Distances at the Olympic Games. Swimming (at sports distances). History of sprinting

History of running

The first Olympic competitions BC were held only in running. According to legend, the first Olympic Games were organized by Hercules in 1210 BC. e. From 776 BC e. records were kept of the games of the Olympiad, which were held only in running for one stage (192 m). In 724 BC. e. Added competition in two stages. In 720 BC. e. a seven-stage race was added and, as an example to the winner, athletes began to compete naked, this was facilitated by the culture of society that extolled tanned athletic bodies. Women of childbearing age were not allowed to play, only men competed in the race.

Running and running competitions are known in the history of a "reasonable" person at all times, on all continents, all peoples, starting from a "skillful" person. These are the physical exercises that were necessary for girls ancient greece for the birth of healthy children. (Aristotle wrote about this, criticizing legislation that does not oblige parents to play sports with girls)

Running is the simplest, most accessible and physiological sport. It would seem that it could be easier - put on sportswear, sneakers, go to the park or the stadium and run to your health. However, such a simple approach often turns into overwork, injury and frustration for beginners.

Gordon Pirie

For productive classes, not only the right equipment is necessary, but also some technical preparedness. So, the running technique is of great importance, the correct calculation of the training intensity, the frequency of classes, proper nutrition and even shoes.

Runners' Success Secrets

Do you want to run efficiently, feel the joy of training, avoid injuries? All the wisdom of running classes will be revealed to you by a famous athlete Gordon Peary in his book Run Fast and Injury Free. Multiple British champion at various running distances, medalist Olympic Games and the famous record holder shares his sports experience, recommendations for building training program, the secrets of preparation and recovery of the body, the nuances of running techniques and competitive strategies.

This book will be useful not only for novice runners, but also for professional athletes who want to eliminate obstacles on the way to victories, improve the level of training and achieve high results.

Way to success

Gordon Peary, born in 1931 in Britain, began his sports career in 1948. That year, Emil Zatopek won the London Olympics. It was his achievements that prompted Gordon Peary to start active running training. And the result was not long in coming.

Gordon Peary

The beginning of the 50s was marked for Piri by a whole series of victories and records. In 1951, at a distance of 6 miles, he set a record, which he himself updated over the next two years, twice (28 minutes, 19.4 seconds).

The next "fruitful" year for success in Gordon Peary's career was 1953. The National Cross Country Championship brought him the title of winner, and records at distances of 5000 meters (14 min 02.6 sec) and 10000 meters (result of 29 min 17.2 sec). In addition, he became the winner and record holder in the 3-mile run, and also set a world record in the 4x1500-meter relay. This was followed by a victory in the 1 mile run, where Gordon beat the famous American athlete Wes Santee with a time of 4:06.8, demonstrating the breadth of his range of running abilities. By the way, the winner National Championship Great Britain in cross-country Peary became three times.

Strong rivals - a reason to work on yourself

The year 1956 was successful, but difficult for Gordon Pirie. In the race, held on June 19 in Bergen, Peary set a new world record in the 5000 meters, covering this distance in 13 minutes 36.8 seconds. At the same time, he improved his previous record by 25 seconds and overtook his main rival, the famous Vladimir Kuts, by 3 seconds. And three days later followed new victory- Piri ran 3000 meters in 7 minutes 55.6 seconds.

Gordon Peary

The confrontation between Vladimir Kuts and Gordon Peary continued at the Olympic Games in Melbourne. In the 10,000 meters, Pirie and Kutz initially set a very high pace, but several powerful snatches exhausted the British athlete too much, as a result of which Kutz climbed to the top of the podium with a time of 28:45.6. Piri came only eighth. But the failure did not break the runner.

Piri took into account his mistakes and after five days in the race for 5000 meters he chose a different tactic. True, the championship again remained with Kuts (as well as another Olympic record - 13 minutes 39.86 seconds). But Gordon came in second with a time of 13:50.78.

Sports centenarian

Gordon Peary is a real long-liver in sports. 13 years into his career, he was still setting records. In 1961, Gordon Pirie celebrated his decade of achievement in the 3-mile run with a new British record - 3 miles in 13 minutes 16.4 seconds.

Sports centenarian

Leaving professional sports did not force him to give up running. For a long time he participated in amateur races, continued daily classes. For many famous athletes, Piri became a coach and mentor.

His career lasted a total of about 45 years and ended, as befits a true athlete, with a record. During his life, he ran 240,000 miles, hitting the pages of the Guinness Book of Records with this achievement.

Gordon Peary died of cancer in 1991. But his book, Run Fast and Injury Free, remains one of the best running guides for both amateur and professional athletes to this day.

Gordon Peary's rules of running

1. running with the right technique can not lead to injury
2. running is a sequence of jumps landing on the front of the foot, the leg is bent at the knee
3. when landing, the foot must be directly under the center of gravity of the body
4. everything you put on your body impairs your running technique
5. the speed at which you train will be your running speed
6. walking harms running
7. frequency of running steps - from 3 to 5 per second
8. arm strength and leg strength should be proportional
9. proper posture is critical for running, do not lean forward
10. speed destroys stamina, stamina destroys speed
11. There is only one training program for every runner – one that reflects their unique characteristics.
12. static flexibility exercises lead to injury
13. mouth breathing is a must as running is an aerobic exercise

Steeplechase (steeplechase) as a form of athletics originated in England. The first competitions were held in 1837 in Rugby. Obstacle racing made its debut at the Olympic Games in 1900 in Paris. Medals were raffled off at two distances - 2500 m (champion D. Orton(Canada) - 7.34,4 ) and 4000 m ( D. Rimmer(Great Britain) - 12.58,4 ). 3000 m hurdles ran for the first time at the VII Olympic Games in Antwerp (Belgium), where Olympic champion became an Englishman P.Hodge (10.04,0 ). For a long time Finnish runners excelled in steeplechase. First champion to run faster than 10 minutes ( 9.54,2 ), in 1922 became P. Nurmi. At the last four pre-war games (from 1924 to 1936), Finnish steeplechasers won 9 medals out of 12. Olympic champions were V.Rittola, T.Loukola And V.Iso-Hollo(twice). However, the Swede was the first to overcome the milestone of 9 minutes E. Elmsetter in 1944 ( 8.59,6 ). Since 1968, representatives of Kenya have won the Olympics (with the exception of 1976 and 1980, when Kenya refused to participate in the Olympic Games), and in 1992 in Barcelona, ​​athletes from this country occupied the entire podium. became Olympic champions A.Bivott(1968, 8.51,02 ), K. Keino(1972, 8.23,64 ), D. Korir(1984, 8.11,80 ), D.Kariuki(1988, 8.05,51 ), M.Birir(1992, 8.08,94 ), D. Keter(1996, 8.07,12 ), R. Kosgey(2000, 8.21,43 ), E.Kemboi(2004, 8.05,81 ). First to break the 8-minute barrier B.Barmasai(Kenya) in 1997 ( 7.55,72 ). IN last years 20th century Women's 3000m hurdles began. However, due to the fact that this discipline for women was not included in the program of the Olympic Games, World and European Championships, the results were low. In 2005, medals in the women's steeplechase were played for the first time at the World Championships, which served as a good incentive for the growth of results. Obstacle racing (steeplechase) is one of the most difficult types of athletics, requiring athletes not only endurance, but also strong technical skills - the ability to overcome obstacles set at a distance in conditions of increasing fatigue. On each lap in the 3000 m hurdles, the runner overcomes five obstacles, one of which is especially difficult (a pit of water). There are 35 obstacles along the entire distance, therefore, only by achieving rational technique, you can win a significant amount of time. In running, all obstacles on the track are overcome by the athlete with one, and more often with two legs, which makes it easier to choose the place for setting the foot before attacking the barrier. "Attack" of an obstacle is of great importance for its rational overcoming. The best place for setting the foot in front of the obstacle - 130-185 cm. If the athlete runs close to the obstacle, then he cannot actively advance the pelvis and the swing leg forward, therefore the general center of gravity moves over the obstacle along a steeper trajectory. With a distant repulsion in front of an obstacle, the flight phase increases, which makes it difficult to land behind an obstacle and reduces the speed when leaving. The length of the last step before repulsion to the obstacle should be somewhat less than the length of the previous ones, which is achieved by actively bringing the hips together in the flight phase and faster setting of the foot to the place of the push, and this, in turn, reduces the inhibitory effect of the support reaction force. Lengthening the last step in front of an obstacle increases the braking action, since the foot is placed far ahead of the projection of the general center of gravity. When repulsed by an obstacle, the torso of the steeplechaser moves forward, and the bent fly leg is carried forward and up with the knee. With the advancement of the pelvis forward, the pushing leg is unbent. At the final moment of repulsion, the body and the pushing leg form a line close to a straight line. The extension of the fly leg in the knee joint occurs at the moment when the knee reaches the level of the obstacle. To maintain balance, the arm, opposite to the fly leg, is sent forward. In the unsupported position, the fly leg straightens at the knee joint, the body leans forward even more, the push leg bends, pulls up to the body and sweeps somewhat sideways through the obstacle. The hand, opposite to the fly leg, at this time moves down and back, slightly towards the side of the push leg. When descending from the barrier, the inclination of the torso gradually decreases, the steeplechaser lands on the forefoot. During the landing, the runner assumes a position similar to the position at the time of the "attack". When steeple chasers run up to an obstacle in a large group, it is difficult to accurately hit the place of repulsion, sometimes it is more economical to use the “advancing” method of overcoming. It is less efficient in terms of time, but more economical in terms of energy costs. Unlike the strongest runners, in all low-skilled steeplechasers, 10-12 m before the obstacle, due to the determination of the right place for repulsion to the barrier, the running speed drops. This is especially noticeable among steeplechasers with undeveloped visual calculation, among those who constantly overcome an obstacle with one foot. The obstacle in the form of a hole with water is the most difficult on the course. Pit with water is usually overcome by steeplechasers using the “advancing” method, although recently many people on the first laps of the distance overcome it in an unsupported way. There are several opinions about the most rational way to overcome a hole with water. Some experts believe that it is necessary to push off the ground with the weakest leg and put the strongest on the obstacle in order to quickly overcome the hole with water and jump further. But most often, steeplechasers push off the ground with their usual foot, and put the weakest on the obstacle, landing in the pit on the strongest foot. This does not knock them out of their usual rhythm, and landing on the strongest leg allows them to start running faster after overcoming an obstacle. There are steeplechasers who with both legs equally successfully overcome both ordinary obstacles and a hole with water. This allows you to run up to an obstacle without changing the rhythm of steps and running speed.

Previously, it was believed that the runner should push off the barrier as hard as possible and land further in the hole with water. At the same time, the athletes carry the fly leg far forward and, upon landing, stumble upon it, extinguishing the horizontal speed. Currently, steeplechasers often land 60-70 cm from the edge of the pit and quickly switch to a two-legged position, making the first step short. This allows you to maintain a high running speed. The decrease in speed after overcoming the hole with water is significant. Steeple chasers of the highest ranks reach the speed they gained before the obstacle by 7-8 m after overcoming the pit with water.

The technique of running at a distance between obstacles does not differ from the technique of running on long distances. Differences in the structure of running and hurdling are:

• the position of the lower leg at the time of placing the foot on the track when running between obstacles and in front of obstacles;
• changes in the angle of repulsion in the run between obstacles and at the moment of overcoming the obstacle;
• the position of the lower leg when setting the foot in the run between obstacles and at the moment of landing behind an obstacle;
• the duration of the flight phase in the run between obstacles and when overcoming an obstacle. The smaller the difference in flight time during normal running and when overcoming an obstacle, the better technique runner.

Some kinematic characteristics depend on the level of sportsmanship and reflect the technical preparedness of the athlete; others - from individual characteristics and are not connected with the level of sportsmanship. These include: torso tilt at the moment of the vertical, at the moment of running between obstacles, the position of the lower leg when setting the leg, the position of the leg when pushing off the obstacle, the distance from the place of setting the foot to the barrier.

