Scientific electronic library. Recreational, therapeutic and adaptive swimming

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The textbook discusses the value of swimming in the system of health improvement and rehabilitation of a person, reveals the features of conducting classes in adaptive, therapeutic and health-improving swimming. This book systematizes and summarizes the experience of domestic and foreign experts in the organization and methodology of conducting swimming lessons with different categories of people in need of rehabilitation, with the aim of their physical and social adaptation. In addition to detailed practical recommendations, there is an illustrative material that helps to understand the technique of performing a particular exercise.

The work was published in 2018 by Urait publishing house. The book is included in the series "Bachelor. Academic Course". On our site you can download the book "Adaptive and therapeutic physical culture. Swimming 3rd ed., Per. and add. Tutorial for an academic undergraduate" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The book's rating is 5 out of 5. Here you can also refer to the reviews of readers who are already familiar with the book before reading and find out their opinion. In the Internet In our partner's store you can buy and read the book in hard copy.

One of the areas of adaptive physical culture is sports for people with disabilities with lesions of the musculoskeletal system. Adaptive sport for persons with damage to the organs of support and movement most fully and comprehensively reflects the main tasks of adaptive physical culture. It has become widespread not only abroad, but also in Russia. In addition, it has a pronounced progressive development trend. The proof of this is Paralympic games held in the world since 1960 and Russia's participation in them since 1996

The analysis of literary sources of domestic and foreign authors, many years of practical experience of foreign and domestic specialists, and studies have shown that the development and formation of the physical culture, health and sports movement of people with disabilities with lesions of the musculoskeletal system in Russia, as well as abroad, goes through three stages:

In Russia: therapeutic physical culture (until 1979); physical culture and sports for the disabled (1980-1995); adaptive physical culture (1996 - present).

Abroad: therapeutic physical culture (until 1947); rehabilitation sports (1948-1959); disabled sports (1960 - present).

As a result of a long-term natural pedagogical experiment, the features of the content of adaptive sports for people with lesions of the musculoskeletal system, the basic principles, functions, tasks, means were revealed; the definition of sports and medical classification is given, indications and contraindications for classes are developed and tested; organizational bases are concretized.

The peculiarity of the content of adaptive sports for people with lesions of the musculoskeletal system is that the object of knowledge and influence are people with different, heterogeneous lesions; amputations, injuries and diseases of the spinal cord, consequences of cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis. All this is a significant impact on the philosophy, goals, principles, functions of adaptive sports.

The main principles of adaptive sports include three groups of principles: socio-psychological, specific and general methodological. We consider adaptive sports for people with impaired functions of the musculoskeletal system as a therapeutic and social pedagogical process that implements competitive, health-improving, recreational, informational and humanistic functions.

In adaptive sports, various types are used: some of them are completely transferred from healthy people, others are adapted (adapted to the limited abilities of the disabled), and others are specific, specially created for them. In addition, they are divided into Paralympic and sports that are not included in the program of the Paralympic Games. The choice of a sport depends on the degree and level of damage, indications and contraindications, taking into account the sports and medical classification.

Swimming as a therapeutic and rehabilitation event is part of the so-called hydrokinesitherapy. The term, formed from the Greek words "water", "movement", "treat" most fully reflects the essence of this method. It is based on therapeutic use. physical exercise in water in combination with underwater massage and used in aquatic environment orthopedic devices.

Underwater massage and orthopedic products are used in special medical institutions, but therapeutic swimming and physical therapy you will be able to practice on your own, “if you learn the instructions and principles of doing the exercises well.

Swimming and physiotherapy in water are invaluable for post-traumatic patients and patients with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

The thermal features of cold water increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental influences and contribute to the hardening of the body. Warm water reduces pain. Therefore, a decrease in strength observed with limited mobility in the joints, accompanied by pain, therapeutic exercises in water has advantages over exercises on land.

Water has an effect on the motor apparatus: to maintain the body on the surface of the water with the head raised, the effort of each hand is 300-400 g, and when swimming this effort increases several tens of times, increasing muscle strength, acting on all skin integuments, water simultaneously increases the electrical activity of biocurrents , tension, forcing all nerve cells to work in full force. Swimming increases the stability of the vestibular apparatus. In this case, the so-called anti-gravity reflexes arise, which help in orientation, maintaining balance. There is a balancing of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex.

