How did swimming begin? The history of the emergence and development of swimming in Russia. Analysis of arm movements in front crawl swimming

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Russian New University

Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy

Essay

Byphysicalculture

Swimming as a sport, history and development

I've done the work:

group student

GVD-PO-1-2 Lekarev V.V.

Checked:

Sonina V.A.

Moscow 2014

Introduction

1. History of navigation BC e.

2. Swimming in Ancient Rus' and Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Swimming is the most beautiful and most rewarding sport. It has an unusually long history. Even the Ancient Slavs held swimming competitions, their essence was as follows: people swam in the river and caught fish with their hands, the one who brought the largest fish to the shore was considered the winner. These competitions are not at all similar to modern ones, but nevertheless, the ability to swim was of decisive importance in them.

From birth, a person is in the womb. The environment where the fetus lives is aquatic. Newborn babies are sometimes taught to float until they have grown accustomed to the environment in which they grew up, thus swimming is the very first sport in a person's life.

Swimming is not unimportant for human health, because during this sport, the blood is cleansed, the respiratory system, as well as when swimming, the blood is saturated with oxygen. Also, this sport relieves psychological stress. In water, the nervous system calms down. When a person is in the water, tension in the spine and hip joint is relieved, and that is why recreational swimming is widely used in medicine. In the 20th century, people began to combine such disciplines as swimming and aerobics - aqua aerobics. This method of swimming is mainly used by people with increased weight, back problems.

The formation of the correct swimming skill is possible if the teacher, in the process of teaching schoolchildren to swim, most appropriately uses the laws of human interaction with aquatic environment. Behind last years with the help of objective research methods, experimental work was carried out to determine effective ways to improve the technique and methodology of teaching swimming to children and adolescents. The results of these studies are used in the present work.

Swimming consists of four sections, which are called sports, game, applied and figured (artistic) swimming.

Sports swimming contains various types of competitions in types and distances determined by special rules. Competitions are held in the pools standard sizes(25 and 50 m) at distances from 50 to 1500 m, as well as in open water in the form of swims at different distances.

In competitions, sports (correct) swimming methods are used, which, compared with original methods, have a great advantage in speed.

Game swimming contains a variety of outdoor games and entertainment in the water. Such swimming is used mainly in the education and training of young swimmers. Games evoke great emotions, increase the activity of children, promote the emergence of initiative, foster a sense of camaraderie, etc.

Applied swimming includes techniques for rescuing a drowning person, diving in length and depth, as well as overcoming water obstacles.

Figure (artistic) swimming is a various complexes movements made up of elements of choreography using acrobatic and gymnastic combinations to build various figures in the water. Figure swimming can be group and solo.

In our country, people are engaged in swimming different ages. However, the majority of people who learn how to swim and take part in competitions are children.

No less great is the health-improving value of swimming. Water cleanses human skin, improves skin respiration and strengthens the skin itself. It causes an increase in the activity of various internal organs: breathing quickens, heart rate increases, the tone of peripheral blood vessels changes, metabolism increases. This is explained by the fact that water, compared with air, has an increased thermal conductivity and heat capacity, as well as a significant density, as a result of which heat transfer and water pressure on the surface of the human body increase dramatically.

Swimming is such a physical exercise that promotes the growth of the body of adolescents, since during swimming a person is in conditions of partial weightlessness and in a horizontal position, as a result of which the spine is temporarily unloaded from normal gravitational loads.

Swimming helps to improve the functioning of all body systems, and especially the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. During intensive swimming, the heart rate of a young swimmer who is in a state of sportswear, can increase 3-4 times and reach 150-200 beats / min ..

When swimming in any way, the athlete adapts the rhythm of breathing to the rhythm of movements: for each cycle of movement, he takes one energetic breath and one exhalation into the water.

Swimming has a positive effect on the state of the central nervous system: excessive excitability and irritability are eliminated, self-confidence appears. This is a consequence of the beneficial effect of the aquatic environment and exercise on the child's body.

Swimming hardens the body of children and adolescents. Frequent changes in environmental temperatures produce protective reactions in the body. As a result, the body's resistance to colds increases.

It should be remembered that once acquired the skill of swimming is retained by a person for life. The ability to swim is necessary for every person who has chosen a profession that is in contact with actions on the water (building bridges, dams, fishing, etc.). The ability to swim well, to overcome water obstacles by swimming and with the help of improvised means is necessary for all military personnel.

Thus, swimming as a physical exercise that harmoniously develops and strengthens the human body, helps to increase its motor capabilities and improve the quality of a number of movements that it needs in everyday life. Therefore, it is no coincidence that swimming is one of the main means of the Soviet system of physical education.

swimming sports game rus

1 . Storyswimmingbeforen.e.

From the time of its appearance on Earth, man has always been associated with water. It was in the valleys of large rivers - the Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Huang He and the Yangtze, the Indus and the Ganges - that human civilization was born. Water was of great importance in the life of primitive people, which was the reason for the deification of this element, which inspired a feeling of admiration and fear, still weak in the struggle with nature. The cult of water has existed among almost all peoples since ancient times. One of the main Olympic gods, the lord of the seas among the ancient Greeks was Poseidon; much later (3rd century BC), among the ancient Romans, he began to be identified with Neptune. The enormous importance of water in people's lives required adaptation to this unusual environment. After all, the first time you get into the water, a person drowns. Therefore, swimming is a vital skill associated with development in the aquatic environment and the ability to move around in it. The ability to swim sometimes became decisive during wars - especially during naval battles. An idea of the use of swimming for military purposes in ancient times is given by a bas-relief in the tomb of Ramses II. It depicts the crossing of the Egyptian soldiers across the Orontes River. One of the warriors swims in a crawl-like manner, and the other performs a simultaneous stroke with both hands; many warriors help their apparently wounded comrades to swim across the river or climb ashore, where the victims are turned upside down to remove water that has got inside. The Egyptians widely used swimming in everyday life. This can be judged by the artistically executed toilet boxes and spoons. Special training in swimming in the Nile was a privilege of the nobility, obligatory for the children of the pharaohs. On the tomb of the ruler of the Set, who lived in Ancient Egypt for 2.5 thousand years BC, there is an inscription: "He gave me swimming lessons along with the royal children."

