's park is determined by the allocation of the following zones, depending on the sections of educational and recreational work:

Cultural educational zone (bonfire site, theater, circus, lecture hall, museum, reading room);

Physical education zone (stadium, sports grounds, swimming pool);

Zone of entertainment, games and attractions;

Quiet zone;

Service area (buffets, cafes for 50 ... 100 seats, kiosks with food, water, books, pay phones, toilets (at the rate of one toilet per 1 ... 3 hectares of territory));

Administrative and economic zone.

Cultural and educational zone located on an independent territory or divided by objects. When landscape designing a park, it can be interpreted as a central one. When placing a circus or theater that attracts many visitors, an unloading area and their connection with the main entrance are provided.

The size of the area and the width of the alley are calculated from the number of seats for spectators (200 ... 600 seats). A museum, an outdoor exhibition, an open lecture hall require a quieter location, they can be assembled as a single complex.

When creating a park near the Youth Palace, areas for young naturalists and young technicians are arranged. For the station of young naturalists, premises with an area of 200 ... 400 m 2 (greenhouse, greenhouses, meteorological station, field crops, horticulture, horticulture, floriculture, industrial crops, medicinal herbs, tree species). For the station of young technicians, rooms with an area of ​​200 ... 500 m 2 are needed, in which workshops (offices) are placed: electrical engineers, aircraft modeling, radio engineering, carpentry, plumbing, a planetarium, a pavilion for an exhibition, etc. Stations for young naturalists and young technicians occupy an area of ​​approximately 0.5…1.0 ha.

Physical Education Zone(for large parks) includes sports devices:

Stadium with stands for spectators: for 700…800 seats - for the district park; for 1500 or more seats - for a citywide park;

Volleyball courts (three courts of 14x23 m each);

Basketball courts (two courts of 20x30 m each);

Tennis courts (two courts of 20x40 m each);

Sites for cities (10x30 m in size), outdoor games (two or three sites 20x30 m each);

Solarium (lawn for sunbathing);

Aerarium (for air baths in the shade of trees, awnings or umbrellas);

Outdoor (summer) pool for swimming (plan size 12.5x6.25 m or 25x12.5 m with day depth from 0.4 to 1.2 m);

Jumping pool (jump height - 1 m; bottom depth - 3.5 m; bottom size - 9x7 m; tower 2x3 m high from the water level).

The sports zone houses pavilions for classes, wardrobes, showers, bike, ski and skate rentals, medical stations and rooms for coaches.

Entertainment zone, games And attractions include a main complex for shared use by all age groups and dedicated facilities for each age group of children. Game complexes for preschoolers and younger schoolchildren are recommended to be placed in separate areas near the main entrance. Types of playgrounds and their areas are given in Table. 1.

Table 1

Types of playgrounds and their areas

Playground types	Area of ​​playgrounds, m 2
Playgrounds for children: Up to 3 years 4…6 years 7…14 years old	10…100 120…300 50…2000
Game complexes for children under 14 years old	1200…7000
Physical culture and playgrounds: for children 10…15 years old for youth and adults	150…7000 10…7000

In modern children's parks, play complexes for children under 14 can be both multifunctional and specialized.

Polyfunctional complexes are characterized by a combination of gaming and cognitive elements, taken in each case in certain proportions (a sports and playground, a splash pool, attractions, a stage, a board game site, a zoo corner and a puppet theater).

Specialized complexes are characterized by the placement of playgrounds for sports and transport games, adventure playgrounds. Water areas include simple and figured showers, sprinklers, channels for launching boats, pools, cracker fountains. Figured showers, arranged on a concrete base, are more convenient and hygienic than "paddling pools" (splashing pools 0.1 ... 0.4 m deep). Currently, there are landscape design developments for site equipment for water games(toboggan, pools, showers) using unified standard parts made of reinforced concrete, reinforced cement, metal and plastics.

Sites for building games, depending on their functions, are arranged in the form of large complexes or small sites, equipped with pavilions for storing parts, materials, benches and tables for small models, design work, sun and rain awnings. Such play construction sites include the most common sand play areas, which are consistently popular with all age groups of children (from one year to 10 years and older). For games with sand, tables of different heights, benches, toboggans, houses, decorative walls with shelves, forms for sand products are provided.

As building materials for games, objects of various sizes and shapes made of wood, ceramics, plastics with localization can be used. a single building material at each site and unified modules, taking into account the variability of buildings of directional models (ships or cars, houses or palaces) and free themes. Transport play areas are used to teach children the rules of the road. Pedal cars, bicycles, scooters are intended for riding. In large parks, a children's railway (or cable car) can be provided for the convenience of moving park visitors and serving children.