The running of a high-class athlete is distinguished by freedom and ease of movement, which is achieved thanks to rational technique. Particularly important in the 3000 m hurdles is the technique of overcoming barriers and water holes. Due to this, you can significantly improve the result. The technical skill of a runner can be assessed by the difference in speed in a smooth run for 3000 m and in a run for 3000 m with obstacles (for the strongest runners it is 25-28 s).

The technical training of a steeplechaser is closely related to physical training.

With the growth of sportsmanship and physical fitness the technique is stabilizing, however, there are changes in the kinematic characteristics of hurdling:

• the angle of setting the leg increases after overcoming an obstacle (for runners of the III and II category - 83.78 ± 1.58 °; masters of sports - 87.00 ± 4.14 °);
• the support time is reduced during the "attack" of the barriers, respectively, from 197.42 ± 12.14 to 164.26 ± 12.50 ms;
• the flight time over the obstacle is reduced from 554.42 ± 20.81 to 460.21 ± 38.54 ms, respectively;
• the distance between the upper bar of the obstacle and the hip joint decreases from 51.68 ± 6.49 to 33.11 ± 5.91 cm, respectively;

the loss of time when overcoming an obstacle is reduced from 112.89 ± 10.71 to 95.47 ± 10.68 ms, respectively.

Short distance running (sprint), characterized by the performance of short-term work of maximum intensity. Short-distance running includes distances of 60, 100, 200 and 400 meters. In England, the USA, Australia and some other countries, sprint competitions are held at distances of 100, 220 and 440 yards, respectively 91.44, 201.17 and 402, 34 m

Sprint like many types of light athletics, revived in the XIX century. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Greece at the Athens stadium on April 5-14, 1896. Sprinting at these competitions was represented by two distances - 100 and 400 m for men. The winner in running at both distances was an athlete from the USA T. Burke (12,0 And 54.2 s). At the II Olympic Games (Paris, 1900), two more sprint distances were added - 60 and 200 m. At these competitions, all sprint distances were won by US athletes (60 m - E.Krenzlein (7.0 s); 100 m - F.Jarvis (11.0 s); 200 m - D. Tewkesbury (22.2 s); 400 m - M. Long (49.4 s). From the IV Olympic Games (London, 1908), 60-meter running was no longer included in the competition program. American sprinter achieved outstanding results in the sprint D. Owen, winner of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin (1936) in the 100 and 200 m ( 10,3 And 20.7 s). He set a world record in the 100m ( 10.2 s) lasted 20 years.

Despite the convincing victories of American athletes in the sprint, the first athlete to show a result in the 100 m 10.0 s, became an athlete from Germany A.Hari(1960), 200m result 20.0 s was shown in 1966. T. Smith(USA). In the 400 m 44.0 with the first overcame L. Evans in 1968 - 43.8 s.

To long (stayer) include distances from 3000 to 20000 m inclusive. At all times, running has occupied a significant place both in the athletics program of the Olympic Games and in the system physical education progressive countries. Long-distance running (up to 24 stages - 4614 m) was already included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games.

During the period of feudalism in the most developed countries of Western Europe, long-distance running, along with other exercise, was part of the training system for knights.

In a capitalist society, a great incentive for the development of running was the need for a good physical training warriors. During this period, not only in the army, but also among the civilian population, long-distance running is becoming increasingly popular. IN sports clubs and clubs he was given a significant place. Since 1845, running competitions have been constantly held in England, and since 1874 athletics matches between Cambridge and Oxford universities have been systematically organized. Since 1875, similar competitions have been held between American colleges. Thus, university sports have become an important link in the development of long-distance running. The most outstanding runners of the late XIX-XX centuries. were the British W. Jordan, A. Robinson and A. Shrubb.

At the beginning of the XX century. the first world records were registered in the classic long distances for men: 5000 m - 15.01.2 (A. Robinson, Great Britain, 13.09.1908, Stockholm, Sweden); 10000 m - 31.02.4 (A. Schrubb, Great Britain, 5.11.1904, Glasgow, Northern Ireland).

The inclusion of long-distance running in the men's athletics program of the modern Olympic Games was a powerful impetus for improving results at these distances. For the first time at the modern Olympic Games, the long distance - 5 miles (8046.57 m) for men was held in London in 1908. At the classic long distances of 5000 and 10,000 m, men competed for the first time at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912.

X. Kolehmainen became the first Olympic champion in running at these distances: 5000 m - 14.36.6; 10000 m - 31.20.8 s. At that time, the results shown were both Olympic and world records.

Progress in long-distance running came to a halt in 1914 as a result of the outbreak of the First World War.

From the 1920s to the 1940s, thanks largely to the efforts of Finnish runners, long distance distances began to grow rapidly. The most striking figure of those times in long-distance running was the Finnish runner P. Nurmi, who set 25 world records at distances from 1,500 to 20,000 m.

World War II led to another stagnation of results. Only G. Hegg, a representative of Sweden not involved in hostilities, managed to repeatedly improve world records. In 1942, for the first time in the world, at a distance of 5000 m, he showed a result of 13.58.2 s.

From the 1940s to the early 1960s, intense competition in long-distance running developed between representatives of the English, Czech, Hungarian, Soviet, and somewhat later New Zealand and Australian running schools. World records and Olympic victories belonged to the most famous representatives of these schools: the British G. Pirie, K. Chataway and B. Tallo, the Czech E. Zatopek, the Hungarians Sh. .Kuts and P. Bolotnikov, New Zealander M. Halberg and Australian R. Clark. These achievements became possible thanks to outstanding coaches: the Englishman F. Stumpflu, the Hungarian M. Igla, the Soviet coach G. Nikiforov and the New Zealander A. Lydyard.

Noteworthy are the successes Soviet school long-distance running from the 1950s to the mid-1960s. During these years, the leading role on the world stage was played by the Soviet stayers V. Kuts and P. Bolotnikov, who won the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games. races at three long distances out of four. In the same period, they repeatedly improved world and Olympic records at distances of 5000-10,000 m. Some results were far ahead of their time. Thus, the victorious result of V. Kuts at the Olympic Games in Melbourne in 1956 at a distance of 5000 m - 13.39.6, set on a slow cinder track, was an Olympic record for 16 years. He was beaten by L. Viren at the Olympic Games in 1972 in Montreal, when fast synthetic tracks appeared.

During this period, representatives of the African continent begin to appear on the world athletics arena. The first harbingers of the “African revolution” in long-distance running were K. Keino and I. Temu (Kenya), M. Volde (Ethiopia) and M. Gammoudi (Tunisia), winners and medalists of the 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games.

The 1970s were a new era for Finnish runners. In the pre-war years, the Finns achieved the last significant success at the 1936 Olympic Games, when in the 5000 m run the representatives of Finland took 1st and 2nd places (G. Heckert, L. Lyakhtinen), and in the 10,000 m run the entire The pedestal was Finnish (I. Salminen, A. Askola, V. Iso-Hollo). After a 35-year break, the era of the Finns begins again. So, from 1971 to 1978, out of eight stayer distances of two European championships and two Olympic Games, seven were won by the Finns (European Championship 1971 J. Väya-tainen - 5000 and 10,000 m, Olympic Games 1972 and 1976 L. Viren 5000 and 10,000 m, European Championship 1978 M. Vainio 10,000 m). The secret of the success of the Finnish stayers in these years was that since 1968, the New Zealand coach A. Lydyard began working there. His methodological concepts, combined with a comprehensive plan for the reorganization of the work of Finnish athletics, were the basis for the outstanding success of the Finnish runners of this period.

In subsequent years, up to the present day, thanks to the efforts of African runners, there has been a constant progress in long-distance running results. The world records and gold medals at the 2000 Sydney Olympics in both long distances were held by Africans.

Women's distance running has more short story. At the classic stayer distances, world records for women began to be recorded relatively recently: 5000 m - 15.24.6 (E. Sipatova, 06/09/1981, Podolsk, USSR), 10,000 m - 31.53.3 (M. Slaney, 07/16/1982, Eugene , USA).

The 5000 m distance for women was first included in the program of the Olympic Games in 1996 in Atlanta (USA), and the 10,000 m distance in 1988 in Seoul (South Korea).

For a relatively short period of time, competition in these types of running has become much more intense.

To the extra longincludes all distances over 20,000 m. The classic extra long distance is marathon run- 42,195 m (26.2 miles). Distances longer than a marathon are called ultramarathons.

Of all the variety of ultra-long distances, in addition to the marathon, which has been included in the program of the Olympic Games since the first modern games, it is necessary to highlight the distances at which the World and European Championships are held: half marathon - 21,097.5 m (13.1 miles) and ultramarathon distances - 100 km run and daily run.

No other sport attracts such a huge number of participants from a wide variety of age groups. For example, in recent years, more than 30,000 runners of all ages have started in the New York City Marathon.

The popularity of ultra-long distance running is due to the following factors: the relative simplicity of the execution technique, the cheapness of equipment, the ability to conduct training and competitions in the absence of expensive special facilities and equipment, strong health effect. One of the most important factors- the heroic story of the origin of the main classical distance of marathon running.

No other sport in general, and athletics in particular, has such an ancient and exciting history as marathon running. In 490 BC. e. The Persians intended to expand their territory and take over Europe. They landed near Athens in the valley of Marathon and prepared for battle. The Persians greatly outnumbered the Athenians. The Athenian generals decided to seek help from the soldiers of Sparta. The time before the start of the battle was limited, so they decided to send one of the most enduring warriors to Sparta for help - a professional runner named Philipidis. The distance of 225 km passed through very mountainous terrain. It took the Athenian warrior about 36 hours to overcome this distance. Sparta agreed to help the Athenian army, but for religious reasons, they could only fight after the full moon period had passed. This meant that in the upcoming battle they would not be able to help the Athenians. Filipidis covered the 225 km return journey from Sparta to the village of Marathon and reported the disappointing news. As a result, the Athenian troops were forced to engage in an unequal battle against the Persians. The number of Athenian warriors was almost 4 times less than their opponents. However, in the battle the Persians lost about 6,400 soldiers. The losses of the Athenians amounted to only 192 warriors.

The remnants of the Persian troops withdrew to the sea and sailed to the south of Athens in order to attack the city. In order to report the joyful news of the victory over the Persians and warn the townspeople about the approach of Persian ships to Athens, Philipidis again had to set off, but now to Athens. From the village of Marathon it was about 40 km. With incredible efforts, Filipidis managed to overcome the fatigue from the previous forced march and battle. It took him over three hours to deliver the message. Exhaustion reached its limit, and the brave warrior-runner, having demonstrated miracles of endurance, soon died.

Centuries later, at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens, the first marathon competition for men was held. The distance of the marathon was different from the current one and was 40 km, or 24.85 miles.

The result of the first Olympic champion in this type of program, the Greek S. Louis, was 2:58.50

In 1908, at the fourth Olympic Games in London, the length of the marathon distance was changed and reached the classic 42,195 m (26.2 miles). This was the distance from Windsor Palace (where the Olympic marathon was started) to the royal box (from where the royal family wished to watch the finish of the marathon).

Heated discussions lasted 16 years before the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris approved the distance of 42,195 m, or 26.2 miles, as the official marathon distance. (For comparison, the length of the marathon distance at the Olympic Games was: in 1896 - 40,000 m, in 1900 - 40,260 m, in 1904 - 40,000 m, in 1908 - 42,195 m, in 1912 . - 40,200 m, in 1920 - 42,750 m.)

For the first time, a world record in a marathon run for men was registered on August 21, 1908 (2:55.18, D. Hayes, USA). For 94 years, the efforts of 13 countries have improved the world record by more than 50 minutes.