IN Ancient Greece the ability to swim was also valued. True, swimming was not included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. However, from 1300t. BC, during the Isthmian Games and the annual festivities in Hermione in honor of the sea lord Poseidon, they competed in swimming and playing music. Pausanias and Herodotus describe the feat of the diver Scyllis, who drowned in 470 BC. Persian navy. In a storm, he swam up to enemy ships and cut the anchor ropes, as a result of which the ships crashed on the coastal rocks. Returning back, Scillis swam about 5 km, often diving, so as not to fall into the eyes of enemies. For this, the Greeks erected a statue of him at Delphi. Tradition says that at the same time he acted together with his daughter Hinda, who felt so free in the water that she received the nickname Beloved of the god of the seas. The fact that the ancient Greeks attached great importance to the ability to swim is also evidenced by the famous saying of Plato: "Can people who are the opposite of the wise, who cannot swim and read, be entrusted with the service?" In Athens, a person who could not swim was considered defective. The extreme degree of human lack of culture was expressed by the saying "He can neither swim nor read." The ancient Romans also paid tribute to the ability to swim. The legendary commanders Gaius Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompeii, Mark Antony, Octavian Augustus were not only excellent swimmers themselves, but also skillfully taught their legionnaires how to swim. And Gaius Julius Caesar, on a truly imperial scale, staged grandiose "sea battles" in Rome, in which thousands of soldiers participated, demonstrating boarding fights, the ability to swim and dive, conduct martial arts in the water, attack ships, and cross in full armor. The Roman troops had specially trained squads of swimmers on the ships, who were charged with the responsibility of repairing the underwater part of the ships and naval reconnaissance. Swimming with round dances on the water to the music was part of the program of grandiose water extravaganzas, held annually in Ancient Rome. At the beginning of our era, at the terms (baths), they began to build pools for swimming with heated water. The most famous are the pools at the Baths of Caracalla (56x23 m) and at the Baths of Diocletian (100x50 m). The ruins of the baths, which were also sports, cultural and entertainment institutions, have survived to this day. The enlightened Romans also taught swimming to children. Even at the dawn of civilization, people knew about the healing properties of water. All religions prescribed the need to "purify the body" and perform ablutions. The word "hygiene" is of Greek origin and means "healthy". In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome there was a cult of Hygiene - the goddess of health. "The Romans were treated for all diseases with water, and for six centuries they had no doctors at all," the writer of that time, Pliny, said. Bathing several times a day was a custom.

2 . SwimmingVAncientRus'AndRussia

The Byzantine historian Mauritius, who traveled through Ancient Rus', testifies that the Slavs were even more skilled swimmers than representatives of other tribes and peoples. He was surprised by the ability of Slavic warriors to hide under water, breathing through a tube made of reeds. Many of the first swimming competitions had a pronounced applied character. An example is the mass competitions of the ancient Slavs on the Pochaina River, a tributary of the Dnieper, where the best swimmers-divers gathered. All of them simultaneously jumped into the river and had to catch fish with their hands for a certain time. The one who managed to catch the largest fish was declared the winner and received a silk fishing net as a reward. In the 17th century swimming training was introduced in the Russian troops. The military instruction "Teaching how to use weapons for soldiers" emphasizes the need for every soldier to be able to swim and instructs to take the necessary measures to organize swimming training. Under Peter I, swimming was introduced into the number of academic disciplines at the Naval Academy and the Imperial Land Cadet Corps. The order of Peter I read: "... All new soldiers, without exception, must learn to swim, there are not always bridges." Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov attached great importance to the ability to swim. He himself taught the soldiers to swim and cross the river in any weather ford and swim. In the Rules for Medical Officers, he demanded that diseases be prevented by "purity, necessary in everything, fresh food and drink, and daily bathing." The idea of the need for mass training in swimming was affirmed by many glorious sons of Russia. In 1829, in accordance with the "Instruction prescribed by His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich", in order to form detachments of the best swimmers to perform special tasks in the water, the first Russian competitions on the Berezina River were held in the second sapper brigade of the Russian army. Their program included two exercises: "walking" in an upright position, without touching the bottom, for a distance of 25 fathoms and swimming on the back for a distance of 100 fathoms. Competitions became traditional, and in 1832 their program was supplemented by another exercise - shooting from a gun at a target on the shore from a "floating standing" position, which in subsequent years was widely used in the combat training of Russian troops.

Conclusion

Finishing work on the abstract, it seems necessary to summarize and draw a number of conclusions.

Swimming has been known to man since ancient times: images of people found during excavations, swimming in ways similar to crawl and breaststroke, date back to the 4th millennium BC. Swimming develops muscular system, mobility in the joints, improves coordination of movements, strengthens nervous system, improves metabolism, expands the functionality of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. There are recreational, sports and applied swimming.

Health-improving swimming is one of the forms of mass physical culture and health-improving work with the population. Systematic swimming lessons have a hardening effect, contribute to the prevention of respiratory diseases, improve physical development. Recreational swimming can be practiced in health groups created on sports bases, in educational institutions, on an individual basis.

Sports swimming is one of the most popular sports. Training in sports swimming should start from the age of 5, from 9 years old it is allowed to participate in competitions.

For applied purposes, swimming is used when overcoming water obstacles, in difficult conditions (cold water, waves, strong currents, swimming in clothes, with objects, etc.), rescue of drowning people, etc.

Listliterature

1. Belitz-Geitman S.V. We are learning to swim. - M.: Enlightenment, 2010.

2. Bulgakova N.Zh. Swimming: A Manual for the Community Instructor. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2009.