As an example, we can cite sites with a set of equipment on the same theme in the "Grenham" park in Zurich (Switzerland), where a site was built on the theme "Sea Journey" with combined diverse equipment (a ship, a pool, a canal, a pyramid, a hill, a theater, a bike path ); in Central Park in New York (USA), where the play complex "Walking with adventures" - groups of two or three or more sites, each of which has a specific adventure theme. Children's zoos are spreading, instilling love and interest in the animal world and having an entertaining character (animal theaters, Noah's Ark, attractions). The territory of the children's park is divided into two zones: the exposition zone and the entertainment zone. Intra-park transport - children's railway.

When landscape designing a park, it is possible to provide for adventure game complexes (for example, a journey in the jungle, desert, sea, space, playing Indians, protecting fortifications, a fantastic country of the past with fabulous monsters, a country of dinosaurs, labyrinths, etc.). Game complexes can be designed with the division of space by walls made of concrete, plastic, wood and other materials, the creation of platforms of different heights.

Play equipment for children should be anti-vandal, bright, expressive and durable, have aesthetic qualities. The landscape design of the equipment adopts a "children's" scale, stimulating the imagination of children. It is important to rationally place the playing volumes, avoiding chaos and cluttering up the playing areas with an excessive amount of green spaces.

Quiet zone stands out, as a rule, in large children's parks. Under the territory of the zone are allocated areas with valuable qualities of landscape design - picturesque relief, water surfaces in the form of a lake, stream, river, an array of green spaces, open spaces of glades with a grassy cover. The territory of the quiet recreation area is decided by free (landscape) methods of planning and landscape composition. It is necessary to create a favorable recreational environment for adults with young children, to provide for a walking route that unites the entire territory of the zone, picturesque meadows, smooth lines of roads and alleys. The dimensions of the sites, the dimensions of the roads should be calculated in accordance with the recreational load on the territory of the zone. Sites, according to existing requirements, must be correctly oriented, provided with protection from wind and excessive solar radiation in the summer.

The architectural and planning solution of the territory, its landscaping and landscaping should be extremely clear, facilitating the orientation of visitors and meet the following basic requirements:

The volume-spatial structure should be formed according to the type of open and semi-open spaces, which are distributed over the territory of the park, taking into account climatic features of the region of the country;

The number of entrances to the park should be kept to a minimum;

The territory should not be crossed by transit roads;

Zones and their individual facilities serving a large number of visitors (stadium, exhibition, attractions) should be located closer to the entrance;

If the park is surrounded by residential areas, has a large territory, then in order to avoid the accumulation of children in one place, sectors (objects) should be duplicated;

When creating a park, it is necessary to design a protective strip of green spaces along the perimeter of the territory with a width of at least 10 m;

Green spaces on the territory must correspond to the location, natural conditions, planning solution;

The range of plants should be selected taking into account the age and interests of children; in order to get acquainted with local plants and the diverse flora of Russia, sites with ornamental, fruit and berry, technical and medicinal plants should be created (poisonous and thorny plants are excluded from the assortment);

In the play areas of preschoolers and younger schoolchildren, it is necessary to plant beautifully flowering trees and shrubs of small height, memorable landscape compositions from lianas, weeping tree forms, arrange themed flower beds, flower beds with clock plants, sculptures from ornamental herbaceous plants.

In the cities of the northern climatic zone in the children's park, as a rule, open spaces (glades, lawns) predominate, and in Central Russia and in the south - semi-open spaces with tapeworms or groups of trees that obscure the surfaces of coatings and lawns. The expanse of sun-drenched glades creates an optimistic, joyful emotional mood.

The road network of the children's park includes:

The main entrance alley (or two or three additional ones) with a width of 6 ... 8 m of the ring route, covering all areas of the park;

Roads within the zone with a width of 1.5 ... 2.0 m;

Narrow paths in separate sections of children's play areas.

The best pavements for playgrounds and roads of a children's park are crushed stone and gravel, rubber, curly cement-concrete at the main entrance, on observation decks, etc.

Small architectural forms, sculpture, bright spots of floral design should create a cheerful mood. When landscape designing, it is necessary to take into account that children's parks are characterized by a reduced scale of devices, structures, unusual and attractive structures.

Exhibition parks. Exhibition parks These are some kind of specialized parks. Such parks can be placed on a separate territory and as an exhibition sector on the territory of multifunctional parks, walking and sports parks. The placement of the park-exhibition in the plan of the city and the architectural and planning solution of its territory depend on the nature and duration of the exhibitions. Parks-exhibitions can be stationary, permanent, and irregular, timed to coincide with events, significant dates.

According to the purpose, the composition of the participants of the exposition, parks-exhibitions are divided into world, international, national, republican, regional, regional, city and district. The functions of exhibition parks are to familiarize with the achievements of science and technology, industry, agriculture and forestry, culture and gardening art. In landscape design, great importance is attached to the functional organization of the territory and the definition of the center of the entire landscape composition. The territory of the park-exhibition, as a rule, is divided into the following zones: exposition zone, park zone and entertainment zone - 60 ... .40%; administrative zone - 40…30%; economic zone - 2…3%; service area - 12 ... 20%.