Women's marathon. The first world achievements in the women's marathon, by modern standards, were very modest. The women's marathon has a shorter Olympic history than the men's. It was included in the program of the Olympic Games in 1984 in Los Angeles (USA).

The result of the first Olympic champion in the women's marathon run, American D. Benoit, was 2:24.52.

Despite the fact that women competed in the Olympic marathon for the first time, they immediately showed very good results. For comparison: the result of the first Olympic champion D. Benoit in 1984 was the second result in the world in the history of the women's marathon. At the same time, he was slightly inferior to the results of men. Interestingly, the result shown by the first Olympic champion D. Benoit was better than thirteen out of twenty Olympic results for men in the period from 1896 to 1984. This became possible due to the fact that even before being included in the Olympic program, the women's marathon was quite popular and women - marathon women have already used the advanced training methodology adopted in the practice of training male marathon runners.

The first recorded world record in the women's marathon belongs to V. Piersey, Great Britain (3:40.22, 03.10.1926, Chiswick).

Modern running for medium distances originated in England in the 18th century. For men, running 800 and 1500 meters was included in the program of the I Olympic Games of our time. Women first competed in the 800m at the Olympic Games in 1928. Then this distance was excluded from the program of the games until 1960.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the results in middle-distance running for men lagged behind the level of world achievements: 800 m - 2.00.3, 1500 m - 4.12.9 (I. Willemson, Riga, 1917). Among women, the highest achievement was registered only in the 800 m run - 3.20.2 (Milum, Riga, 1913).

World records, except for the result of Ya. Kratakhvilova (Czech Republic) at 800 m 1.53.28 (1983), tend to increase and amount to 3.50.46 s in the women's 1500 m - Tsu Yunsna (PRC); for men in the 800 m run - 1.41.11 from W. Kipketer (Denmark), for 1500 m - 3.26.00 from I. El-Gerouja (Morocco).

Short distance running (sprint), characterized by the performance of short-term work of maximum intensity. Short-distance running includes distances of 60, 100, 200 and 400 meters. In England, the USA, Australia and some other countries, sprint competitions are held at distances of 100, 220 and 440 yards, respectively 91.44, 201.17 and 402, 34 m

The history of sprinting begins with the ancient Olympic Games (776 BC). At that time, two distances were very popular - running on stages (192.27 m) and two stages. The race was held in separate lanes and consisted of races and finals, the participants in the races and lanes were distributed by lot. The run began on a special command. Athletes who started ahead of time were punished with rods or sentenced to a fine. For women, the Olympic Games were held separately. They consisted of one type - running for a distance equal to 5/6 of the length of the stadium (160.22 m).

Sprinting, like many types of athletics, was revived in the 19th century. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Greece at the Athens stadium on April 5-14, 1896. Sprinting at these competitions was represented by two distances - 100 and 400 m for men. T. Burke from the USA became the winner in running at both distances (12.0 and 54.2 s). At the II Olympic Games (Paris, 1900), two more sprint distances were added - 60 and 200 m. At these competitions, all sprint distances were won by US athletes (60 m - E. Krenzlein (7.0 s); 100 m - F .Jarvis (11.0 s), 200 m - D. Tewksbury (22.2 s), 400 m - M. Long (49.4 s) From the IV Olympic Games (London, 1908) 60 m run American sprinter D. Owen, winner of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin (1936) in the 100 and 200 m (10.3 and 20.7 s), achieved outstanding results in the sprint. in the 100 m (10.2 s) he lasted 20 years.

Despite the convincing victories of American athletes in sprint, the first athlete who showed a result of 10.0 s in the 100 m run was an athlete from Germany A. Hari (1960), in the 200 m run the result was 20.0 s was shown in 1966 by T. Smith (USA). In the 400 m 44.0 with the first overcame L. Evans in 1968 - 43.8 s

For the first time, women took part in the modern Olympic Games in 1928 (IX Olympic Games, Amsterdam). Women competed at a distance of 100 m. The winner in this event was an athlete from the USA E. Robinson with a score of 12.2 s. The women's 200m was included in the XIV Olympic Games (London, 1948). At these competitions, both sprint distances were won by an athlete from Holland F.Blankers-Koen, showing 11.9 s for 100 m, and 24.4 s for 200 m. In the 100m run, women competed for medals only at the XVIII Olympic Games (Tokyo, 1964). The winner in this type of program was an athlete from Australia B. Cuthbert (52.0 s).

Athletes S. Valasevich (Poland, 1935, 200 m, 23.6 s) left a bright mark in sprinting; W. Rudolph (USA, 1960, 11.2 and 22.8 s); V. Thyes (USA, 1968, 100 m, 11.0 s); I. Shevynyzha (Poland, 1974, 200 and 400 m, 22.5 and 49.3 s); M. Koch (GDR, 1985, 200 and 400 m, 21.71 and 47.60 s.

Middle distance running technique

End of form

This is a way to implement the most rational and optimal movements of the runner, allowing you to run a certain distance at the planned speed. The methodology for modifying and improving technology should be based on the consistent development of its individual elements and its integral structure as actions according to the levels of traffic control. This is realized through increasing the efficiency, variability and economy of movement parameters in the appropriate forms of general, special and holistic exercises.

For middle-distance running, it is very important to be able to change technique in conditions of oncoming fatigue, when the body is filled with lactic acid.

For the analysis of running technique, start, starting acceleration, distance running And finishing.

Start and starting acceleration . In middle distance running, a high start is used. At the whistle or the “Start” command, the runners quickly take up their original starting position, putting their jogging foot forward to the line without stepping on it. The second leg is placed on the back of the toe at a distance of one foot from the heel of the front leg. Both legs are slightly bent, the weight of the body is more transferred to the front leg, the gaze is directed in front of you. Opposite ahead standing leg the arm bent at the elbow, along with the shoulder, is brought forward, the second arm is retracted. The fingers are freely bent. On the command "March" or a shot, the runner on the slope, actively pushing himself, quickly starts running. Starting acceleration should provide a set of the most optimal running speed for a given distance. More speed dial speed causes excessive energy expenditure and early acidification of the body. Most runners accelerate to 60-70m using a natural increase in stride frequency and length. The starting acceleration, when the running speed exceeds the average distance, is divided into a set of speed and its gradual decrease to the distance speed, which must be worked out in the training process.

Distance running. In middle-distance running, the stride length is 190-220 cm at a frequency of 3.5-4.5 steps / s. The almost vertical position of the body (forward tilt does not exceed 4-5° and can vary within 2-3°) provides optimal conditions for bringing the leg forward. The arms are bent approximately at an angle of 90° and move freely back and forth in accordance with the movements of the legs. The work of the hands provides balance and helps to accelerate or slow down the pace of movement.

The legs are placed on the track on both sides of the midline from the front of the foot.

The moment of effective repulsion is carried out at an angle of 50-55 ° and is characterized by full extension of the leg. In this position, the lower leg is parallel to the pushing leg. Active repulsion is promoted by a swing of the free leg, which ends with the deceleration of the thigh due to the inclusion of the muscles of the back surface. Through repulsion and swing, the body transitions to flight, where the runner gets relative rest. The leg, finishing the push, relaxes and, bending at the knee joint, reaches for the thigh. In this case, the shin of the second leg is reactively moved forward. A more effective repulsion ends with a turn to hip joint towards the fly leg. The active reduction of the hips, which begins in this phase, provides a landing with a slightly bent leg at the knee, which reduces its inhibitory effect at the moment of landing on the forefoot. The setting of the foot is carried out not by a passive, but by an active "capture" mechanism, which in the depreciation phase allows you to recuperate energy to a greater extent. This also provides the inertial passage of the vertical to the runner. The shin of the leg located behind is pressed against the thigh, contributing to some rest of the runner and the rapid removal of the leg forward and upward. The rear push phase provides the maximum effect of repulsion by a combination of inertial, reactive and concentrated forces. muscle contractions. This requires a fine differentiation of the sequence of muscle activation between the hip and ankle joints. The emphasis of the push is individually felt in pushing through thumb feet.

When running in a turn, there is a slight inclination of the torso inside the track, the foot right foot placed with a slight turn of the heel outward. Right hand works more actively and somewhat inwards.

The main features of the technique are defined as follows: the body is slightly tilted forward, the shoulders are slightly apart, the pelvis is somewhat pushed forward, the head is held straight, the chin is lowered, the muscles of the face and neck are not tense, the movements of the arms and legs are wide and free.

Distances at the all-around world championships: women - 500, 3000, 1500 and 5000m; men - 500, 5000, 1500 and 10000m.

The All-Around World Championship is held over 2 or 3 days. This is determined by the championship organizers, who are obliged to consult with the ISU Sports Directorate. The order of running distances can be as follows (this must be agreed with the ISU technical committee):

	A	B	WITH	D	E
1st day	500m male 500m-women 5000m male	500m-women 3000m-women	500m male 5000m male	500m-women 500m male 3000m-women 5000m male	500m male 5000m male
2nd day	1500m-women 1500m male 3000m-women	1500m-women 5000m-women 500m male 5000m male	1500m male 10000m male 500m-women 3000m-women	1500m-women 1500m male 5000m-women 10000m male	500m-women 1500m male 3000m-women
3rd day	5000m-women 10000m male	1500m male 10000m male	1500m-women 5000m-women		1500m-women 10000m male 5000m-women

The order of distances under the program "D" and the order of distances (only on the second day) under the program "B" and "C", at the discretion of the organizers and with the approval of the ISU technical committee, can be changed.

Europe championship

Distances at the European Championships in all-around: women - 500, 3000,1500 and 5000m; men - 500,5000,1500 and 10000m.

The European Championship is held within 2 or 3 days. This is determined by the organizers in consultation with the ISU Sports Directorate. The order of conducting distances using one of the five programs, the choice of which the organizers must agree with the ISU technical committee.

Sprint World Championship

Distances at the World Sprint Championship: 500 and 1000m for women and men. Both of these distances are run both on the first and on the second day of the competition.

Junior World Championship

• Women: 500,1000, 1500 and 3000 m (four all-around distances).
• Men: 500,1500, 3000 and 5000m (four all-around distances).
• Team competition for women - 6 lap pursuit. National teams consisting of 3 speed skaters participate.
• Men's team competition - 8 lap pursuit. National teams consisting of 3 skaters participate.
• Competitions at separate distances for women: 2 × 500, 1000, 1500 and 3000m.
• Competitions at separate distances for men: 2 × 500, 1000, 1500 - 5000m.
• The World Junior Championship is held over 3 days.

The order of distances can be as follows:

At distances of 3000m for women and 5000m for men, races are held in quartets.

World Single Distance Championship

Distances:

• For women: in individual competitions - 500,1000,1500,3000 and 5000m; V team competition&ndash 6-lap pursuit for national teams consisting of 3 speed skaters.
• For men: in individual competitions - 500,1000,1500,5000 and 10000m; in team competitions &ndash 8-lap pursuit for national teams consisting of 3 skaters.

The distance of 500m for women and men is run twice. The winner is determined by the sum of the results of two races.

The championship is held within 4 days. Distance order:

Quartet start distances

At ISU Championships, the following distances may be run by quartets:

• 3000m for women;
• 5000m for women and men;
• 10000m for men.

Distances at the Olympic Winter Games.

• women - 500,1000,1500,3000 and 5000m;
• men - 500,1000,1500,5000 and 10000m;
• women (national team 3 people) - team pursuit 6 laps;
• men (national team 3 people) - team pursuit 8 laps.

The distance of 500m for women and men is run twice. The final results are determined by the sum of the time of the two races. Both races are held within one day for women and one day for men.

The program and order of the distances at the Olympic Winter Games are determined by the national federation of the country where they are held. This program must be approved by the ISU Council.

Based on this, the order of competition at distances will be as follows: 5000m-men, 3000m-women, 500m-men, 500m-women, 1000m-men, 1000m-women, 1500m-men, 1500m-women, 10000m-men, 5000m - women. Team pursuit competitions must be held after all individual distances have been completed.