3. Konovalov E. You are stronger than water. - M.: Young Guard, 2013.

4. Pogrebnoy A.I., Maryanicheva I.G. On some principles of teaching swimming. // Theory and practice physical education. 2010. №3.

5. Firsov Z.P. Swimming for everyone. M., 2012.

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Origin

Scientists have found that swimming originated in ancient times. As a sport or as a necessity - is unknown. Drawings have been found on the walls of the caves, which presumably date back to 5000 BC. e. Ancient people noticed that many animals were able to move on water and adopted this ability. As you might guess, the first style was the doggy style of swimming. It existed for quite a long time, until it was replaced by breaststroke. And that became the basis for all subsequent innovations. In ancient civilizations, swimming began to gain particular popularity. The first written mention dates back to 2000 BC. e. It is also known that in ancient Rome, swimming became the basis for the training of athletes, including those who participated in the Olympic Games. But the history of swimming as a sport dates back to the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. It was then that the first competitions began to be held.

Thus, swimming appeared quite a long time ago. Even ancient people used it to move on water. Swimming developed, new styles appeared, and it gradually became a sport. Oddly enough, the history of the creation of swimming as a sport resembles running. It was also used in the beginning as a necessity, and only after a large amount of time did running become a sport. Swimming is one of the most famous and popular activities today. Many use it as an exercise for weight loss and recovery.

History of styles

As already mentioned, at the very beginning, when swimming was born, it had only one style - “dog-like”. However, then breaststroke appeared, on the basis of which new types began to be invented. The next style was the side. Legs when swimming resembled scissors. Then people began to swim with seedlings, which made it possible to develop a greater speed compared to others. Further, John Trugen in 1783 invented a style named after his last name. At that time competitions were already quite popular, and new way allowed to set many world records, including its creator. Then, finally, the rabbit appeared. He was "brought" to England by Richard Cavill from Australia. Soon the style was recognized as the fastest, which to this day is. Today it is he who is very popular.

Crawl

The crawl is on the stomach. When using it, the left and right parts of the body move alternately. The arms stroke along the axis in turn while the legs rise and fall. Difficult technique compared to other styles. The swimmer's face should be in the water and rise beyond it only to take a breath. Crawl is considered to be the fastest type of swimming. At competitions, there is the concept of "freestyle", in which athletes have the right to swim the way they want, but everyone chooses the crawl.

Due to the fact that the head is lowered under the water, the hands can make large strokes, and this is positively displayed at speed. If you compare the crawl with the first one, that's why it's faster. When compared with the butterfly, the latter also loses due to the fact that the hands mainly work, and the body does not help. Uniform acceleration, which is only possible in freestyle, helps athletes cover long distances at speed without getting tired.

It turns out that the crawl was born a long time ago. It was originally used by the Indians. And Europe met him in 1844, when the Americans defeated the English swimmers. Defeated but proud athletes did not want to use the new style, as they considered it "barbaric" due to a large number spray. The history of the emergence of swimming as a sport, in particular, styles, had such strange moments.

After the Australian rabbit, the American rabbit appeared, thanks to improvements. It is the latter that today is the very “freestyle”. The initial position in the freestyle is “at attention”, the swimmers are turned face down, legs are straightened, arms are extended upwards.

Breaststroke

As already mentioned, it was the breaststroke that became the transition from the doggy style and practically the basis for all the rest. Swimming as a sport would not exist without it. The look has been around for a long time: the first image of people using a breaststroke-like style was discovered in the Egyptian "Swimmers' Cave". The painting dates back to around 9000 BC. e. There is also a well-known Assyrian drawing of a soldier using this method, but the image was created between 1292-1225. BC e. Dane Nicolas Vinman in 1538 was one of the first to describe the breaststroke in his book. The well-known "frog kick" with legs began to be used only in the 19th century.

At various breaststroke competitions, it was Russian and Soviet athletes who often won. The style was included in the Olympic Games only in 1904, then the swim took place at 402 m, only men participated. Then swimming as the beginning of its development. Already at the next games, the distance was reduced to 200 m. Since 1924, competitions for women began to be held at the same distance. And in 1968, athletes began to compete in the 100 m.

Butterfly

Butterfly is a belly swim, one of the hardest strokes. Tiresome and complicated. The name comes from the word "butterfly". Indeed, some similarities can be found, mainly due to the characteristic strokes with the hands. Unlike the front crawl, the arms stroke at the same time, lifting the body above the water. At the same time, take a deep breath. The legs, together with the pelvis, move in the form of waves, giving acceleration. Although the execution is one of the most difficult, the butterfly is still the second fastest style. Its main difference from the front crawl is that the acceleration in it is uneven due to sharp strokes with the hands.

Interestingly, the butterfly is an improved breaststroke. In the beginning, swimmers realized that for greater speed it made sense to raise their arms above the water. The movement of the body and legs was subsequently replaced with a more comfortable and natural one.

As already mentioned, the technique in the butterfly is extremely complex and requires proper execution. This is what many beginners fear. Learning to combine movements with arms and legs, as well as inhaling with exhaling, is quite difficult, so many go over to crawl. If in most other styles technically correct execution is important, then in butterfly, in addition, physical strength is important.

Difficult is the wave-like movement of the body, which is present (if we take into account only famous styles) only in butterfly. Therefore, such swimming as a sport for children is not the best option.

Equipment and regulations

For any style of swimming, the equipment is the same: a cap, goggles, swimming trunks or (for men or women, respectively), wetsuits are also often used. They began to appear in the 2000s. and are divided into types: from the neck to the ankle, from the neck to the knees, wet pants, shorts for swimming. In 2010, FINA (International Swimming Federation) banned synthetics. Therefore, now only textiles are used.

Swimming as a sport today is held in 50- or 25-meter pools. Many competitions include breaststroke and crawl swims. For example, at the Summer Olympics, the World Championship, the Universiade, the World Cup. The latter is held annually.