When zoning the park-exhibition, the central sections are allocated for the exposition, and the peripheral areas (park zone, reservoirs) are used for recreation, children games and attractions. Parking lots occupying large areas are provided outside the exhibition park. For such objects, areas ranging from 100 to 500 ... 600 hectares are provided. In some cases, natural conditions are the compositional basis of exhibition complexes. A special group of exhibition parks are national exhibitions that introduce nature, industry, and culture of a given country.

An example is the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition of 1923, which was located on the banks of the Moskva River near the Krymsky Bridge (designed by architect I.V. Zholtovsky); later it was included in the boundaries of the Central Park of Culture and Recreation. Gorky. Flower exhibition parks are also known (for example, the Floriada exhibition). The park-exhibition in Lima (Peru) with an area of ​​150 hectares is peculiar. The leading theme is the ancient national culture. The park includes a zone of archaeological monuments, a botanical garden, "region of Peru" with an exposition of the "mountainous" region, "selva" region, zoo; museum of natural history of the country; children's recreation area; serving area. In 1939, the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSHV) was opened in the north of Moscow - unique in its significance in the political, economic, cultural life of the country and in its architectural and artistic solution. In 1957, along with the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, the All-Union Industrial Exhibition was organized on this territory. After their reconstruction, VDNH was created with an area of ​​350 hectares as the largest center with thematic exhibitions, conferences, symposiums, schools of excellence. A recreation area with cultural and entertainment facilities (cinema panorama, stage), commercial and consumer services enterprises (fair, pavilions, restaurants, cafes) has been organized on the territory of VDNKh.

Botanical gardens (parks). botanical gardens- it's kind of specialized parks, which are research institutions and are engaged in the study of the resources of domestic and world flora for the enrichment of agriculture and forestry, the provision of raw materials for the perfumery, medicinal and chemical industries. The tasks of the botanical gardens include the promotion of horticulture and green landscape construction. They differ in the profile of activities carried out in the garden, in the principles of placement and display of landscape expositions, geographical location, and area. Botanical parks are created both in open areas (for example, the botanical garden in Riga (Latvia)), and in forested areas (for example, the Main Botanical Garden at the Russian Academy of Sciences).

The history of the development of botanical gardens is inseparable from the history of the introduction and acclimatization of plants. From time immemorial, man has sought to enrich the flora of his area with plants from other areas that are useful for him, cultivation of local plants. The peoples of ancient civilizations - the Egyptians, the Babylonians - laid the gardens in which they grew plants brought from other countries (primarily decorative ones). The need to create a variety of plant collections in botanical gardens (especially when arranging landscape expositions according to systematic and geographical principles) contributed to the introduction of plants. The influx of foreign species increased under the influence of geographical discoveries, the development of navigation and the progress of vehicles.

In their historical development, botanical gardens gradually lost the narrow utilitarian features of apothecary gardens and acquired the character of scientific institutions. With the development of botany and the increase in the number of scientific personnel, botanical institutes were created at university departments, in which along with educational, research, introductory tasks, educational tasks were also set. Social changes and the growth of the needs of the national economy associated with them contributed to the organization of new botanical gardens with a new content of scientific activity. In the 50-60s. 20th century especially acute was the problem of protecting nature and the environment. Under these conditions, botanical gardens have become increasingly important as museums of wildlife, as reserves of rare and endangered species, as repositories of the genetic fund of varieties that may be lost to future generations.

When landscape designing a botanical garden, the following requirements should be taken into account:

The territory should be located at a sufficient distance from residential areas, utility and industrial facilities. Necessarily public transport services should be established;

When placing the territory, the strength and direction of the prevailing winds should be taken into account;

The territory should have a diverse landscape relief with water bodies and forests;

Soil conditions, both in terms of structure and chemical composition and moisture content, should be varied;

The territory must have sources of water supply.

The functional and planning organization of the territory should meet the tasks and purpose of the botanical garden. In accordance with this, the territory is divided into zones of botanical expositions, park, experimental works (sites of experimental introduction, breeding plots, experimental laboratory sites), nursery and greenhouses, greenhouse facilities, utility and service area. The most common expositions are the arboretum, rock garden, rose garden, gardens demonstrating the techniques of gardening art, the garden of local flora, botanical and geographical areas and collections of individual cultures, etc. The exposition of the botanical gardens is built according to the following principles:

Systematic (by families, genera, species and varieties);

Botanical-geographical (according to the areas of origin of plants);

Ecological (on the basis of natural habitat conditions, growth and development of plants);

Landscape and decorative (on a decorative basis);

Combined.