Athletics- an Olympic sport that includes running, walking, jumping and throwing. It combines the following disciplines: running, race walking, technical types (jumping and throwing), all-around, runs (road running) and crosses (cross-country running). One of the main and most popular sports.

The governing body is the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), established in 1912 and unites 212 national federations (as of 2011).

Running types athletics

Cross-country athletics combine the following stadium disciplines: sprint (100 m, 200 m and 400 m), middle-distance running (from 800 to 3000 m, including 3000 m hurdles), long-distance running ( classic distances 5000m and 10000m), hurdling (110m, 400m) and relay (4x100m, 4x200m, 4x400m, 4x800m, 4x1500m). All of them take place on the tracks of the stadium.

Regulations

At major competitions in large numbers participants, starts are held in several circles of sifting losers (either by the occupied place or by the worst time). So at the summer championships of the world and Europe and the Olympic Games, the following practice has been adopted (the number of laps may vary depending on the number of participants).

• 100 m and 800 m are held in 1-4 circles (race-quarter-final-semi-final-final)
• from 1500 m to 5000 m in 1-3 laps (race-semi-final-final)
• 10,000 m - 1-2 laps (run-final)

At the same time, in the final races participate

• 100 m to 800 m, relay races - 8 athletes / 8 teams
• from 1500 m to 10,000 m - 12 athletes and more

Disciplines

Sprint

Winter stadiums: from 60 meters to 300 meters. Summer stadiums: from 100 meters to 400 meters.

Middle distances

Winter from 400 m to 3000 m. Summer from 600 m to 3000 m 2000 and 3000 m with obstacles.

Long distance

Winter from 2 miles (3218 m) to 5,000 m. Summer from 2 miles (3218 m) to 30,000 m.

Hurdling

Winter 50 m, 60 m. Summer 100 m, 110 m, 400 m.

relay race

Winter: 4x400m Summer: 4x100m, 4x400m, 4x800, 4x1500, Swedish relay (800+600+400+200)

Race walking

Race walking- Olympic athletics discipline, in which, unlike running types, there must be constant contact of the foot with the ground. IN Olympic program competitions for men are held outside the stadium, at a distance of 20 km and 50 km, for women at 20 km. Competitions are also held on the 400m outdoor track (10,000 and 20,000m) and the 200m indoor track (5000m).

Rules and technique

Liu Hong in the flight phase in front of the judge. In this run, she won bronze at the 2013 World Championships.

Race walking is an alternation of steps that must be performed so that the walker is constantly in contact with the ground. The following two rules must be followed:

• It is essential that the athlete is in constant contact with the ground without any loss of contact visible to the human eye.
• The extended leg must be fully extended (that is, not bent at the knee) from the moment of first contact with the ground until passing the vertical.

The athlete's walking technique is evaluated by the judges at the distance, who should be from 6 to 9 (including the chief judge).

Walking in the track and field program is the only event in which subjective judging is present. If in running athletes are removed from the race only in exceptional cases, then in the practice of walking, disqualification at a distance is a common occurrence. There are cases when athletes are disqualified after the finish.

Judges may announce warnings to walkers using paddles yellow color to warn them against breaking the rules. A wavy horizontal line is drawn on one side of the blade (indicating loss of contact with the surface), on the other side there are two segments connected at an approximately 150 degree angle (indicating bent leg). The referee cannot warn more than once about the same violation of a certain athlete.

If the rule is broken and the walker is given a warning, the referee sends a red card to the chief referee. An athlete is disqualified if three red cards from three different judges at a distance were sent to the chief judge. In this case, the athlete is informed of the disqualification by showing a red card.

In addition, the Chief Judge may disqualify the athlete alone on the last lap (if the competition takes place at the stadium) or on the last 100 meters of the distance (when walking on the highway).

Technical disciplines of athletics

The technical disciplines of athletics combine the following types:

• vertical jumps: high jump, pole vault;
• horizontal jumps: long jump, triple jump;
• throwing: shot put, discus throw, javelin throw, hammer throw.

All these 8 types (men's program) have been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1908. From the moment the women's hammer throw was included in the program of the Olympic Games (2000), all 8 types are also included in the women's program. Technical types are also included in athletics all-around.

high jump

Running high jump- discipline of track and field athletics related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for repulsion, repulsion, crossing the bar and landing.

Requires jumping ability and coordination of movements from athletes. Held in the summer and winter season. Is Olympic discipline athletics for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.

Rules

High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a place for landing. The athlete at the preliminary stage and in the final is given three attempts at each height, if there are less than eight participants, then each is given 6 attempts. The athlete has the right to skip a height, while unused attempts at a missed height do not accumulate. If an athlete has made an unsuccessful attempt or two at any height and does not want to jump any more at that height, he can carry over the unused (respectively two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it cannot be less than 2 centimeters. An athlete can start jumping from any height, after informing the judges about it.

The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 3 × 5 meters.

When trying, the athlete must push off with one foot. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:

• As a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks;
• The athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the uprights with any part of his body before he cleared the bar.
• The athlete pushed off with both legs.

A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar falls off the posts after the white flag is raised, the attempt is considered valid. Usually the judge fixes the taking of the height not earlier than the athlete left the landing place, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.

Pole vault

Pole vault- a discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types of an athletics program. Here the athlete needs to go over the bar (without knocking it over) using an athletics pole. Men's pole vault is an Olympic sport with First Summer Olympics 1896, among women - from the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. Included in the athletics all-around.

Also, the pole vault is the most extraordinary technical discipline. Only here (with the exception of all throwing disciplines) are foreign objects needed to achieve a given goal.

Rules

Pole vault competitions take place in a pole vault area equipped with a bar on holders and a landing area. The athlete at the preliminary stage and the final is given three attempts at each height. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, it cannot be less than 5 cm. Usually, at low heights, the bar rises in increments of 10-15 cm and then the step goes to 5 cm.

The distance between the bar holders is 4.5 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 6 × 6 (5 × 5 for regional competitions) m. The length of the runway is at least 40 m, the width is 1.22 m.

An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:

• as a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks;
• the athlete has touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical plane passing through the far edge of the box for support, with any part of the body or with a pole;
• the athlete in the flight phase tried to keep the bar from falling with his hands.

A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar fell off the racks after raising the white flag, it no longer matters - the attempt is counted. If the pole breaks during the attempt, the athlete has the right to try again.

long jump

long jump- the discipline of technical types of the track and field athletics program, related to horizontal jumps. The long jump requires jumping ability and sprint qualities from athletes. The long jump was part of the competitive program of the ancient Olympic Games. It has been the modern Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1948. Included in the athletics all-around.

Competition Rules

The task of the athlete is to achieve the greatest horizontal length of the running jump. Long jumps are held in the sector for horizontal jumps according to the general rules established for this variety of technical events. When performing a jump, athletes in the first stage take a run along the track, then push off with one foot from a special board and jump into a sand pit. The jump distance is calculated as the distance from a special mark on the take-off board to the start of the hole from landing in the sand.

The distance from the take-off board to the far edge of the landing pit must be at least 10 m. The take-off line itself must be located up to 5 m from the near edge of the landing pit.

Triple jump

Triple jump- a track and field discipline related to horizontal jumps of technical types of track and field athletics program.

Technically, a triple jump consists of three elements:

• "jump"
• "step"
• "bounce"

The jumper runs along a special sector or path to the repulsion bar. This bar is the beginning of the jump when measuring its length from the measurement line, marked with a plasticine roller to fix the "pads", and from this mark the jump begins. The first element is executed first − jump, while the first touch behind the bar should be with the same foot with which the jumper started to jump. Then comes the second element of the jump − step(touching the ground should be with the other foot). The final element is actually bounce, and the jumper lands in the sand pit as in the long jump.

In practice, two ways of performing the jump are possible: from the right foot - “right, right, left” and from the left foot - “left, left, right”. The jump block is 11 m away from the sand-filled pit for women and 13 m for men. Each jumper qualified for the final is given 3 preliminary attempts and, for the top 8, 3 final attempts to complete the triple jump. In some commercial starts, competition organizers limit the number of attempts to four.

Shot put

Shot put- competitions in throwing at a distance with a pushing movement of the hand of a special sports equipment - the nucleus. The discipline refers to throwing and is included in the technical types of the track and field athletics program. Requires explosive strength and coordination from athletes. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896, for women since 1948. Included in the athletics all-around.

Rules

Competitors perform a throw in a 35° sector, the top of which starts in the center of a circle with a diameter of 2.135 meters. Throw distance is measured as the distance from the inner circumference of this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. Currently, the officially accepted projectile parameters are the weight of the core and its diameter. For men - 7.260 kg and 120-129 mm, for women - 4 kg and 100-109 mm. The core must be sufficiently smooth - meet the surface roughness class No. 7.

In official competitions, competitors usually complete six tries. If there are more than eight participants, then after the first 3 attempts, the top eight are selected, and in the next three attempts they play for the best one by the maximum result in six attempts.

Once the athlete is in position in the circle before the start of the attempt, the shot must touch or be fixed at the neck or chin, and the hand must not fall below this position during the push. The core should not be retracted beyond the line of the shoulders.

Pushing the shot is allowed with one hand, the use of any gloves is prohibited. Bandaging of the palm or fingers is also prohibited. If the athlete has a bandaged wound, he must show his hand to the judge, and he will decide on the admission of the athlete to the competition.

1912 Olympic champion Patrick McDonald (USA)

A common mistake is leaving the circle or simply touching the top edge of the circle on the clean-and-jerk before the athlete has completed the attempt and stepped back. Sometimes, when making an unsuccessful attempt, athletes deliberately step forward from the circle so that their attempt is not measured.

Discus throw

Discus throw- a discipline in athletics, which consists in throwing a special sports equipment - a disc, for a distance. Refers to throwing and is included in the technical types of the athletics program. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1896, for women since 1928. Included in the athletics all-around.

Competitions and rules

Competitors perform a throw from a circle with a diameter of 250 cm. The distance of the throw is measured as the distance from the outer circumference of this circle to the point of impact of the projectile. The weight of the disc for men is 2 kg, for juniors 1.75 kg, for boys 1.5 kg. For women, juniors and girls - 1 kg. The disc diameter is 219-221 mm for men and 180-182 mm for women.

In official IAAF competitions, competitors complete six trials. If there are more than eight participants, then after the first 3 attempts, the top eight are selected and in the next three attempts they play for the best one by the maximum result in six attempts.

The discus is thrown from a sector fenced with a net with a permitted horizontal departure angle of not more than 35 °, or rather 34.92 °, otherwise the disc will not be able to fly into the field and crash into the net or supports. The width of the disc departure gate is 6 meters. It is forbidden for the athlete to leave the sector boundary until the disc lands. When thrown, the disc may touch the sector fence, if other rules are not violated.

Javelin-throwing

Javelin-throwing- a discipline in athletics, which consists in throwing a special sports equipment - spears, at a distance. Refers to throwing and is included in the technical types of the athletics program. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. It has been the Olympic athletics discipline for men since 1908, for women since 1932. Included in the athletics all-around.

Rules and features

The rules are similar to other throwing disciplines. Competitors make three attempts, and the best eight are selected according to the best result. Those who enter this eight make three more throws, and the winner is determined by the best result of all six attempts. Unlike discus throw, hammer throw and shot put, athletes do not use a circle, but a track (with a surface similar to running surface) for acceleration before throwing. Accordingly, attempts are not counted in which the athlete crossed the line at the end of the track. Also, attempts are not taken into account in which the spear flew out of the allotted sector, or did not stick into the ground, but fell flat.

In addition to the coherence of all coordination of movements and the final effort, the speed of the athlete, which he acquires during acceleration, plays an important role in javelin throwing. Famous javelin throwers have completely different physiques and physical data, for example, world record holder Uwe Hohn was 199 cm tall and weighed 114 kg, while another record holder, Seppo Reti, was 190 cm and 89-120 kg. The current world record holder, Jan Zhelezny, from the Czech Republic, is 185 cm and 79-85 kg.