Regulations:

crawl (aka freestyle): 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m;
butterfly: 50 m, 100 m, 200 m;
breaststroke: 50 m, 100 m, 200 m;
Backstroke: 50m, 100m, 200m.

What to choose

Those who are just starting to swim, not necessarily professionally, should try crawl. But for people who don't even know how to float, you need to start with the doggy style. It is he, if you look, that underlies all the others. Then, accordingly, you need to move on to crawl or breaststroke, where you can stop.

Pool or sea

If you choose between the sea and the pool, then there can be no definite answer. But the first option is not available to most Russians or is possible only in the summer.

If you want to swim professionally, you should go to the coach in the pool. You can train there all year round and it is easy to learn how to hold and move on the water from scratch. However, for amateur activities, you can choose open water bodies. So, in the sea, waves and wind create natural barriers, and water has a healing effect. If you need to pay for a ticket in the pool, then open water bodies are in the public domain. Everyone chooses according to their abilities and preferences. However, the artificially created pool is safe, in most cases lifeguards are provided there. And in open water, there is a chance of not coping with the current and drowning. Combination is ideal.

Like this interesting story sports. Swimming is very popular, but there are other disciplines to which it is directly related. The following are the two most popular ones.

Triathlon

Swimming, cycling, running as one sport are called triathlon. The name speaks for itself. The sport appeared not so long ago, its beginning goes back to 1920-1930, when an analogue of today's La Course des Debrouillards triathlon was held in France. At that time, running took 3 km, cycling - 12, and swimming was carried out across the Marne Canal. Unfortunately, there was no mention of triathlon from the 1930s until 1974, when in the USA a group of fellow athletes did not unite and form a club where everyone trained together. They represented several sports, namely running, cycling and swimming. Also, friends began to organize competitions. Thus, the first competitions were held on September 25, 1974, 46 athletes participated in them. At first, the cycling race took 180.2 km, the run - 42.2 km; swimming - 3.86 km.

The participants argued for a long time about which sport requires maximum endurance. As a result, an article was found, which said that the cyclist Eddy Merckx had the highest rate of oxygen consumption. And this sport was recognized as requiring maximum endurance. Triathlon has become so popular that many are seriously considering including it in the Olympic Games. Competitions are usually held according to the standard: 1.5 km / 40 km / 10 km. The standard was developed by triathlon racing director Jim Curl in the mid-80s.

Synchronized swimming

Perhaps, synchronized swimming as a sport is one of the most beautiful disciplines. Usually only women participate, but recently men have also joined. The main thing in synchronized swimming is a well-coordinated performance by the team, combining diving and jumping out. Wherein exercise stress colossal. You need to spend a lot of time in training to achieve high results. Russian athletes are the leaders in this sport, all rivals are equal to their training.

However, in addition to the standard technical and physical difficulties, there is also a special one: it is quite difficult to breathe during a performance. Constant, and often even long dives under water require a large amount of time. In order to protect the lungs, athletes wear special clips on their noses.

But where does synchronized swimming as a sport originate from?

Story

As you know, a huge number of disciplines were created in Greece. And synchronized swimming originates from there, then groups of boys and girls led round dances on the water. Only at the end of the XIX century. It was the beginning of synchronized swimming. Then in England, groups of swimmers were created, men who performed various figures in the water. And the first competition was organized in 1891 in Berlin. Then artistic swimming, as it was then called, began its development. And in 1952 there were demonstration performances at the Olympics, after which the sport was named synchronized swimming. In the same year, an appropriate committee was created in FINA. And in 1958 the first international competitions were held. Synchronized swimming was included in the program of the Olympic Games only in 1984.

Swimming as a sport is rich and varied. History and development go back to ancient times. Today, swimming is gaining popularity among all the inhabitants of the earth. Everyone can find what they like best, as there are a lot of species. most beautiful, triathlon is rich in different disciplines, and ordinary competitions remain classics. Many swim amateurs, parents give their children to the section. The history of swimming as a sport continues its active development today.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen"

ABSTRACT

on the topic: The history of the emergence and development of swimming

Completed by a student

1 course 13 gr. IFKiS

Stitsyuk Julia

Introduction

1. History of navigation BC

2. Swimming from the 17th to the 19th centuries

3. Shuvalov swimming school. Swimming in Russia in the 20th century

4. The evolution of swimming methods

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Swimming is a unique type of physical exercise and is one of the most popular sports, both in our country and abroad. The specific features of swimming are associated with motor activity in the aquatic environment. In this case, the human body is subjected to a double effect: on the one hand, it is affected by physical exercises, on the other hand, by the aquatic environment. In addition, when swimming, the human body is in a horizontal position. It should be said that swimming, due to the impact on the body, both motor activity and the aquatic environment, leads to physiological changes in almost all human organs and systems.

Swimming is one of the most effective means of improving the health and physical development of a person, from the first months of life to old age. swimming history competition sports

"He can neither read nor swim" - so in ancient Greece they spoke of a person unworthy of being called a citizen. At that time, the ability to read and swim was seen as a symbol of the all-round development of a person. Nowadays, the ability to swim is a vital applied skill. A large number of accidents on the water are due to the fact that people do not know how to swim.

1. History of navigation BC

What methods of swimming and diving were used by primitive people today is almost impossible to establish. But according to the surviving rock paintings, it can be assumed that the main technique was swimming with an alternating movement of the hands in combination with various options leg movements: from variable strikes with the shin or the whole leg in a vertical plane, as in modern freestyle, to a horizontal scissors kick, as in modern side swimming.

It can be assumed that the primitive man mastered the skill of swimming practically at the level of the rest of the animal world, that is, actually finding himself in the aquatic environment for the first time, he swam without thinking about how he does it, but only by performing simple involuntary movements. Later, this ability was lost. But this is only an assumption.