The main architectural and planning center of a large botanical garden is a complex of facilities for year-round visits, including exposition and stock greenhouses, a museum with a lecture hall, an administrative building, laboratories with experimental greenhouses, and a herbarium library. The total area of ​​economic plots and the greenhouse-greenhouse economy of the botanical garden is 10 .... 15% of the entire territory. The zone of botanical expositions occupies 50….70% of the total territory (Table 2).

table 2

Approximate ratios of the areas of exposition areas

exposition sites	Dimensions, %, when placing exposures
	systematic	botanical and geographical	ecological	landscape and decorative
Zone of botanical expositions
Park area				8…10
Sites of experimental work
Nursery, greenhouse
Roads, sites, sections of auxiliary structures
Economic and service areas

The centers of the landscape composition of the territory can be: entrance front a square with a parterre and a fountain, a decorative pond, a rose garden. The center of landscape composition in the University Garden of Riga (Latvia) is a tall tropical greenhouse with a rocky garden and azaleas. The placement of the exposition is subject to a certain display system - the main sightseeing route, a specialized route and additional roads within a separate exposition. Along the main excursion route, which unites the leading expositions of the garden, they arrange sites for the collection of sightseers, platforms for viewing expositions and recreation. The general road network of the botanical garden consists of transport roads (3.5 ... 4.0 m wide), pedestrian alleys (up to 6 m wide) and footpaths and paths (1.5 m wide).

The formation of the park landscape design of the botanical garden as a whole is carried out in accordance with the laws of landscape architecture, natural conditions and biological properties of plants. Landscapes are built on the contrast of open and closed spaces in proportions that correspond to a certain climatic zone.

zoological parks. Zoological parks (zoos)- these are research and cultural and educational institutions that acquaint the population with the animal world, promote the ideas of nature conservation, conduct experimental work in the field of animal biology, commercial hunting, hybridization, domestication of animals, etc. Zoos are the most important reserves of wild animals that preserve representatives of the wild fauna. According to 1979 data, there are more than 800 zoos in the world. Zoos vary in size and type - from a vivarium with one species of animals (aquarium, dolphinarium, etc.) to a safari park with a variety of collection of animals.

A modern zoo is a complex scientific, educational and cultural complex that combines animal expositions, a park area with lecture halls, an entertainment area and scientific laboratories. The zoo has all the elements of the landscape composition of the park (relief, ponds, green spaces, small-form architecture, sculpture). The architectural and planning landscape composition of the zoo should take into account the diversity of content, biological, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic requirements, as well as the availability of transport links.

The architecture of the planning of animal walks and structures in the zoos of the 19th century. differed by conditional exoticism and was solved in a monumental specific style of "false ethnographism". In the twentieth century there is a new principle of organizing zoos - creation of picturesque landscapes approaching natural ones, providing animals with more freedom, which led to an increase in the areas of zoos to 100 ... .200 hectares or more. So, in 1907, zoos appeared in Shtellingets near Hamburg, a zoo in Berlin. After the reconstruction of the Berlin Zoo in 1950, its area was 160 hectares. The zoogeographical principle of showing fauna was laid in the Berlin Zoo. There are two trends in the organization of modern zoos in Europe:

1) the creation of multi-purpose complexes - large structures with certain climatic conditions, designed to keep and demonstrate animals from different parts of the world at any time of the year and under any weather conditions (for example, the Alfred Brehm pavilion in Berlin with a building area of ​​5800 m 2);

2) formation of a landscape park (for example, in Dvur-Králové (Czech Republic)) with an area of ​​more than 100 hectares. In this zoo, 1,500 representatives of the fauna of all continents live in conditions close to natural, islands are framed by ditches or low fences. Similar safari zoos are available in San Diego in California (USA) - an area of ​​50 hectares, 5 thousand specimens of animals; near Paris (Thoiries) "African Reserve" with an area of ​​50 hectares, where visitors inspect the zoo in cars.

The term "zoo" has been in use since the beginning of the 20th century. in the future, the network of zoos is growing. When creating them, rich world experience is used, the planning system is being improved, becoming convenient for viewing and servicing by transport; modern buildings are designed with certain climatic conditions intended for the maintenance and animal demonstrations; laboratories and subsidiary farms are being built.

When landscape designing a zoo, it is necessary to ensure that the allotted territory is remote from city noise (desirable forested suburban areas), protected from cold winds and dry winds, has a rugged terrain, running water, green spaces, and the possibility of constructing reservoirs. It is necessary to provide for the arrangement of interchangeable walking areas for animals (for rest and disinfection) and green areas, the creation of pastures-lawns, the organization of auxiliary crops of fodder and an auxiliary animal park near the territory of the zoo, a reserve park area used for animals living in natural conditions (squirrels, hares , swans, peacocks, etc.). When landscape designing a zoo, it must be borne in mind that part of the territory should be allocated for the exposition and the park area. Approximate functional zoning, %, territories:

Exposure area………………………………………………………………………….Up to 5

Sanitary-veterinary and research zones…………………………Up to 2

Park area…………………………………………………………………………….Up to 30

Economic and administrative zone………………………………………………… Up to 3

Reserve zone…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The exposition can be organized according to one of the following principles:

Evolutionary (from the simplest animal species to anthropoids);

Systematic (families, genera, species);

Ecological (animals of the tundra, steppes, forests);

Zoogeographical;

Landscape-ecological.