Hammer throwing

Hammer throwing- athletics discipline, which consists in throwing a special sports equipment - a hammer - at a distance. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. It is held during the summer season in outdoor stadiums. Refers to technical types athletics program. It is the Olympic discipline of athletics (for men - since 1900, for women - since 2000).

Rules

The hammer is a metal ball connected with a steel wire to the handle. The length of the hammer in men is 117-121.5 cm, and total weight- 7.265 kg (= 16 pounds). In women, its length is from 116 to 119.5 cm, and the total weight is 4 kg. That is, the weight of the hammer is equal to the weight of the shot used by the athletes of the respective gender.

When throwing, the athlete is in a special circle with a diameter of 2.135 m, within which he spins and throws sports equipment. In order for an attempt to be counted, the athlete must leave the circle only after the hammer hits the ground and only from the back of the circle. In addition, the hammer must fall within the intended sector, enclosed by a net.

Due to the danger that a flying hammer poses to athletes participating in other types of competitions, the angle of the sector was constantly narrowing. In the 1900s it was 90°, in the 1960s it was 60°, and now it is about 35°. For the same reason, the hammer throw competition is often held at the start of an athletics program or moved to another stadium.

Athletics all-around

Athletics all-around - a set of athletics disciplines where athletes compete in various types, which allow you to identify the most versatile athlete. Male all-rounders are sometimes referred to as knights of many qualities. All-around competitions are included in the program of the Olympics and are held in the summer and winter seasons.

Disciplines

In the following all-around events, the IAAF holds world records

• Men's decathlon (summer season): 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m, 110m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, 1500m run
• Women's heptathlon (summer season): 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m run, long jump, javelin throw, 800m run.
• Men's Heptathlon ( winter season): 60m run, long jump, 60m hurdles, shot put, high jump, pole vault, 1000m run
• Women's pentathlon (winter season): 60m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, 800m run

There are also less common types, such as competitions in the men's decathlon program for women. Sometimes also the founders of commercial competitions can hold all-around events according to a non-standard program.

Rules

For each type, athletes receive a certain number of points, which are awarded either according to special tables or empirical formulas. All-around competitions at official IAAF starts are always held over two days. Between species, an interval for rest is necessarily determined (usually at least 30 minutes). When conducting certain types of events, there are amendments specific to the all-around:

• in running events, it is allowed to make one false start (in ordinary running events, they are disqualified after the first false start);
• in the long jump and throwing, the participant is given only three attempts each;
• under certain conditions, the use of manual timing is allowed if the stadium is not equipped with automatic timing.

Highway running

Highway running or running- This is the discipline of athletics, running on a paved road. The most famous race, the marathon, is an Olympic sport.

Runs are mainly carried out on asphalt along the streets of the city, as well as between settlements. Usually the distance is from 10 km to the marathon. There are also many races under 10 kilometers, such as the Carlsbad 5 kilometers run. These runs attract great attention of fans healthy lifestyle life, amateur runners and professional stayers and marathon runners. Famous marathon races are usually massive. More than 40,000 people take part in marathons such as the Berlin or New York marathons.

track and field cross

Cross-country running, or cross (short for English cross country race or English cross country running, cross country flight or cross country running - “cross country running”) is one of the disciplines of athletics.

The cross-country course does not have strict international standardization. Usually the route passes through rough terrain in a forest zone or in open space. The surface can be grass or earthen. The route of the distance must be fenced with bright ribbons on both sides to separate the athletes from the spectators. At major international competitions, a corridor 1 meter wide is additionally arranged along the ribbons. In this gap are the organizers of the competition, coaches, photographers and journalists. Competitions are usually held in autumn and winter. Cross-country can take place in severe weather conditions such as rain, wind, sleet.

The length of the track is usually from 3 to 12 kilometers. At the start, all participants are placed in a line or arc. At a distance of 50 meters from the start line, the judge, with the help of a pistol shot, starts the race. If there was a collision of runners or a massive fall in the first 100 meters of the distance, the organizers are obliged to stop the race and start again.

According to the IAAF, "The cross country season usually takes place in the winter months after the end of the main athletics season."

The Olympic Games are the pinnacle of athletic training for the runner. Since the founding of this type of competition, several types of running have been included here: initially for short and long distances.

Races between men and women are held separately. Recently, in order to increase the entertainment of competitions at medium, long distances and steeplechase, it is customary to remove from the distance three athletes who showed the worst time from the group of starters. This is done a few laps before the finish (for example, at a distance of 3000 meters, runners are removed from the start 5, 4 and 3 laps before the finish).

Running competitions at the Olympic Games take place in an open or closed stadium. The stadium has the shape of an oval with straight segments, and is divided into running tracks: as a rule, summer stadiums have 8-9 tracks, and winter ones - 4-6. The tracks have a width of 1.22 meters and dividing strips 5 cm wide. The running track is covered with modern synthetics: tartan, regupol, recortan, etc.

What running distances are included in the program of the Olympic Games?

The program of the Olympics includes several types of running:

• Sprints are short distances. Smooth run at a distance of 100, 200, 400 meters and relay race 4 x 100 and 4 x 400 meters for men and women. The distance of 100 meters is considered the most prestigious: it is in it that the title of the fastest man in the world is determined, the last owner of which at the Olympics in Rio 2016 was the titled Jamaican Usain Bolt. By the way, Usain Bolt is truly a legend of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro: the Jamaican is the owner of gold medals in all the sports in which he took part. These are races for 100, 200 meters and a relay race 4 for 100. In total, the runner now has 9 gold Olympic medals in his piggy bank. The 400-meter distance (long sprint) is considered the most difficult in the sprint, as it requires maximum running effort over a fairly long period. South African athlete Van Niekerk became the winner at this distance, setting a new record - 43.03 seconds. The 4 x 400m relay was won by Team USA consisting of Armand Hall, Tony McQuay, Gil Roberts and LaShawn Merritt.
• The average (stayer) running distances of the Olympics include segments of 800, 1500 and 3000 meters with barriers. Kenyan David Lekuta Rudisha became the fastest athlete in the 800 meters. The Kenyan Conseslus Kipruto also became the winner of the 3000 meters steeplechase in Rio de Janeiro.
• Long distances. Includes 5000m and 10000m races. The current Olympics has become gold for Briton Mohamed Farah, a two-time Olympic champion in the 5000 meters. He also became the fastest on a segment of 10,000 meters.
• Road running - marathon and half marathon. The marathon distance is 42 km 195 meters, the half marathon is 21 km 97.5 meters. They are held on the highway, which is why they are called the road race.
• Hurdling is not the same as steeplechase. It is played at distances of 110 and 400 meters. The difference lies in the way of overcoming the barriers: you can not bring your foot to the side of the barrier and knock down the barrier with your hand or foot. American Kerron Clement won the 400m hurdles this year in Rio.
• Race walking at a distance of 20 and 50 km for men and 20 km for women. gold medal in Rio de Janeiro in the discipline " race walking» at 50 km was won by the Slovak athlete Matej Tot.

The article was prepared with the support

INTRODUCTION

Athletics is called the "queen of sports". This is explained by the fact that the track and field athletics program at international and republican competitions is the most extensive in terms of the number of medals played.

The most outstanding results are achieved by athletes with a pronounced individuality. Athletes who have a muscular-thoracic somatotype, a mobile nervous system by excitation, a relatively slow pace of puberty and who have an assessment of various aspects of preparedness, determined by informative indicators, established taking into account belonging to certain typological groups, are above average values. Achieve sports success. Various combinations of typological features of athletes make it necessary to organize their educational and training process in different ways. Assessment of biological age introduces changes in the magnitude of volume and intensity training work.

The Olympic Games are the main start of the four-year period for athletes. But not all athletes can show their best best result. Of great importance is not only physical, but also psychological preparation. At the Olympic Games in Athens and Beijing, there were examples when the clear leaders of the season lost to athletes who had not achieved significant success in major competitions before this start.

Success depends to a large extent on strong-willed qualities. Years of preparation in middle-distance running lasts quite a long time and is a system that includes several stages. Each stage solves its own problems. An athlete must have high psychological stability, since the so-called “human” factor determines a lot in middle-distance running.

1. THE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF LIGHT AND ATHLETICS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Even in ancient times, a person needed to be able to run fast, deftly overcome various obstacles, and throw various kinds of projectiles. From the ability of a person to catch up and accurately hit the prey, from the ability to be persistent and hardened in the fight against the mysterious forces of nature, his hunting luck, and hence his life, depended.

So, already primitive man was familiar with running, jumping and throwing - exercises that make up the foundation of modern athletics. Archaeologists, excavating the sites of ancient man, find a lot of eloquent evidence that already at the dawn of civilization, these skills played a huge role in everyday life. Of course, at that time there was no talk of sports in its modern sense. He was born much later. Ancient Greece can be considered the birthplace of sports.

The program of these competitions was mainly athletics. At first, their participants competed only in running at a distance equal to the length of the stadium (192 m 27 cm), which was called "stages". (From here, in fact, the word "stadium" arose.) For more than half a century, this type of running - the stadium - remained the only type of competition in the Hellenic Olympic holidays. At the Games of the 14th Olympiad (724 BC), prizes were drawn for the first time in running at a distance equal to two stages. At the Games of the 15th Olympiad, endurance running appeared - from 7 to 25 stages.

Already at that time, the participants of the Games specialized in certain types of competition programs. For example, long-distance runners tend to start very rarely in sprints. But very often the same athlete performed at two short distances and often turned out to be the strongest at both at once.

On the Olympic holidays, competitions were also held for runners who performed in full combat gear. An athlete who won at short distances, as well as in this type of competition, received the honorary title of "triast", that is, a three-time winner. Twice this honor was awarded to Leonidas from the island of Rhodes.

Starting from the 16th Olympiad (708 BC), the program of the Games was enriched with a new type - pentathlon. It included running, discus throwing, long jump, javelin throwing and wrestling (as we can see, athletics is the basis in this all-around).

At that time, athletes performed the long jump with special dumbbells in their hands. Then it was believed that this helps to strengthen the flapping movement of the hands and overcome a greater distance in flight. The spear and disc were thrown from a small elevation. Moreover, the spear was held not just in the hand, but with the help of a loop from a leather belt, into which the thrower inserted his fingers. Spear throwers at that time competed in throws for accuracy of hitting the target, while discus throwers competed for range.

What were the achievements of the participants Olympic competitions antiquities? Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to compare their results with the results of modern athletes. The fact is that extremely contradictory information has come down to us in this regard. But according to some sources, we can conclude that the winners of the ancient Olympiads achieved good results even by modern standards. So, according to the legend, during training, the discus thrower Phlegius could throw a disc across the Alpheus River (its width currently reaches 50 m).

The winners of the competitions were honored then very magnificently. They were crowned with olive wreaths, the branches for which were cut with a special golden knife from old sacred trees. When the champions returned home, they were met by crowds of joyful compatriots. Poets composed laudatory hymns in honor of the victors. The names of champions were carved on stone slabs, and some of them even had monuments. It is thanks to this that their names have come down to us.

The development of modern athletics began in the 30-40s. 19th century (the first competition was at Rugby College in England in 1837); in the 80-90s. amateur clubs, leagues, etc. were organized in many countries,

The development of modern athletics is closely connected with the Olympic movement. Suffice it to say that the drawing of Olympic awards in Athens in 1896 became the first official international competition in athletics. Since then, she has firmly taken a leading place in the program of all the Olympic Games.

And it was the athlete who became the first Olympic champion. It was the American James Connolly, who on April 5, 1896 won the victory in the triple jump with a score of 13 m 71 cm. However, it was not Connolly who became the true hero of the First Olympiad of our time.