Archaeological finds (vases, figurines, amphorae, bas-reliefs, papyri, tombs, rock art, frescoes, etc.) indicate that several millennia BC, the peoples of Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia and some other countries knew how to swim well and they were known swimming methods reminiscent of the modern crawl and breaststroke.

On the tomb of the ruler of the city of Siut Seti, who lived in Ancient Egypt for 2.5 thousand years BC, there is a text telling about his life, which, in particular, says: “He gave me swimming lessons along with the royal children ". From this we can conclude that the ability to swim was given great importance, and organized swimming training was the privilege of the nobility.

Swimming was extremely revered by the ancient Greeks. It was not included in the program of the Olympic Games, but was an obligatory part of some other competitions. Swimming was considered an important element not only of the general physical training of the younger generation, but also of education in general. The Greek public figure Solon prescribed in the process of educating youth, along with reading and writing, to turn Special attention for swimming. His saying "he can neither swim nor read" was used to characterize an ignorant person unworthy of being called a citizen.

On the ancient Assyrian bas-reliefs there are images of people swimming across rivers. On one of them, a floating person, performing foot movements, as in the side method, transports a reed boat with people, and on the other, the floating person directs the course of the raft.

The book “Physical Education in Ancient Egypt” published in Cairo in 1974 contains photocopies of a number of historical documents stored in the Cairo Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art. One of them depicts a figure of a floating man carved on a stone. It was found on the wall of a tomb built over two thousand years BC. Another museum of ancient Egyptian art, located in the Italian city of Turin, houses a large stone found in the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh. The figure of a swimmer is carved on the stone, lying in the water on his chest, with legs bent like a frog's and arms spread apart. This image of a swimmer, reminiscent of a modern breaststroke, is about four thousand years old.

The ability to swim became especially important in connection with the wars. Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great were excellent swimmers. The warriors of ancient Greece and Rome were famous for their skill in crossing and conducting naval battles. Reports of fast river crossings by armies numbering up to 10,000 legionnaires testify to the amazing skill of these warriors. Roman emperors staged grandiose naval battles with a demonstration of boarding battles, the ability to swim and dive, fight in the water, attack ships, swim across with full armament.

Herodotus (460 BC) wrote how, during the Greco-Persian War, the Persian king Xerxes used the famous Greek swimmer Skyllis to raise valuables from a sunken ship. When Skillis picked up all the valuables, Xerxes did not let him go. Then, during a storm, Skillis jumped overboard from his floating prison, cut the anchor ropes of all the ships, and they crashed on the coastal rocks. Fleeing from enemies, he sailed from Aphete to the island of Euboea (about 14 km), often diving to hide from the eyes of enemies. In honor of this feat, the Greeks erected a statue of him at Delphi.

In ancient Greece, even before the advent of our era, swimming began to be used as one of the main means of physical education of young people, not only boys, but also girls. For example, on one of the ancient Greek vases kept in the historical museum of the Louvre (“Francis Vase”, VI century BC), bathing women are depicted. The movements of one of them resemble the crawl swimming method.

Many peoples have used bathing for hygienic and hardening purposes since ancient times. The saying of the ancient Indian sages says: bathing gives ten benefits - mental clarity, freshness, vigor, health, strength, beauty, youth, purity, pleasant skin color and the attention of beautiful women.

Body culture reached a particularly high level in Ancient Hellas. The word "hygiene" is of Greek origin. In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, there was a cult of the goddess of purity, Hygia. “The Romans for six centuries managed without doctors thanks to swimming and bathing,” said the Roman writer Pliny. The founder of medicine, the Greek physician Hippocrates, taught natural methods of therapy and especially hydrotherapy. His student Asklepiad considered the use of gymnastics, diet and water procedures to be the basis of recovery.

In Rome, the ruins of thermae have survived to this day - public baths, which are also sports, cultural and entertainment institutions. Some terms could simultaneously accommodate up to 2500 people. They had many baths, several swimming pools (some up to 50 m in size), gymnastics halls, libraries, promenades and art galleries. Bathing every day, even several times, was a custom.

2. Swimming since XVIIto the 19th century

In the middle of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, the first attempts were made in Russia to organize swimming training among the troops. In 1647, the book "The Teaching and Cunning of the Military Structure of Infantry People" was published, which emphasizes the importance of the ability to swim for every warrior.

Under Peter 1, swimming was included in the number of academic disciplines at the Naval Academy and the Imperial Land Cadet Corps. The order of Peter 1 read: "all new soldiers must learn to swim without exception, there are not always bridges."

The great commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov attached great importance to the ability to swim. He himself taught the soldiers to swim and cross the river in any weather ford and swim. In the Rules for Medical Officers, he demanded that diseases be prevented by "purity, necessary in everything, fresh food and drink, and daily bathing." Thus, A.V. Suvorov considered swimming not only as an applied exercise, but also as a means of physical education, especially its hygienic component.

In 1785, the first swimming school was founded in Paris. In Russia, the first swimming school opened in 1827 on the Neva. In the same period, several more swimming schools were opened: in 1834. - on the Bolshaya Neva, the Pauli school and in 1838 - on Vasilyevsky Island.

The Northern Bee magazine reported the following about this school: “Fencing master Grizier is studying in St. Petersburg. We saw his students, boys who swim and dive like fish in spacious baths, in the Neva itself in stormy weather. It is desirable that other young people took his advice." And in 1834 in St. Petersburg, near the Summer Garden, a public swimming school was opened, led by a gymnastics teacher Gustaf Pauli, who had arrived from Sweden. There they were taught to swim "like a frog on the belly", "on the back", "on the side", "like a dog", "saplings", with weapons, as well as rescue the drowning. Among its regulars were Pushkin, Vyazemsky, Pleshcheev.

The Pauli school was equipped with rafts and several special long boxes for teaching beginners, big amount training equipment (supports, fishing rods, belts, etc.) and even several diving devices (jumps).