IN exposition area aquariums for amphibians and fish (rivers, seas and commercial fisheries) are used, equipped with regular pools ranging from 2 to 50 m 2, as well as ponds and rivers; terrariums for reptiles with pools with an area of ​​1.5 ... 200.0 m 2 and rocky areas.

Aviation for forest, steppe predatory and nocturnal birds is arranged with separate aviaries and common summer grounds, fenced with nets; for tropical birds - with equipped greenhouses with tropical vegetation and pools; for ostriches - with open lawns and aviaries; for large and water birds - with pools and ponds with wetlands.

Zones of marsupials, rodents, insectivores, bats are arranged with special facilities, pens, cages, pools and streams.

Zones for pinnipeds and polar bears are equipped with structures and large deep pools (for pinnipeds - 20.5x9.2 m in size, from 0.85 to 1.85 m deep; for polar bears, two pools are provided with a size of 50.0x9.5 m, depth 3.5 m).

Herbivore zones are equipped with structures, pastures, cages, paddocks and streams.

In the monkey zone, special devices are provided to protect the monkeys from infection with infectious diseases. The young stock area must be visible.

Sanitary and veterinary And research zone consist of a laboratory, a hospital, an isolation ward, a young animal house and a quarantine department. It must be isolated from the landscape exposition and the utility yard by a strip of green spaces at least 200 m wide. The research zone includes facilities, greenhouses, and a pond. It is located on the periphery of the zoo and should have its own entrance.

Park area includes recreational areas, playgrounds and pony and camel rides, a film lecture hall, a museum, visitor service places, restaurants, cafes, cash desks, car parking lots.

Economic and administrative zone includes an administrative building, workshops, a garage, base warehouses, a feed kitchen, a boiler room. Basic gardens and feed kitchens should be located on the periphery, in places accessible to trucks, next to the places of exposure of animals that consume the largest amount of feed.

The architectural and planning landscape composition of the zoo territory depends on the existing landscape design, the surrounding territories and the possibility of its expansion. The need to place diverse elements of landscape exposition predetermines a polycentric landscape composition in zoos, which does not exclude the creation of a main center. It can be a park area with fountains, ponds, flower beds; complex of exposition pavilions; playground of popular animals or theater of animals.

For landscape design better view roads should be traced along the relief, high slopes, and resting places should be located taking into account visibility enclosures with animals that are interesting to watch for a longer time. In zoos, you can organize a number of excursions on systematic, ecological, zoogeographic routes. The rational organization of the route regulates the movement of visitors, does not allow crowds.

The landscaping of the zoo territory is subject to the tasks of the general exposition. As a background for the exposition, an artificial landscape design is often created: mountain, forest, steppe, landscape design with water (ponds, streams, lakes). Green spaces are designed in the form of various types: open lawns, groups and curtains of trees and shrubs, alleys, hedges. In the general balance of the territory, green spaces should occupy at least 30% of the entire territory.

When creating a zoo on a forested territory, the most forest-free areas, carefully preserving the surrounding forest, forming a park that creates a favorable background and a clean air pool (for example, the zoo in Riga (Latvia) near Lake Kish).

Enclosures, zoo facilities should be framed by groups of trees, shrubs, lianas, ornamental herbaceous plants. Landscaping of the shores of water bodies should, if possible, reproduce the natural coastal landscape. Terrariums are located among mountain landscape design, aviaries are planted with lianas outside, and corners with tropical flora are created for tropical birds.

memorial parks. memorial parks- this is a special type of specialized (monofunctional) parks as objects of landscape architecture, intended for the establishment of monuments, signs of memory, the organization of mass and individual burials.

Memorial parks are subdivided according to their significance and scale:

On monumental large ensembles (including memorial cemeteries);

Memorial territories with memorable signs;

Commemorative complexes of a wide urban character;

Memorial chamber ensembles;

Civic cemeteries, memory parks.

According to the principle of placement of memorial objects, memorial parks are divided into historical-documentary, town-planning and combined types.

Monumental large ensembles (including memorial cemetery). A prerequisite for the creation of the ensemble is the isolation of the monument and the space directly adjacent to it into a memorial zone. A special emotional atmosphere of memorial complexes is created while maintaining the material and spatial environment of a memorable event with the inclusion of commemorative signs, inscriptions, and individual monuments. This is a kind of museum, the exhibits of which carry information of historical authenticity, and at the same time it is a place where a heroic or tragic event took place.