Swimming as a means of correcting posture disorders

Posture is the habitual position of the body at rest in motion, this is the posture of a person standing at ease, which he takes without unnecessary muscle tension. Posture reflects not only the physical, but also the mental state of a person, his mood and even character. Head and shoulders down, stooped back, bent knees can indicate shyness, passivity of a person, or that he is sick. Correct posture- it's not just beautiful. This is evidence that you are confident and prosperous.

With bad posture, the whole body suffers. There are gross violations in the work of all its organs and systems, the normal activity of the cardiovascular system is distorted, breathing becomes difficult, fatigue appears, and poor health.

Violations of posture lead to a number of serious diseases. First of all - to diseases of the spine and roots of the spinal cord. And this, in turn, leads to a deterioration in the work of those organs that they control.

Posture is determined, firstly, by the state of the muscular apparatus, that is, the degree of development of the muscles of the neck, back, chest, abdomen and lower extremities, as well as the functionality of the muscles, its ability to long-term static stress. Secondly, the elastic properties of the intervertebral discs, cartilaginous and connective tissue formations of the joints of the spine, which determine the mobility of the spine, as well as the pelvis and lower extremities. Thirdly, the condition of the feet and legs in general.

The spinal column is the main support of the trunk, head, and limbs. The normal spine is a wavy line of alternating wave-like bends: cervical and lumbar (bulge forward), thoracic and sacrococcygeal (bulge back). These bends help maintain balance, soften shocks and tremors when moving. They are formed during the growth of the spine. The neck is formed when the child begins to raise his head and is fixed as the neck muscles develop; the thoracic curve appears when the child begins to sit, the lumbar - the code gets to his feet. It is believed that by the age of 6-7 the bends are already clearly expressed, by the age of 14-15 they become almost constant, and finally formed by the age of 20-25. That is why you need to be very attentive to the spine in younger age. When it is still flexible and pliable, when the process of ossification has not yet occurred, excessive physical exertion, incorrect postures, prolonged unilateral muscle tension can lead to posture disorders. The probability of various curvature of the spine at the age of 13-15 years is especially high - during the period of increased growth of the skeletal system with a certain lag in the development of muscles. This is the so-called period of secondary stretching, when the growth of the body in length increases sharply, with which the disproportion in the development of bones, ligaments and muscles of the growing organism is associated. All this should convince us that the state of posture must be monitored from early childhood.

To begin with, we list the signs of correct posture:

1. Symmetry of the location of body parts

regarding the spine.

2. The head is in a vertical position, the chin is slightly raised (but not so much, however, that nothing can be seen under the eyes), the line along the lower edge of the orbit to the tragus of the ear is strictly horizontal.

3. The line of the shoulder girdle is horizontal.

4. The chest has neither protrusions nor protrusions in front and behind.

5. The shoulder blades are pressed to the body, the angles of the shoulder blades are on the same horizontal line.

6. The abdominal wall is vertical, the navel is in the midline.

7. Legs when viewed from the side are straight.

8. Angle of inclination of the pelvis 35-55 degrees.

With proper posture, the walls will touch the heel, calf muscles, buttocks, shoulder blades and back of the head. From the same starting position, one can good exercise for posture correction. Try to become exactly the way it should look, if the posture is correct, slightly tighten the muscles, make them remember this position, stay in this position for 10 to 30 seconds. Then, while keeping it, take two steps away from the wall.

Usually there are 3 degrees of posture disorder:

Grade I is characterized by slight changes in posture.

II degree is characterized by an increase in the number of symptoms of incorrect posture, which are quite easily eliminated if the spine is unloaded in a horizontal position or when suspended

Postural disorders of the III degree are not eliminated during unloading of the spine.

In preschool children, I-II degrees of posture disorder are most common, in schoolchildren of II-III degrees.

There are five types of posture disorders in the sagittal plane, a decrease or increase in physiological curves.

With an increase in physiological curves, stoop, round back and round-concave back are distinguished.

The stoop is characterized by an increase in the ore bend with a simultaneous decrease in the lumbar.