Beginning swimmers took a course of individual training at the beginning on a belt with a fishing rod held by a teacher, and then in free swimming under the supervision of a teacher.

The teaching methodology used in these schools was approved by the Society of Russian Doctors and began to be used in 20 different state and military educational institutions.

The authors of the swimming manuals of that time, Heinz, Pauli, recommended that you first study swimming movements on land, and when doing exercises in the water, use various supporting means (cork floats, inflatable bags, fishing rods, straps, etc.). Training was carried out in the breaststroke method and in another way.

Of great importance was the emergence of the most progressive method of teaching swimming - the integral-separate one. Its description can be found in A. Ganika's book "Self-Taught Swimming", published in 1897. The essence of the method was to study the individual elements of learning swimming techniques and their consistent combination in the swimming method. The exercises were performed first under light conditions (on land, at a fixed support in the water, in gliding with breath holding), and then under normal swimming conditions.

For the first time, the author recommends using water mastery exercises at the beginning of training - moving in a shallow place, diving, floating up, and, which is especially valuable, sliding exercises. This method made it possible to carry out group training swimming, so it has become the main teaching method since the beginning of the 20th century in all swimming schools in Russia and abroad.

Despite the development of swimming techniques, swimming has not become widespread. Many people did not know how to swim, and the number of accidents on the water did not decrease. In this regard, the first steps were taken to organize rescue services on the water.

One of the first societies that set itself the task of saving the drowning and teaching the population how to revive the drowning was founded in 1767 in Amsterdam; in 1772, a charter was issued in Paris on the salvation of the drowning; in 1774, the largest rescue society was created - the "English Royal Society for the Rescue of the Drowners".

In Russia, in 1866, sailors from Kronstadt founded a shipwreck aid organization, which in 1871 was transformed into the Russian Water Rescue Society.

At first, they tried to revive the drowning by turning them from their stomachs to their backs and back, rolling them on a barrel, rocking them on sheets, etc. In the future, more effective methods began to be used, such as blowing air into the lungs from mouth to mouth and using an inflating bag.

An important role in the spread and popularization of swimming was played by private and city baths, which were available in almost all Russian cities located near water bodies. Here you can swim and swim for a relatively small fee.

At the end of the XIX century. In Russia, indoor swimming pools are being built. In 1891, a swimming pool was opened at the central baths in Moscow, and in 1895 - at Sandukovsky. Swimming pools are also being built at military educational institutions - in the Naval, 1st and 2nd Cadet Corps, in the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg, in the Kiev Cadet Corps, etc.

The first modern sports competitions in Russia were held in 1894 by the St. Petersburg swimming circle in Pavlovsk, on the Slavyanka River. Indoor pools were built in the Moscow Central Baths, three years later - in the famous Sanduny, and in 1902 - at the Kiev Cadet Corps.

The most famous swimming school in Russia was founded in Shuvalovo, near St. Petersburg, in 1908. The school was organized on a voluntary basis on the initiative of sea doctor V.N. Peskov. During the summer season, up to 400 people worked here. Those involved took the exam and could get the title of Master of Swimming. The master of swimming had to fulfill the standards in 12 disciplines, including: swim 3000 m breaststroke, 1500 m backstroke, 1350 m in clothes, 30 m with a stone (weighing at least 2 kg), jump into the water from a 7-meter tower, demonstrate rescue techniques for drowning people. On weekends, holidays were held at the school with the participation of the best students and teachers, with the performance of various figures on the water, demonstrations of various methods of swimming and diving, jumping into the water from a springboard and tower, competitions in swimming speed and dexterity in rescuing the "drown", "battles "on boats with knocking down the enemy with a pole into the water. Masters of the Shuvalov School formed the backbone of the Russian swimmers team at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm.

3. Shuvalov swimming school. Swimming in RussiaXXcentury

The first to organize a yacht club in Shuvalovo. He was in good standing in the capital, his teams organized regattas on the Big Suzdal Lake and took part in sailing races on the Gulf of Finland. In 1888, narrow boats of academic rowers appeared on the surface of Lake Suzdal - twos, fours, eights.

In the Shuvalov swimming school, the number of members and the so-called competitive members in different years reached 300-400 people. These were predominantly middle and high school students. educational institutions who, together with their parents (employees and petty bourgeois), left St. Petersburg in the summer for a summer cottage in Shuvalovo. This school provided training in sports methods of swimming and organized water festivals and competitions in swimming, diving and water polo, tests for the master and candidate of swimming were conducted. This school had a significant impact on the development of swimming in pre-revolutionary Russia. In the future, graduates of the Shuvalov school organized swimming schools in Feodosia, Baku, and a little later also in Kyiv, Chernigov, Batumi, Nikolaev.

A great merit in the development of swimming in Russia belongs to the outstanding Russian swimmer (world record holder!), L.A. Romanchenko, teacher of French at the Baku Gymnasium. He studied the technique of swimming methods popular for that time (and the breaststroke method was the basis of the method of teaching swimming in the pre-revolutionary years) and, having improved the method of preliminary study of swimming movements on land, organized training for young people. In 1913 L.A. Romanchenko taught swimming courses at the Bogatyr society in St. Petersburg. In 1915-1916. L.A. Romanchenko visited a number of cities in Russia, where he taught dozens of young people to swim. The most capable students who completed the program and passed the tests received certificates that gave them the right to teach swimming on a voluntary basis.

In 1912, the Moscow Society of Swimming Lovers (MOLP) was organized in Moscow, which conducted classes not only in summer, but also in winter (in the Sandunovsky baths). By the beginning of the First World War (1914), swimming began to be cultivated also in Kiev, Chernigov, Baku, Batumi, Rostov-on-Don, Feodosia, Sevastopol, Kharkov, Yaroslavl, Mariupol, Riga, Samara, Sestroretsk and other cities. Sports swimming in Russia during these years was only making its first steps. Trainings were held mainly in open water, and the results of the swimmers were not high. Therefore, participating in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912, Russian swimmers were not successful.