Based on the analysis of the territories of memorial complexes in different cities, it can be concluded that the approximate rationing of territories and the ratio of areas to the total area.

An approximate distribution of the functional zones of the memorial park is given in Table. 3

Table 3

Approximate distribution of the functional areas of the memorial park

Zone	Distribution to the visitor, % of the total	Norm of area per visitor, m 2	Occupied area, % of the total area
Memorial	15…50	100…15	20…25
Quiet rest	45…50	100…150	50…55
Cultural and information	10…15	25…35	4…5
wellness	12…15	70…100	10…15
Children's	8…10	50…70	5…7
Household			1…3

The theme of the memorial is revealed by a plurality of information, which is characteristic feature of modernity. Memorial complexes predetermine such functional processes as tourist pilgrimage, rituals, processions and others, requiring significant distances from the buffer zone, parking lot to the entrances to the memorial zone and further to the neutral solemn site to the compositional dominant of the memorial - the museum part. The landscape organization of modern memorial complexes is based on the principles of artistic formation of space. The correct orientation of the architectural spaces of memorials, the study of the possibilities of their optical connection with the surrounding nature, the study of the compositional structure of natural forms and their potentialities help to form future ensembles of memorial complexes.

Memorial territories with commemorative signs. commemorative sign, commemorative inscription carry historical information. Depending on the task and location, they can be accented with floral decoration (flower garden, vase of flowers), vines, shrubs, trees.

The preservation of the spatial environment became the starting line for the construction of monuments - the ensembles of the heroic Brest Fortress, the tragic Salaspils and Khatyn. In St. Petersburg, in the area of ​​​​the former Commandant airfield, a memorial sign marks the place of death of Captain L.M. Matsievich. When organizing a new residential area in its center, an esplanade was designed with a parterre around a memorial plate with the inscription: “Here he fell victim to duty on September 24, 1910, flying on a Farman airplane, Captain Lev Makarovich Matsievich of the corps of naval engineers of the fleet.”

The following estate museums are national relics: Pushkinsky reserve, Yasnaya Polyana, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, Polenovo, Penaty, Priyutino and others, the safety of which depends on a number of factors: the structure and nature of the economy of the adjacent area, transport accessibility, environmental protection measures, etc.

Geographers - landscape scientists offer a differentiated approach to the use of landscapes with full or partial reservation of some and the expedient use of others with sufficient economic justification.

Commemorative complexes of a wide urban character. For memorial complexes located in the urban environment, the correct architectural and planning organization of the territory immediately adjacent to the monument (memorial) is essential. In accordance with this, the compositions of the memorial and the surrounding spaces, the zones of approach and viewing it from near and far viewing points, which will help a rational architectural and planning solution. Small architectural and sculptural details or colossal details from close viewing points are unacceptable for viewing in conditions of great remoteness.

. Memorial chamber ensembles- these are memorable places associated with the place of birth, life and work of remarkable people of our Motherland, or places of historical events. A special place among memorial chamber ensembles is occupied by the estates of writers, artists, scientists, artists, etc. The memorial ensemble is preserved with components that existed during the life of prominent people or at the time of a historical event. Parking lots, tourist services, and, if necessary, hotels are organized in the buffer zone. Manor architecture, planning of parks of the late XV111-X1X centuries. scale and typologically reflect certain trends, general patterns of construction, but at the same time, each estate is characterized by the tastes and interests of its owner.

During the construction of new estates, it is necessary to preserve the existing plantings on the territory as much as possible. When restoring old estates, depending on the state of structures, plantings, available documentation (iconography, descriptions, etc.), the method of restoration is determined. When restoring old estates, excursion routes are developed that contribute to the preservation of the landscape.

Memorial garden and park ensembles are dedicated to significant historical events. They clearly show the rich expressive possibilities of interaction between nature and works of monumental and decorative art.

Russian historical and artistic memorial ensembles of the 1111th century. occupied large areas (150…300 ha). Peterhof and Strelna were created near St. Petersburg in honor of the victory over the Swedes in the Northern War. The Catherine Park in Pushkin is a complex of monuments dedicated to the victories in the Russian-Turkish wars. The idea of ​​Russian naval victories was embodied in Peterhof. Such an idea was expressed in the connection of the ensemble with the sea, in the rich use of water in fountains, cascades, pools, thematic sculpture, in the views of the sea opening from the windows of the palace, etc. Park landscapes were conceived monumentally, on a large scale, with deep perspectives (300…500…1500) and wide open spaces (2…15 ha). Buildings, small architectural forms, sculpture, the surrounding park landscape are imbued with a single meaning. Park ensembles are part of the general plan of a city or region and must be linked to the surrounding landscape.