A few days later, the marathon runners entered the fray. They ran 40 km along the same rocky road along which about 2500 years ago a Hellenic warrior-messenger ran from the village of Marathon to Athens with the news of the victory of the Greeks over the Persians. According to legend, the messenger ran to the city, not stopping on the way, and with the exclamation "We won!" dropped dead. In honor of the feat of this soldier, the run from Marathon to Athens was included in the program of the Olympic Games. Subsequently, marathon running became one of the mandatory types of athletics.

For Greece - the hostess of the 1st Olympiad - the victory in this type of program was a matter of national pride and honor. Thousands of fans sighed in disappointment when a message came from the middle of the distance: there are no Greek runners among the leaders. But then the situation at a distance changed. The former leaders, unable to withstand the heat, got off, and the first to run into the stadium was the Greek Spiros Louis, a modest postman from the village of Maruzi.

The last lap, together with the winner, ran the king of Greece himself, in a fit of feelings, he left the royal box. Louis became a national hero of his country.

In general, the Olympic debut of the "Queen of Sports" was held in Athens very modestly. Athletes competed in only 12 types (compare: now the track and field athletics program has 43 types). In total, less than a hundred athletes came to the start. For example, only five jumped high. Much more participants gathered competitions in gymnastics and shooting.

Such an episode of the Olympic competitions deserves attention. At the start of the 100 m distance, most of the runners came out in short white trousers and boots with short tops. And only one athlete - American Thomas Burke - was in shorts and lighter shoes, reminiscent of modern spikes. If his rivals took the start while standing, then Burke dropped to one knee and rested his hands on the ground. The audience even laughed at this original. But what was their amazement when it was Burke who finished first. Since then low start became common in sprint competition.

The running technique in those days was not much like the refined movements of modern runners. Athletes ran stiffly, tensely. And only with time it became clear that speed is incompatible with tense muscles, that the freer the run, the higher the speed. Already at the II Olympiad in Paris (1900), the American Francis Jervis greatly improved the Olympic record, breaking 100 m in 10.8 s.

The achievements of the strongest athletes at that time grew quite quickly, not like now. So, Ellery Clark from the USA jumped in Athens only 6 m 35 cm long, and his compatriot Alvin Krenzlein became the best at the II Olympiad in Paris with a result of 7 m 18 cm. relay races 4x100 and 4x400 m, as well as in the decathlon.

At the eight Olympics of our time, only men fought. But here in Amsterdam in 1928, women entered the athletics arena for the first time. Their Olympic debut exceeded all expectations. In all five events, women set world records.

2. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIDDLE DISTANCE RUN IN PRESENT

Modern middle distance running originated in England in the 18th century.

For men, running the 800 and 1500 meters was included in the program 1 of the modern Olympic Games. Women first began to compete in the 800m at the Olympic Games in 1928. Then this distance was excluded from the program of the games until 1960.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the results in middle-distance running for men lagged behind the level of world achievements: 800m - 2.00.3, 1500m - 4.12.9 (I. Willemson, Riga, 1917). Among women, the highest achievement was registered only in the 800 m run - 3.20.2 (Milum, Riga, 1913).

In Belarus, the development of athletics essentially began only under Soviet rule. The first records of the republic were registered in 1924 (1500 m - 4.50.0, G. Nikiforov). Mass competitions held in the early 1930s revealed many capable runners: I. Boyko, M. Ivankovich, F. Barabanshchikov, A. Aleksandrov.

Before the Great Patriotic War, the level of BSSR records for men was quite high. So, M. Sidorenko showed the following results: 800 m - 1.56.1; 1000 m - 2.30.2; 1500 m - 4.06.4.

After a delay caused by the war, only since 1950 has continued a significant increase in the results of middle distance running, both for men and women. So, M. Sidorenko successively updated the records of the republic in the 800, 1000 and 1500 m runs (1.54.5; 2.28.4; 3.56.4, respectively). In women, N. Kabysh raised the record of the republic in the 800 m run from 2.26.7 (1948) to 2.08.4 (1954), and in 1957 E. Ermolaeva ran 800 m in 2.06.6 s.

By the mid-1950s, especially during the preparation and holding of the 1st Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (1956), large group runners who significantly improved Republican records. S. Plavsky at a distance of 800 m (1.56.6 and 1.50.8 s in 1955), at 1500 m S. Zakharov (3.54.0 s in 1953), E. Sokolov (3.52.4 s in 1955). The most successful performance at the 16 Olympic Games in Melbourne was E. Sokolov, top achievements which were: at 800 m - 1.50.0 (1958) and at 1500 m - 3.41.7 s (1957).

In the 1960s, M. Zhelobkovsky became the leading middle-distance runner: 800 m - 1.47.7 (1967), 1500 m - 3.39.6 s (1971). His results were surpassed only after the mid-1970s by: A. Nalyotov (800 m - 1.47.0 s in 1975); V. Podolyako (800 m - 1.46.2 s in 1978); A. Fedotkin (1500 m - 3.38.4 s in 1979)

Only 20 years later, E. Ermolaeva's record in the 800-meter run was surpassed by I. Podyalovskaya (2:05.2, and then 2:04.56, 1977). In 1978, G. Pyzhik shows a record time of 2.03.56, and a year later L. Kirova improves it to 1.59.9. g.) to 4.16.8 (I. Kovalchuk, 1977). R. Smekhnova shows a number of record results: 4.13.4 (1978); 4.12.6; 4.10.7 and 4.05.2 (1979).

The performances of the Gomel resident N. Kirov can be considered especially successful, who significantly raised the ceiling of the records of Belarus (800 m - 1.45.6 in 1980. 1.45.11 in 1981. 1500 m - 3.36.3 in 1980, 3.36.34 in 1982). At the 22nd Olympic Games in 1980, N. Kirov took an honorable third place in a bitter struggle with the record holders in the 800 and 1500 m run by the British S. Ovett and S. Coe.

Speaking at the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, A. Rakipov reached the final, where he set a republic record in the 1500 m run - 3.36.16 s. A significant number of athletes have now mastered the results of 1.45s in the 800 m run: A. Makarevich, A. Rudnik, A. Komar.

Success in women is associated with the names of N. Dukhnova and A. Turova. So, at the 2002 European Winter Championship, A. Turova took the honorable 3rd place with a score of 4:07.78s.

Currently, the country's record results have stabilized and are significantly inferior to world records.

3. ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETES AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN ATHENS-2004 AND BEIJING-2008

The Olympic Games are the main competition for all athletes. But not all athletes can come to the main start of the four years in the best physical and psychological shape. At the Olympic Games in Athens and Beijing, athletes appeared who had not shown high results before this start.

.1 WOMEN'S 800M PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

800m run Athens-2004Running 800m Beijing-20081. Kelly Holmes (WBR) 1.56.381. Pamela Jelimo (Ken) 1.54.872. Hasna Benhassi (Mar) 1.56.432. Janet Jepkosgay (Ken) 1.56.073. Yolanda Cheplak (Slov) 1.56.433. Hasna Benhasi (Mar) 1.56.734. Maria Mutola (Mzmb) 1.56.514. Svetlana Klyuka (Rus) 1.56.945. Tatyana Andrianova (Rus) 1.56.885. Maria Mutola (Mzmb) 1.57.686. Jerl Miles-Clark (USA) 1.57.276. Kenya Sinclair (Yam) 1.58.247. Maria Chonkan (Room) 1:59.627. Yuliya Krevsun (Ukr) 1:58,738. Zulia Calatayud (Cuba) 2.00.958. Tatyana Andrianova (Ros)2.02.63М1.57.56М1.57.74±m 0.62±m 0.82 δ± 1,75δ± 2,32

At the Athens Olympics, the women's 800m best was 1:56.38. In Beijing, this time was improved and amounted to 1:54.87. Although if you look at the averages in the final races, they are almost the same: 1.57.56 and 1.57.74 respectively. The standard deviation was 1.75 and 2.32. Standard error 0.62 and 0.82.

At the Olympic Games in Athens, the first round of the Russian girls were successful. Svetlana Cherkasova and Tatiana Andrianova won their heats (2:03.60 and 2:03.77 respectively), while Natalia Khrushcheleva made it to the next round in time (2:00.56). She made a tactical mistake, hitting the box, as she ran at the curb up to 600 m. She had to bypass the entire race along the second track and turn, and when, it seemed, 60 m before the finish line, she had already secured third place, which gave the right to reach the semi-finals, her strength left, and she could not resist the oncoming Frenchwoman Grussel.

Of the semi-final races, only Russian champion Andrianova managed to reach the final. She had a tactically flawless run, finishing in second place with a second time of the day in 1:58.41. And Kelly Holmes (1:57.98) won with a powerful acceleration for 200 m, showing that she is in excellent shape.

Natalya Khrushcheleva, after an unsuccessful experience in the race, ran in a completely different manner, keeping the whole distance behind the leader Yolanda Cheplak (1:58.80), but it turned out that her readiness did not match her tactics. On the last straight, she receded strongly and remained fifth (2:00.68). Two people went to the final and two in time.

At first, Cherkasova sat too long at the end of the race, started up only on the last turn, sprinting along the second lane, but this, however, did little for her, and she only entered the straight in fifth. I ran well, but only to become third, as the Romanian Chonkan was too far away. Svetlana's result is 1.59.80, but she had to show 1.59 ,21. In this semi-final, Sydney Olympic champion Maria Mutola won - 1:59:30.

In the final, the most experienced Jerl Miles-Clark led at a fast pace - 56.37, followed by Andrianova. Holmes ran last (57.7) and followed Mutola. Miles-Clark was still the first to reach the last straight, but Mutola and Holmes, as if bound by a thread, proceeded past her. But Mutola could not achieve her usual advantage in finishing speed, and in the last meters, still not believing in what was happening, Holmes outran her opponent, winning against her for the first time. The result is excellent - 1:56.38, only 0.17 seconds worse than her personal record in 1995. Mutola finished in 13 hundredths of a second, but only... fourth. How many events on the last meter! Amicably running Moroccan Hasna Benhassi and Cheplak literally break into the pedestal. They were given the same time of 1:56.43, but Benhassi has the advantage. Andrianova also had one of her best races, doing everything right, showing a result of 1:56.88 - close to her personal best (1:56.23) - and took fifth place behind Mutola.

Holmes raised the age level Olympic champions at this distance, up to her 34 years and after 5 medals of various denominations at the Olympics and World Championships, she achieved a big victory for the first time. Her schedule is similar to that of Borzakovsky: 28.7; 29.0; 29.2; 29 ,5.

At the Beijing Olympics, Kenyan Pamela Jelimo's ascent this season is unparalleled in double-lap history. Historians may recall something similar when 22-year-old Briton Ann Pecker won the 1964 Games, also competing in the course in her first season (after which she ended her career). But behind her were successes in the 400 m, where she had previously become a silver medalist.

Jelimo, however, only last year for the first time seriously took to the track. She performed at sprint distances, but the results did not bode anything fantastic: 200 m - 24.68 and 400 m - 54.93. So this year she almost started in the 800m. And she ran this distance for the first time on April 19 in Nairobi, winning - 2:01.82. Then she did not suffer a single defeat, showing a series of the highest results, setting four world records among juniors (1.55.76, 1.54.99, 1.54.97,1.54.87) - at the same time they were African records three times.

It remains only to regret that we did not see the duel of Pamela Dzhelimo and Elena Soboleva - the only one who could really compete with her.

In her absence, Svetlana Klyuka performed best of all the Russians, showing a decent time - 1:56.94, only 0.21 from the bronze position.

Kluka won the race in 2:01.67, running the second round in 58.74, and the semi-finals in 1:58.31, leading from the start (400m - 58.79, 600m -1:28.49). The winners of the remaining semi-finals ran in the same style, where the world champion Janet Jepkosgei (1:57.38) and Jelimo (1:57.31) were the first.