The first major swimming competitions in Russia were held at the Russian Olympics in Kyiv in 1913. They went down in history as the first Russian swimming championship.

It was attended by about 60 people. Shuvalov swimmers took all the first places, although their results were far behind the achievements top athletes peace. The second Russian Olympiad, which included swimming, was held in 1914 in Riga. About 70 swimmers from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv and other cities came to the competition. Due to the unpreparedness of the base, almost all swimmers from other cities refused to participate in the competition. Sports results in swimming at this Olympiad were also low. In 1922, the Dolphin swimming society was formed, which was the successor to the traditions of the Shuvalov school and soon became a kind of center for sports swimming in the country. Under the guidance of trade union organizations, educational and sports work in swimming begins.

open sports schools swimming, competitions are organized. For example, since 1921 major competitions have been held annually in Moscow. Physical education institutes opened in Moscow and Petrograd began to train teachers and swimming coaches. In 1928, the All-Union Spartakiad took place in Moscow, which contributed to the further spread and development of swimming in our country.

In the period 1926-1929. Soviet athletes hold their first international swimming competitions. Swimming is developing in all Soviet republics. In comparatively short term a solid foundation for the development of mass navigation was laid in our country. In 1941 Germany attacked the USSR. The development of sports, including swimming, has slowed down in the country. Physical culture organizations restructured their work in the interests of the front. During the war, a lot of work was done on military physical training. In 1943 alone, about 500 thousand people were trained in swimming and swimming.

In combat operations at sea, during landings and crossings, the ability to swim and stay on the water in uniform and with weapons contributed to the victory of Russian soldiers and saving their lives. Thanks to the active work of sports organizations, by 1948 the pre-war level of the number of people involved in swimming in the country was reached. An important act in the development of sports swimming in the country was the entry in 1947 into the members of the International Swimming Federation and the development of sports relations with swimmers from foreign countries. For several years after the war (until 1950-1951), Soviet swimmers could not reach the pre-war level of sportsmanship. Records of the USSR were updated very rarely (mainly in swimming on the side) and for the most part known in 1940-1941. swimmers.

Soviet swimmers took part in the 1952 Olympic Games for the first time. They performed poorly. Only M. Gavrish (Kyiv) took 6th place in the 200m breaststroke final with a score of 2:58.9 and brought the team the only point. The reason for this is the change of generations of swimmers: L. Meshkov, S. Boychenko, V. Ushakov and other outstanding masters of the water track have finished their performances, young swimmers have not yet reached the heights of sportsmanship and have no experience of participating in international competitions. In 1954, Soviet swimmers took part in the European Championship for the first time. At that time, the level of development of sports swimming among women was significantly lower than among men. For this reason, only men participated in the European championship. In 1956, at the XVI Olympics in Melbourne, 5 Soviet swimmers became bronze medalists. The Soviet team of swimmers scored 10 points in Melbourne and moved from 15th place at the XV Olympiad to 7th.

Soviet swimmers achieved their greatest success in the international sports arena in the 60s. Speaking at the XVIII Olympic Games in 1964 (Tokyo), 16-year-old Sevastopol schoolgirl Galina Prozumenshchikova was the first among Soviet swimmers to become the Olympic champion in swimming in the 200-meter breaststroke. In 1966-1968. Soviet swimmers moved to 1st place in Europe and 3rd in the world (after the USA and Australia). At the XI European Championships (1966, Utrecht), the Soviet team outstripped swimmers from 25 European countries and, with a large margin in points, won the men's and women's Team Cups, receiving 8 gold medals, 7 silver and 4 bronze. Victories in the European arena were secured in Mexico City after 2 years - at the XIX Olympiad.

Here Soviet swimmers, men and women, got 61 points and took 3rd place in the world. In total, after the entry of the USSR Swimming Federation into FINA, our swimmers updated world records 41 times and European records 128 times, won Olympic Games ah 1 gold, 13 silver and 26 bronze medals, received 40 European champion titles. The greatest success at the European Championships, World Championships and the Olympic Games was achieved by 121 Soviet swimmers. In 1976, at the XXI Olympic Games in Montreal at a distance of 200 m breaststroke, 3 Soviet swimmers took prizes: M. Koshevaya, M. Yurcheniya and L. Rusanova. In 1980, at the XXII Olympiad in Moscow, Vladimir Salnikov for the first time in history "floated" on 1500 strokes out of 15 minutes, with a result of 14.58.27. Because many leading teams did not come to the Olympics, the overwhelming majority of awards in swimming went to the USSR team.

4 . The evolution of swimming methods

Throughout the history of sports swimming, within the framework of the existing rules of the competition, well-known methods of swimming have been constantly improved and new, more efficient in terms of speed have arisen.

In 1778, at the first official swimming competitions in England, swimmers used only the breaststroke method and the sideways method without taking the arm out of the water. The first record achievements were shown in breaststroke swimming both in short and in long distances. The word "brasse" is French. It means a stroke, i.e. swimming with simultaneous wide strokes.

Breaststroke competed with the method on the side - after the British borrowed from the inhabitants of India the carrying of one hand over the water - "over arm", which provided a significant increase in swimming speed. For the first time this method was successfully used in competitions by the Englishman Jervis. Best result in swimming on the side was shown in 1951: 100 m V. Bubok swam in 1.06.2.

In 1873, another method appeared, brought to England from South America by D. Tregen and named after him. In the trudgen method, the athlete swims on his chest, keeping his head above the water, hands alternately perform strokes and are carried forward above the surface of the water. During the stroke of one of the arms, the legs perform the “scissors” movement. The best results in trudgeon swimming at a distance of 100 m were shown by X. Yulim in 1908 (1.08.8), and at a distance of 1500 m - by G. Godgzon in 1912 (22.00.0).