Civic cemeteries, memory parks. The problem of organizing the territory of burials is a complex problem, consisting of various urban planning, planning, compositional and functional aspects of the architectural construction of space, all the more complex because of its involvement in an emotional and psychological event - a mourning ritual.

memory park It is a specially allocated territory with natural conditions favorable for burial, transport links and individual architectural and artistic characteristics depending on natural conditions and traditions.

Cemetery- public area. Its improvement, architectural and landscape features are subject to the same requirements as to others. elements of the city. In large cities, provided with well-developed transport links, cemeteries can be moved to the suburban area. In small towns, one or two cemeteries are being designed, in large cities - 5 ... 10 cemeteries (depending on the number of residents). Burial ritual, monuments, decoration of graves in each country have their own characteristics and traditions.

All areas of the cemetery must have an original appearance. Burial places should tell about the virtues of the living and departed people. Fences, catchy huge monuments are unacceptable (the height of a stone monument should be no more than 60 cm). It is recommended to install a small stone, a tombstone on the graves, arrange a green carpet of ground cover plants, a border of cut shrubs. This is how the existing cemeteries of Riga and Tallinn look like, where each grave is kept in exemplary order, preserved unity with nature, creates an atmosphere of tranquility. Each allotted area creates a particle of a harmonious whole, obeying the general requirements.

Cemeteries are divided into ordinary civil (regular and forest), crematoria with columbariums and memorial.

They should be located no closer than 500 ... 1000 m to the nearest residential areas, in quiet places, away from noise sources and have convenient transport links with various areas of the city. Allotment of plots for cemeteries is carried out in agreement with local sanitary authorities, which impose special requirements on soils. The most suitable are sands, sandy loams and loams at a depth of groundwater (at least 3 m from the surface of the earth) in the absence of sanitary-harmful factors (landfills, etc.). In cases of need allotment of a site for a cemetery with a high standing of groundwater arranges drainage.

The size of the cemetery, based on the number of residents living in the city, is taken as 25 hectares per 100,000 city residents (together with buildings, squares and roads). 60% of the cemetery area is allocated directly for burial (for adult graves - 250 ... 120 cm, for children under 10 years old - 150 ... 75 cm). The distances between the graves should be at least 1.0 m along the long side, and at least 0.5 m along the short side.

The cemetery is subdivided into a territory with burials; a square with a ritual building (for memorial services) and an administrative building; entrance area with parking lots (1000…5000 m2) and flower shops; economic territory with warehouses, greenhouses, workshops for the manufacture of monuments, tomb wreaths, etc. The width of the driveways is accepted equal to 5.0 ... 6.5 m, alleys - 3.0 ... 3.5 m, additional roads - 1.5 ... 2.0 m.

The burial area is divided into sections or quarters (with an area of ​​up to 0.5 hectares, plots with 200 ... 400 burials). The design of each burial site is decided individually. The site can be framed by a living (shorn) hedge of brilliant cotoneaster, common barberry, alpine currant, western arborvitae, etc. Flowering plants are recommended at the burial site, such as daisy, viola, begonia, marigolds, lobelia (preferably one color), or decorative -deciduous (sedum, irezine, alternantera, cineraria), or lawn grasses, etc.

The general view of the cemetery, its architectural and spatial solution are determined by a combination of natural and architectural elements, their harmonious relationship. When designing a cemetery, the nature of the territory is taken into account, the existing plantings and relief, the features of the landscape are preserved. When laying cemeteries in the forest park territory, work is carried out to form the landscape. At the same time, backstage plantings are left along the roads, as well as along the boundaries of the territory (width - at least 10 ... 15 m).

When organizing a cemetery in an open area, preliminary work is carried out to improve the territory - the territory is planted with greenery before the official opening of the cemetery for burials. Forest cemeteries have a landscape character, preserving the existing plantings and relief as much as possible. The center of the composition is also highlighted here, roads are traced, clearly dividing it into sections. Entrance and ritual squares are formalized strictly and ceremonially - coniferous species are used with inclusions of decorative weeping forms of deciduous and coniferous species, flower beds, ridges, as well as reservoirs, pools, and sculpture.

The center of the composition of the territory of the cemetery should be a square with a ritual building or a central ritual square with a monument, a memorial column, a pool, a parterre with flower beds, etc. , drinking fountains.

Modern practice assumes a density of up to 1000…1200 burials per 1 hectare of the cemetery. In large cities, for more economical use of the territory, it is recommended to build crematoria. The construction of columbarium cemeteries does not require a sanitary break zone (500 m), as for ordinary cemeteries, which also significantly reduces the need for land. In the territory In the crematorium, a columbarium (a pavilion for storing urns), columbar walls (sometimes combining the task of a fence along the boundaries of the cemetery) are being built, accepting for burial (depending on the architecture and design of the columbarium) from 14 to 100 thousand urns per 1 ha.