A round back (kyphosis) is characterized by an increase in the thoracic curve with an almost complete absence of the lumbar curve. Therefore, it is also called total kyphosis. The head is also tilted forward, the shoulders are lowered and adducted, the shoulder blades are behind, the legs are at the knees. In addition, there is a retraction of the chest, flattening of the buttocks, weakening of the muscles of the body. A person can assume correct posture only for a short time. A round-concave back is distinguished by an increase in everything in the spine, too much angle of the pelvis. head and upper shoulder girdle tilted forward, the abdomen protrudes forward and hangs down, muscle underdevelopment abdominals can lead to visceroptosis - prolapse of the abdominal organs. The knee joints are maximally extended, even their hyperextension can be observed.

Classes in water with violations of posture allow you to solve two problems at once: correction for violations from the unloading position of the spine and hardening. The second is especially important for weakened children, most of whom suffer from posture disorders. To achieve the best effect, the water should not be cold - not lower than 28-29 °. Otherwise, the desired effect of unloading the spine will not be achieved.

Prolonged unloading of the spine in the water makes it possible to perform a variety of exercises without damage, combining them with the acquired skills of various swimming styles. An approximate lesson plan for children of nine to ten years of age is as follows: an introductory part (6 minutes), consisting of general developmental exercises for all muscle groups, and the main part of the lesson, which lasts 25-30 minutes:. .

1. In the position on the chest, sliding is performed at a distance of 5-6 m, exhale into the water. After exhalation, the head should be raised, inhale, repeat the slide. The whole cycle is repeated 2 times.

2. Starting position - standing at the bottom, (water reaches the neck), arms to the sides, palms forward. Connect the palms, evenly overcoming the resistance of the water, turn the hands with the back surface, spread the arms with full amplitude to the side-back position. The number of repetitions is 6-8 times.

3. Starting position - standing with your back to the handrail, arms to the sides, grip on the handrail. Step forward,

bend over, straighten up. The number of repetitions is 6-8 for each leg.

Conclusion

Swimming is characterized by a combined effect on the body of movements and stay in the aquatic environment. At the same time, hemodynamics is activated, metabolism increases, movements of atrophic muscles are facilitated. Swimming significantly reduces the support load on the spine and lower limbs. It is used to improve the function of the cardiorespiratory system. This happens due to the rhythmic work of the muscles, while improving cardiac activity, increasing the mobility of the chest, increasing the vital capacity of the lungs. Due to the high water resistance and the active alternation of tension and relaxation of different muscle groups, swimming increases their endurance and strength. Also, water activities can participate in a weight loss program. For 30 minutes of swimming, you can burn 260 calories by increasing energy consumption by 2 to 3 times, since the thermal conductivity of water is 25 times greater than that of air.

Swimming is also an excellent means of preventing and correcting posture disorders, scoliosis, and flat feet. The mechanism of action is simple, during swimming, the static load on the spine is reduced, the imbalance of the back muscles, which leads to spinal curvature, is leveled. At the same time, the active movement of the legs in the water in an unsupported position strengthens the feet and prevents the development of flat feet.

Regular swimming exercises have a positive effect on the whole body. The general tone of the body increases, endurance increases, movements improve, nervous system sleep becomes stronger, appetite improves. Regular exercise promotes the growth and strengthening of bone tissue.

Where to begin.

In a swimming pool with a lane length of 25 meters, it is recommended to swim 4 lengths at a time and only then rest. With this approach, you will quickly train your lungs and get stronger.

Swim at your normal pace for two lengths, then go faster, but don't overdo it. The fourth track should be sailed on top speed. Over time, you can move on to a more difficult mode - two sets of four tracks with acceleration, but without rest between them.

You can also take a different approach: swim two lengths of the pool at a normal pace, one at a fast pace, and again two at a normal pace and one at a fast pace.

Beginners should start with one track, gradually increasing the pace and increasing the length of the heats. Of every four tracks, one must be overcome at maximum speed. Add more variety to your activities: set difficult goals for yourself, watch the actions of other swimmers, adopt their techniques, etc. If you practice constantly, you will improve your fitness very quickly, increasing strength and endurance.