Tatyana Andrianova also reached the final, but in time (1:58.16). For her, all the races were not easy and reaching the final was already an achievement, and she did not interfere in the struggle for high places.

Ekaterina Kostetskaya left a good impression. She had a solid run, taking the required third place - 2:00.54 - behind experienced Zulia Calatayud (2:00.34) and Hasna Benhassi (2:00.51). And in the semi-finals, showing a good time - 1:58.33, she was third behind the future winners Benhassi (1:58.03) and Jelimo. But for the final, Ekaterina lacked only 0.05. Andrianova was joined by Kenny Sinclair from Jamaica - 1:58.28.

In the final, as in Osaka, Jepkosgei rushed forward (200 m - 26.4), but Djelimo settled behind her as a pacemaker. Sinclair and Mutola are next with a slight gap. Just before the bell Pamela took the lead (400m - 55.41) and by 600m (1.24.03 - pace at 1.52) she already had 6 meters of advantage. Mutola began to slowly approach Sinclair, while Benhassi and Kluka ran even faster from behind. At the exit to the straight, Mutola bypassed Sinclair, and both of them Benhassi. And after 40 meters, Kluka did it too. Benhassi has the fastest last 200 m - 30.1, the second fastest is Kluka - 30.5, Jelimo 30.84, Jepkosgey - 31.2.

Jelimo finished in splendid isolation, setting another African and world records among juniors - 1:54.87. Naturally, she is now at 18 years 257 days the youngest 800m champion and the first Kenyan with Olympic gold. Jepkosgey took silver, running just 0.03 behind her personal best of 1:56.07. Benhassi has returned with a medal from every major championship since 2004. She and Mutola ran in the Sydney final, but the 2000 Games champion 35-year-old Mutola is only fifth this time - 1:57.68 and this is her fifth Olympic final (repeating Vladimir Golubnichy's record) and her sixth Olympic Games.

3.2 WOMEN'S 1500M PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

1500m run Athens 20041500m run Beijing 20081. Kelly Holmes (WBR) 3.57.901. Nancy Jebet Lagat (Ken) 4.00.232. Tatyana Tomashova (Rus) 3.58.122. Irina Lishchinskaya (Ukr) 4.01.633. Maria Chonkan (Room) 3.58.393. Natalia Tobias (Ukr) 4.01.784. Natalia Evdokimova (Rus) 3.59.054. Fox Dobriski (WBR) 4.02.105. Daniela Yordanova (Bolg) 3:59.105. Maryam Jamal (Bahr) 4:02.716. Lydia Hojecka (Paul) 3.59.276. Natalia Rodriguez (Esp) 4.03.197. Anna Yakubchak (Pol) 4.00.157. Shannon Rauburi (USA) 4.03.588. Elvan Abeilegesse (Turkish) 4.00.678. Iris Fuentes-Pila (Isp) 4.04.86M3.59.08M4.02.51±m 0.34±m 0.50 δ± 0,96δ± 1,41

At the Olympic Games in Athens, the best result for women in the 1500m was 3.57.90, which is 2.33 better result shown in Beijing - 4.00.23. The average for the final race in Athens was also higher at 3:59.08 and 4:02.51 respectively. The standard deviation was 0.96 and 1.41. Standard error 0.34 and 0.50.

World champion in the 1500m Tatiana Tomashova won the silver medal in Athens, and although she showed a result that she had never shown before - 3:58.12, she herself admitted that she could have been the first.

And the winner, and the second time in Athens, was the British Kelly Holmes with a personal and national record - 3:57.90. Now she has become a national heroine, such a double was not possible even for the famous Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett.

Holmes repeated Tatyana Kazankina's 1976 and Svetlana Masterkova's 1996 medium-distance doubles. First of all, she attributes her success to the fact that for the first time she spent the season without injuries.

It should be noted that the final was a success. The first five runners and seven in the entire race finished with personal bests, with two more showing the best results of the season. And they all owe this to Russian woman Natalya Evdokimova, who from the start offered a high pace (400 m - 63.59, 800 m - 2.08.64, on the third lap she added - 1200 m in 3.12.82) and was ahead of 1420 m. she eventually finished fourth, the first time she traded 4 minutes in 3:59.05.

Tomashova could probably change the situation. First of all, 220 m before the finish, when, knowing that Holmes in all previous races (three at 800 m and two before the final at 1500 m), she started the finish acceleration 250 m away. If Tatyana, who was running third before the turn, shifted to the right, then the Englishwoman would either have to run around it along the third lane in a turn, or wait for a straight line. When, in reality, Holmes bypassed Tomashova, Tatyana joined her and on the straight line she was waiting for the moment to go around to the left. But first, the Pole Hoyetska interfered with her, then Evdokimova, who for some reason began to shift to the right, thereby freeing the way along the curb for the Romanian Chonkan, who eventually deprived Natalya of a well-deserved bronze award.

Therefore, Tomashova simply did not have time to turn on her speed in the last 40 meters, when there was operational space. So, maybe it was necessary to immediately shift to the right and sprint?

If Tomashova and Evdokimova confidently held the preliminary races, and Evdokimova won twice, then Olga Egorova, invincible before the Olympics, each time got into the next round with difficulty in time and took only 11th place in the final (4:05.65).

In the first round, she easily won her (first in a row) race - 4:05.14, showing 46.34 in the last 300 m. In the second, the bronze medalist of the World Championship, Ukrainian Irina Lishchinskaya, ran the final 300 m much faster - 43.19, however, with a weaker start (4:13.60). To everyone's surprise, only the sixth (outside the required top three) finished running the bronze medalist of Valencia-2008 Ethiopian Heleta Burka. In the third race, all participants were striving for the result, where Kenyan Nancy Lagat scored - 4.03.02 (45.62 in the final segment). Fifth place with good result On April 4, 1966, Anna Alminova, the only Russian woman in this event, took the title, and among the three in time she reached the final.

A day later, Anna led the race in it, but not quickly: 400 m - 65.90, 800 m - 2.13.70 (67.80). The race was brought back to life by Jamal herself, who took the lead with 500 meters to go. Pursued by Lagat, the world champion showed 62.71 (1200m - 3:16.41) on the third round. Lishchinskaya ran third. But there was no continuation from Jamal, but Lagat rushed forward with 200 meters to go and by the beginning of the last straight she already had a solid five-meter lead. Jamal gradually lost ground and Lagat doubled her lead with a personal best of 4:00.23. Last 300 m - 43.6. Ukrainians Lishchinska and Natalia Tobias (with a personal best of 4:01.78) captured the rest of the medals. Briton Lisa Dobrisky finished fastest (straight - 14.5 and 29.1 - 200 m), leaving Jamal in fifth place.

Alminova, alas, fell far behind at the end of the distance and finished 11th - 4:06.99.

Lagat is the second Kenyan woman after Jelimo in Olympic history to win gold. She turned 27 the day before the final. At the age of 16, she showed her talent at the World Junior Championships, taking second place in the 800 m, and two years later she became the champion (2:01.51). But there were also breaks in the running career: from 2001 to 2003, and 2006, 2007. At 1500m, her personal best before Beijing was 4:02.31 and dates back to 2005. She had a best of 4:03.80 this year when she placed second in Eugene at the Prefontaine Memorial. And at the Kenyan selection, she barely managed to get into the team, taking third place - 4:14.09.

3.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MEN 800M

athletics olympic running distance

800m run Athens-2004Running 800m Beijing-20081. Yuri Borzakovsky (Ros) 1.44.451. Wilfred Bungay (Ken) 1.44.652. Mbuireni Mulaudzi (South Africa) 1.44.612. Ahmed Ismail (Court) 1.44.703. Wilson Kipketer (Dan) 1:44.653. Alfred Yego (Ken) 1:44.824. Monsignet Cheiby (Mar) 1:45.164. Gary Reed (Can) 1:44.945. Wilfred Bungay (Ken) 1:45.315. Youssef Kamel (Bahr) 1:44.926. Ezekiel Sepeng (South Africa) 1.45.536. Eiman Lopez (Cuba) 1.45.887. Jabir Said-Guerni (AL) 1:45.617. Nabil Madii (AL) 1:45.968. Amad Ismail (Court) 1.52.498. N. Mansur (Alj) 1.47.19 М1.45.99 М1.45.37 ±m0.94±m0.32 δ± 2,66δ± 0,90

At the Athens Olympics best time at a distance of 800 m for men was 1:44.45, in Beijing the best time was 1:44.65, which is 0.20 worse than the Athens result. As we see from the table, the arithmetic mean at the Olympic Games in Beijing is 1.45.37, and in Athens 1.45.99. From this it follows that, in general, the results shown in the final increased in Beijing. The standard deviation was 2.66 and 0.90, respectively. Standard error 0.94 and 0.32.

In Athens, Yuriy Borzakovsky won the main competition, which he had been running for 4 years after finishing sixth at the Sydney Olympics. Yuri became the winner in the 800 m race, fulfilling not only his dream, but also the dream of all middle-aged people in Russia and the USSR. Indeed, in the entire history of the Olympic Games, we have only had two medals at this distance: Evgeny Arzhanov won silver in 1972, and Nikolai Kirov won bronze in 1980. And here is the first victory!

At the age of 23, Yuri achieved what the world record holders at this distance Sebastian Coe and the current Wilson Kipketer could not do. The Dane looked great in the heat and semi-finals, winning them (1:44.69 and 1:44.63), but not in the final.

But first things first.

In the first round of the Russians, only Borzakovsky managed to get into the semi-finals. He won his race, though without his usual ease - 1:46.20.

Dmitry Bogdanov was fourth in his race - 1:47.03, but he had to be among the first two. Ramil Aritkulov is even worse - 1:49.25 - seventh. The last passing time was 1:45.94 and the lucky winner was Jabir Said-Guerni, the world champion.

In the semi-finals, where, in addition to Yuri, Kenyan Wilfred Bungei, the leader of the season, and the silver medalist of the Atlanta Olympics, Ezekil Sepeng from South Africa, also ran, there were only two places to reach the final. Yuriy came fourth to the finish line, then became third, and after 50 meters, having added a little, he overtook Sepeng, and almost caught up with the leader Bungei. Problem solved. And the result is high - 1.44.29. As it turned out later, the athletes from this race left in time: Sepeng and the runner from Morocco Sheibi, who ran from 1.45.

The other two semi-finals were won by world champion Said-Guerni in 1:45.76 and world record holder Wilson Kipketer in 1:44.63.

The final was held at an average pace: 400 m - 51.84. The Algerian Said-Guerni and the leader of the season the Kenyan Bungei ran ahead, Yuri kept the sixth. On the penultimate straight, Bungei still left behind the desperately resisting Algerian, and 200 m away, Kipketer and Mulaudzi joined Bungei. Borzakovsky was already running fifth, one and a half meters from this quartet. On the turn, he decided not to bypass anyone, but only pulled himself up to his offender at the World Championship Said-Guerni and went with him to the last straight. And the troika (Bungey, Kipketer, Mulaudzi) has already broken away a little. And here Yury started running, gradually approaching the leaders, and five meters before the finish line he managed to overtake the last of them - Kipketer, showing 1:44.45. But the frustrated Kipketer did not see that he was 0.04 seconds ahead of Mulaudzi on the edge - 1:44.61.

Yuri's run layout again reflects his characteristic uniformity. - 25.5 - 26.7 (52.2) - 26.2 (1.18.4) - 26.0. His first lap is 52.2, the second is 52.3.

In Beijing, after several years of calm, this year there were young runners who took to the high level results. This is primarily a junior from Sudan, Abubaker Kaki, who managed to become world champion in winter, world junior champion in summer and show the best result of the season in the world - 1:42.69. But no one has run out of 1.43 for five years now. In addition, the tall and powerful Cuban Yeyman Lopez moved to the 800m from 400m (45.11) and in June in Spain, beating the experienced Mulaudzi outright, showed 1:43.07.