In recent years, the mass attendance of cemeteries has grown, so they should be designed as a kind of quiet recreation parks with a clear architectural and planning solution, with expressive landscapes in short-term recreation areas, at honorary burials, and at a ritual building. The search for land, the rational planning of cemeteries are serious problems for large cities. For example, according to the Department of Public Utilities, around and in the center of St. Petersburg there are cemeteries covering an area of ​​1500 hectares, the problem of improvement of which must be solved in such a way that in the future these territories will become either parks or architectural and historical reserves. It is necessary to identify the possibilities of using the territories of old, closed cemeteries for burials after cremation, since their liquidation is associated with the difficulties of reburials. The memorial complex as an element of the urban environment has a certain general cultural significance that has an impact on social psychology. Here you can feel the living connection of times and generations.

Boulevards are landscaped areas of a linear shape, created along highways, residential streets and embankments, pedestrian routes in residential areas. Boulevards are intended for pedestrian traffic, walks and short-term recreation of the population.

In urban planning practice, several types of boulevards have developed in the urban environment:

Boulevards along streets and highways, mainly of regional significance;

Boulevards along the embankments along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, lakes, seas - seaside boulevards;

Boulevards in the form of rings, covering the central parts of historical cities and fortifications created on the site - ramparts.

According to their layout, boulevards can be divided into:

Boulevards with a regular layout and symmetrical placement of the main landscape gardening roads and alleys

Boulevards with asymmetric placement of the main alley;

Open-plan boulevards, including elements of regular and landscape planning

The length and width of the boulevard are determined depending on the class of the highway and street, its planning solution and the architecture of the adjacent buildings. All structures should be harmoniously combined with green spaces, as the main planning component of the territory.

Entrances to the boulevard should be provided along its long sides every 150 ... 300 m. On district highways and on streets with heavy traffic, the entrances to the boulevard must be linked to pedestrian crossings and public transport stops. On the short side of the boulevard - "head" - they arrange the main entrance in the form of a wide platform, where they design a fountain, a flower bed or erect a monument.

Boulevards on highways with heavy traffic must be shifted from the axis of the highway, between the carriageway and the sidewalk, for example, towards a shopping center or towards residential development. On busy highways, it is possible to arrange two boulevard lanes relative to the axis of the street. This is primarily due to the accessibility of the territory of the boulevard for pedestrians. Boulevards on residential streets can be placed along the axis of the street.

Esplanade boulevards are created in the city centers, with the predominant parterre solution to reveal the architectural and artistic qualities of the building. The open type of the spatial structure of plantings prevails.

The main planning elements of the boulevards are: the main pedestrian path (planning axis), minor and additional paths for short-term rest, entrances in the form of wide paths or platforms. The width of the tracks is set according to

on the intensity of pedestrian traffic. At the entrances to the playgrounds and along the main path, it is recommended to place benches for relaxation, fountains and pools. The main path of the boulevard must have a durable structure of clothing, covered with tiles or special crushed stone mixtures. Secondary paths may have crushed stone coatings from special mixtures.

When designing boulevards on streets and highways, it should be taken into account that plantings should play both a decorative and sanitary-hygienic, protective role. Along the perimeter of the boulevard lanes from the side of the carriageway, trees and shrubs are provided that are resistant to dust and gases.

When designing boulevards, the density (density) of plantings, as well as the age and size of the planting material, are set individually, depending on the purpose of the boulevard and its location in the urban environment.

Boulevards on the embankments. This type of boulevards actively shape the environment and give it a unique character.

The boulevards along the banks of rivers, lakes, seas, in many respects, in their layout and purpose, resemble wide boulevards on the streets in residential areas. However, their difference lies in the fact that they are directly adjacent to the coastline of one of their sides and should visually unite riverine landscapes and the urban environment. Such "linear" gardens are also created on the banks of large reservoirs. Three main schemes for planning embankments-boulevards can be distinguished:

symmetrical, with a central alley;

asymmetric - the planning axis is shifted towards the coastline;

free - on wide strips over 50 m.

Boulevards, or linear gardens, along the embankments are not recommended to be combined with the traffic of highways. The coastline and the strip along the river or lake (sea) must be used exclusively for recreation and walking. Entrances should be provided both along the long side, along the coastline, and on the short sides that limit the territory. On the territory of the boulevard-embankment, recreation areas are provided, from which perspectives on the water surface are revealed. Part of the layout of such a garden is the descents to the water in the form of stairs, as well as piers, parking lots, cafes, etc.

The volumetric-spatial structure of boulevard plantings on the embankments is mainly of open and semi-open types. In conditions of excessive solar radiation, it is necessary to provide closed spaces, especially in areas of mass recreation and along walking alleys.