Bibliography:

1. Adaptive physical culture. // Bibliographer, index. -SPb., 2000.

2. Aitsaam M, "Invasport" and its role in the rehabilitation of the disabled. //Recommendations and proposals scientific-practical. conf. "On the social activity of pensioners". - Tallinn, 1985. -p. 38-41. 3. Aliyev A. Mercy: from slogans to deeds. - M .: Sport games, No. 7, 1989. -p. 9.

4. Anokhin P.K. General principles of compensation for impaired functions and their physiological justification. - M.: Medgiz, 1956. -p. 34.

FEDERAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT AGENCY

SMOLENSKY BRANCH OF GOU VPO "MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF COMMUNICATIONS"

(SMOLENSKY BRANCH OF MIIT)

SPECIALTY:270102

DIVISION: DAY

Presentation on theme: "Adaptive swimming. Swimming training for people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Completed by: student of group 3GS-4(d)

Mikhailenko D.V.

Checked by: senior lecturer

Nikolskaya T.V.

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Adaptive sport concept and essence

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... adaptive improve their quality of life and social justification interactions persons With violations... run, swimming, throwing, ... learning diverse motor ... violations body systems (respiration, cardiovascular system, support- motor apparatus ...

Mytsyk Irina Alexandrovna- student of the Orenburg State Institute of Management. (OGIM, Orenburg).

Brovikov Dmitry Vladimirovich- teacher of physical education at the Orenburg State Institute of Management. (OGIM, Orenburg).

Annotation: Adaptive swimming plays an important role in the rehabilitation of people with disabilities with lesions of the musculoskeletal system; adaptive swimming is necessary for people with these disabilities.

Keywords: Sports, adaptive swimming, adaptive sports, disabled people, musculoskeletal system, health-improving.

One of the areas of adaptive physical culture is sports for people with disabilities with lesions of the musculoskeletal system. Adaptive sport for persons with damage to the organs of support and movement most fully and comprehensively reflects the main tasks of adaptive physical culture. It has become widespread not only abroad, but also in Russia. In addition, it has a pronounced progressive development trend. Proof of this is the Paralympic Games, held in the world since 1960 and Russia's participation in them since 1996.

Adaptive sports use different kinds: some of them are completely transferred from healthy people, others are adapted (adapted to the limited abilities of disabled people), others are specific, specially created for them. First of all, the choice of a sport depends on the degree and level of damage, indications and contraindications, taking into account the sports and medical classification.

Adaptive swimming is a physical and sports water discipline for which special competitive programs and standards have been developed that take into account the characteristics and capabilities of persons with mental disabilities.

Swimming training for persons with disabilities in all civilized countries solves the problem of national importance, since it serves as the main preventive measure in eliminating accidents on the water.

Swimming as a therapeutic and rehabilitation event is part of the so-called hydrokinesitherapy. It is based on the use of physical exercises in water for therapeutic purposes in combination with underwater massage and orthopedic means used in the aquatic environment.

Underwater massage and orthopedic products are used in special medical institutions, but you can do therapeutic swimming and physiotherapy exercises on your own, “if you understand the instructions and principles of performing exercises well.

Swimming and therapeutic exercises in water are of invaluable importance for post-traumatic patients and patients with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Water has an effect on the motor apparatus: to maintain the body on the surface of the water with the head raised, the effort of each hand is 300-400 g, and when swimming this effort increases several tens of times, increasing muscle strength, acting on all skin integuments, water simultaneously increases the electrical activity of biocurrents , tension, forcing all nerve cells to work at full strength. Swimming increases the stability of the vestibular apparatus

Adaptive sport, being one of the types of adaptive physical culture, allows for effective physical rehabilitation of persons with lesions of the musculoskeletal system, their socialization, integration into society and the implementation of a lifestyle characteristic of the relevant historical conditions.

Bibliography

1. Particular methods of adaptive physical culture. Textbook. Under total ed. prof. L.V. Shapkova. – M.: Soviet sport, 2007. - 608 p.

2. Technologies of physical culture and sports activities in adaptive physical culture: Textbook. Authors-compilers O.E. Aksenova, S.P. Evseev. - M.: Soviet sport, 2005. - 296 p.