Olympic champion Yuri Borzakovskiy has always been known to strive more for victory than for records, but there was concern whether he could prepare for a 1.42. After all, the Russian record of 1:42.47 was shown to them seven years ago. And over the past time (after the victory in Athens) he only once - in 2006 ran out of 1.44 - 1.43.42. But Yuri, who performed very confidently this season, in the last start before the Olympic Games in Monaco proved that he was prepared, fixing 1:42.79 and ahead of many future rivals.

According to coach Yuri Vyacheslav Makarovich Evstratov, he was in good shape at the pre-Olympic training camp in Irkutsk, he had to be stopped more often.

But, alas, Yuri could not get into the final, as, indeed, Kaki. And the final was held, as before, in a tactical struggle, where the most experienced Wilfred Bungay from Kenya won.

Borzakovsky had a successful first start at his third Games. He ran in the first run. The opponents offered a high pace - 50.89 in the first 400 meters and Yuri was already running second. He and the 2006 Winter World Champion Bungei both controlled the course of the race. The speed continued to be high - 600 m in 1:18.20. The favorites confidently finished ahead: 1:44.90 for Bungei and 1:45.15 for Borzakovsky.

Dmitry Bogdanov, in his slow race, could not compete at the finish line with Abubaker Kaki (1:46.98) and middleweight from Saudi Arabia Mohammed Al-Sali (1:47.02). And according to the result (1:47.49), Dmitry could not pass to the next round. It was necessary to run at least 1:46.54.

In the semi-finals, everything went against Borzakovsky. Again got the first race (there were three in total, and the exit was according to the formula 2 + 2), again with Bungay, but this time no one offered a fast pace. In addition, this day was the fifth, the most difficult, after arrival. To top it off, the weather has changed drastically. After the heat of the previous days, a downpour passed, and it became cool. Yuri always endures such changes hard. And it was clearly visible even in his appearance.

Evgeny Arzhanov, the silver medalist of the 1972 Olympic Games, watching this run on television, summarized: “Yuri was not ready at that moment. When you're ready, you can handle any tactical situation."

After 200 m, the pace dropped significantly. Yuri, keeping his speed, began to move forward on the turn and after the first lap, completed in only 54.32, he ran second behind Bungay. Everything seemed to be fine, a great position. At the mark of 600 m - 1.21.00, but on the turn behind the rivals began to run up and almost closed the track for Yuri. He still retained the second position. But when Bungei began to finish on the straight, Borzakovsky's return sprint did not work out. Moreover, Lopez managed to snatch second place from the Russian in the last meters. Lopez - 1:46.40, Borzakovsky - 1:46.53. We had to wait for the results of the next races. And already in the second, five at once ran faster than Yuri, and only two came out in time.

Failure befell the leader of the season, Abubaker Kaki. He limply ran last 30 meters from the winner - 1:49.19.

In the final, Bungei again led the race, however, at a slow pace (400 m - 53.35), gradually increased speed, showing 25.82 on the next 200 m (600 m - 1:19.17), and in the last quarter even faster - 25 .48. He cleared exactly 800m as he ran all the way to the touchline, and with his best time of the season of 1:44.65, he finally took the biggest win of his long career. . Ahmed Ismail and Lopez entered the straight in second and third, but if Ismail closed the gap to 0.05 and almost caught up with Bungei, Lopez fell back to sixth place. Alfred Yego and Gary Reid finished very quickly (first and second at the 2007 World Championships) and went to third and fourth places.

3.4 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MEN 1500M

1500m run Athens 20041500m run Beijing 20081. Isham El Guerrouj (Mar) 3.34.181. Rashid Ramzi (Bahr) 3.32.942. Bernard Lagat (Ken) 3.34.302. Asbel Kiprop (Ken) 3.33.113. Rui Silva (Port) 3:34.683. Nick Willis (N.C.) 3:34.164. Timothy Kiptanui (Ken) 3.35.614. Medi Bala (Fr) 3.34.215. Ivan Geshko (Ukr) 3.35.825. Juan-K.Iguero (Esp) 3.34.446. Michael East (WBR) 3.36.336. Asbel Kiprop (Ken) 3.34.667. Reyes Esteves (Esp) 3:36.637. Juan Van Deventer (South Africa) 3:34.778. Gert-Jan Lifers (Nid) 3.37.178. Belal Ali (Bahr) 3.35.23M3.35.59 M 3.34.19±m0.39±m 0.28 δ± 1,11δ± 0,80

In 2004, the start of the season for multiple champion the peace of Isham El Guerrouj was not very successful. Feeling unprepared, he missed his scheduled start at Hengelo, but a week later he made his first appearance on the track and, with a time of just 3:36.46, narrowly managed to win.

And the beginning of July turned out to be generally critical - a deafening defeat in the "Golden League" in Rome - eighth place (3:32.64). After 4 days in Lausanne, he still won - 3:32.20, but the work went on and on July 31 he finally showed his worthy result - 3:29.18.

And in Zurich, the last test of strength before the Olympics. It seems that the result is (3:27.64), but Isham loses at the finish line to his main competitor Bernard Lagat (3:27.40), just like Nyeni in Sydney. One can understand the state with which the world record holder went to the start in Athens. He had an easy run and semi-finals, winning (3:37.86 and 3:40.87). Lagat had a harder time in the semi-finals - 3:35.84 and, of course, he was in no hurry to win it and took second place.

The final started at a slow pace with Kenya's Songkok leading the 400m mark at 60.42 and El Guerrouj leading the race after two laps at 2:01.93 (61.51). And this is where the real run begins. The Moroccan accelerated with every step and completed the third lap in 53.28 (1200m - 2:55.21). Such a speed on this segment for such a result has not yet been. At the Olympics in Rome in 1960, Herbert Eliot, when setting a world record (3:35.6), broke away from his competitors, showing 56.2. In 1972 in Munich, Kipchogo Keino - 55.3, and the winner Pekka Vassala - the last 800 m in 1.48.8 (700 m - 1.35.7, result - 3.36.33), in 1980 in Moscow Jurgen Straub - 54.2 . Sebastian Coe then won (3:38.40), running the last 700 m in 1:33.5. In 1984, Coe, with a better result of 3:32.53, had a 1:35.7 over 700m. In 1996, Nureddin Morseli overcame the third lap in 53.4, and 700 m in 1.33.0.

Well, in Athens, in the last 700 m, El Guerrouj was spectacular - 1.32.25 (tempo at 1.45.5 for 800 m), and the last 400 m - 51.91 (38.97 - 300 m).

But the victory did not come easily to him. Lagat held on to his shoulder and, remembering the race in Zurich, caught up with him 50 meters before the finish line. But for the first time in such a tough competition, El Guerrouge managed to find the strength for a new breakthrough.

Ukrainian Ivan Geshko was third on the last turn, but then Portuguese Rui Silva passed him (he has the fastest finish, as he significantly lost to the leaders per lap, the last 400 m - 51.3 and 800 m - 1.46.3), and in Kenyan Timothy Kiptanui moved Geshko to fifth place in cages.

At the Beijing Olympics, two-time world champion in 2005 - in the 800 and 1500 meters - Rashid Ramzi from Bahrain once again proved his ability to compete in major championships, having now achieved the highest title - the Olympic. Last year, despite insufficient time for training after an injury, Ramsay managed to become the silver medalist of the World Championship at a distance of 1500 m. But this winter, he failed to climb the podium - only fifth place at the World Championships. After that, Rashid almost did not compete until Beijing, running only twice longer distances, and very well. 2 miles - 8.13.76 (3000 m on the go for 7.43.85) and 5000 m - 13.10.72. Work on endurance has brought success, but what about speed?

The first round of competition at the Games confirmed that everything is in order here. Not only did Ramsay set the best time in the races at major championships - 3:32.89, but he also delighted with the finish: the last 300m in 38.90, which is excellent for this level of result, especially since he clearly slowed down in the last meters.

Ramsay won the semi-final with a slightly worse time of 3:37.11, but he covered the last 700m in 1:35.06 (1:48.6 pace for 800m). In this strong run, he outpaced eventual finalists Baalu, Baldeli, Choge and Willis, and two-time 2007 world champion Bernard Lagat (just 0.02 short) and winter world champion Deresse Mekonnen who did not make it to the final. In the other semi-final, Kenyan junior Asbel Kiprop was the soloist, finishing fourth in the world championship last year. In 3:37.04, he ran the final 400m in close to 51 seconds, although he was fifth with 200m to go.

In the final, Kenyans Kiprop and Choge planned to slow Ramzi down at a fast pace (1200 m at 2.50 m), but they failed to fulfill the plan. Kiprop started the 400m at 56.48, but the season leader (3:31.57) Choge ran the second lap in almost 62 s (800m - 1:56.06), then he added, but the 1200m was only 2:53.67. And he actually could not run further, finishing 10th.

Ramsay, who kept most of the distance 4 - 5th, added speed after 250 meters. Belal Ali tried not to let him on the edge, but to no avail. Kiprop managed to catch the tug. But on the bend, Ramsay developed an extraordinary speed, he raced these 100 meters in 12.5 (!) And broke away from his pursuer. And although Kiprop closed the gap on the last straight, he did not really threaten Ramsay, and he brought the first Olympic medal Bahrain. Both the result of 3:32.94 and the last lap time (52.9) are good. Well, Asbel Kiprop with his talent and excellent physical data (tall and light) can expect a bright future.

New Zealander Nick Willis also had his best run of his life: with a quick finish he jumped from sixth to third place and added his name to the string of New Zealand stars in the Olympic 1500m. First places - Jack Lovelock (1936), Peter Snell (1964), John Walker (1976), third - John Davis (1964) and Rod Dixon (1972).

CONCLUSION

Comparing the Olympic Games in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008, it can be noted that the most outstanding results are achieved by athletes with a pronounced individuality. Athletes with a mobile nervous system on excitation, relatively slow rates of puberty and whose assessment of various aspects of readiness, determined by informative indicators, established taking into account belonging to certain typological groups, are higher than average values, achieve sports success. Various combinations of typological features of athletes make it necessary to organize their educational and training process in different ways. Biological age assessment introduces changes in the amount and intensity of training work. For example, retardants are recommended high intensity and low volume load. The correlation of the educational and training process of athletes in middle-distance running can be represented as an interconnected sequence of a number of organizational and methodological techniques:

measurement and evaluation of individual structure physical development, physical, technical and psychological fitness of athletes, taking into account those informative indicators that determine the sports result in the typological groups defined for each teenager;

assessment of the compliance of the level of these indicators with the values ​​in certain typological groups;

the selection and use of pedagogical means that primarily affect these indicators: initially, to improve the "weak" elements of preparedness;

when their progress slows down, it is necessary to use means that affect other, "strong" sides of preparedness.

Yury Borzakovsky became the champion of the Olympic Games in Athens in the 800 m. Yuri realized not only his dream, but also the dream of all the medievalists in Russia and the USSR. After all, in the entire history of the Olympic Games, we had only 2 medals at this distance: Evgeny Arzhanov won silver in 1972, and Nikolai Kirov won bronze in 1980. In the 1500m race, Isham El Guerruj won the gold medal.

In the women's 800m and 1500m, British runner Kelly Holmes became the champion.

The runner from Kenya, Wilfred Bungey, became the champion of the Beijing Olympic Games in men's 800m. At a distance of 1500m, there was no equal to an athlete from Bahrain - Rashid Ramzi.

In women at a distance of 800m, the runner from Kenya, Pamela Jelimo, excelled. At a distance of 1500m, "gold" went to a runner from Kenya - Nancy Jebet Lagat. She was only a second ahead of the Ukrainian runner Irina Leshchinskaya. Third place was won by another athlete from Ukraine - Natalia Tobias.

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Similar works to - Analysis of the performance of athletes in the middle distance at the Olympic Games in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008