At the beginning of the XX century. a new, most perfect way of swimming appeared - crawl. The first person to demonstrate this method in competition was Alec Wickham, who was born in the Solomon Islands and learned this method from the locals. Already in 1898, he swam with an almost modern six stroke crawl, but did not show high results. According to an eyewitness, “Alec swam with his head held high, rhythmically turning it from side to side, as if breathing under each arm, but he performed the breath on one side - one for a full cycle of arm movements. His wool cap didn't get wet. The arm, bent at the elbow, entered the water very quickly towards the center line of the body, he worked his legs vertically and developed great speed in short stretches, but since he ran out of steam by the end of the competitive distances, he was not imitated. Wickham's method resembled the movements of a crawling man. In English, the word "crawl" is written "crawl", so this method was called a crawl. For the first time (in 1902-1904), high results in freestyle swimming were shown by R. Caville and C. Daniels, but they swam with a two-stroke crawl, in which one movement of the foot was necessary for the stroke of each hand. more perfect rabbit technique - with four shock coordination (to the full Roundabout Circulation one hand, four kicks are performed - two on the right and two on the left) - used by D. Kahanamoku, who became the champion of the V Olympic Games. Record achievements 1922-1940. American swimmer D. Weissmuller proved the undeniable advantages of the six shock crawl.

In 1912, the front crawl was successfully used by G. Gebner in backstroke. Since that time, the crawl on the back replaced the breaststroke method on the back, as it allowed to achieve better results. The last best result in breaststroke swimming on the back at a distance of 100 m was shown in 1912 by O. Farom.

When M. Webb crossed the English Channel in 1875 in 21 hours and 45 minutes, he used the breaststroke method. In 1926, G. Ederle swam across this strait in 14 hours 31 miles, that is, more than 7 hours faster than Webb, while she swam in the crawl way. The results of these swims confirm the significant difference in the speed of swimming by these methods, and the interval of 50 years between swims represents an era in the evolution of sports swimming technique.

Considering the question of how they will swim in the future, L.V. Gerkan in 1925, wrote: “Can modern swimming survive another such stage that would create an era in swimming, as did the “scissors” in freestyle? I doubt it, because coaches all over the world have been studying this problem from all sides for about a decade, and it seems to me that now all that remains is to work on the achievements and give up all hope for some sensational discovery in the evolution of swimming. These predictions were justified only in relation to the crawl, in the breaststroke method, however, there were truly sensational changes.

Significant changes in the breaststroke swimming technique became possible due to the insufficiently strict restriction of the forms of movements in this way in the previous rules of the competition. At the 1928 Olympics, T. Indelfonso showed a high result in breaststroke swimming, using a stroke with his hands to the hips, and in 1954 M. Petrussvich set a world record, swimming in the same way part of the distance under water. This is how the “diving breaststroke” arose, the fastest version of the breaststroke (since there is no wave resistance when diving), in which a stroke to the hips was later used. The best result in swimming "diving breaststroke" was shown in 1956 by M. Furukawa. He swam the 100m in 1:08.2 and the 200m in 2:34.7. In connection with the change in the rules of the competition in 1957, the use of the "piercing breaststroke" became impossible, and it ceased to exist in sports.

An even more significant change in the technique of the breaststroke method was the performance of a preparatory movement over water (at that time, this was not prohibited by the rules of the competition). In 1935, the American D. Hingins successfully applied the technique of this type of breaststroke, called the “butterfly”, by breaking the world record in breaststroke swimming. Further improvement of this * method is associated with the names of the outstanding Soviet swimmers S. Boychenko and L. Meshkov. The name of the new method is explained by the fact that the movements of the hands above the water in it resemble the movements of the wings of a butterfly. "Butterfly" in English means butterfly.

The next innovation was a wave-like movement with legs closed together - a dolphin. For the first time, such a method and a record speed for butterfly was demonstrated in 1935 by the American D. Sieg (1.02.0), and at official competitions in 1953 by the Hungarian D. Tumpek (1.04.3). Tumpek's successful use of the dolphin in butterfly strokes gave impetus to the development of this faster method. As the technique of the dolphin method improved, the butterfly method became obsolete and is no longer used in competitions. The dolphin was considered the third fastest swimming method after front crawl and back crawl, until this method in 1961 and 1962. no higher results than back crawl have been shown. At present, the dolphin is second in speed after the front crawl.

While the advantage of the front crawl was evident in backstroke, attempts were made to use other backstroke techniques as well. So, in the book of J. Villepion (1930) it is reported that the English coach X. Jones reached good results in a new way of swimming, in which the swimmer, lying on his back, strokes with both hands together, now from the right, then from the left side of the body, and crawl legs. In 1965, the sports press mentioned a successful attempt to use the dolphin method in backstroke, but it did not gain popularity, since record results were not achieved when swimming in this way. In 1948, the crawl technique on the back underwent a slight change: swimmers began to use a stroke with bending of the arm at the elbow joint.

Currently, swimming competitions are held at the speed of overcoming different ways the following distances: 100, 200, 400, 600 m, 1500 m freestyle (you can swim distances in any way, but qualified athletes use the most fast way-- front crawl), 100 and 200 m breaststroke, 100 and 200 m butterfly (as noted above, athletes use a faster variety of butterfly - dolphin), 100 and 200 m backstroke (you can swim in any way on your back, but athletes use the fastest - back crawl), 400 m medley (an athlete swims successively 100 m butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle), relay race: 4x100 m combined (four athletes swim, replacing each other, on the back, breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle), 4x100 and 4×200 m freestyle for women and men, as well as mixed and combined relay races.

Until 1908, international swimming competitions were held without unified rules. World record registrations have been inconsistent. The program of the Olympic swimming competitions changed at the request of the host country. So, at the 1896 Olympic Games in Greece, swimmers competed at distances of 500 and 1200 m freestyle; at the 1900 Olympics in France - 4000 m freestyle and 5x40 m relay; at the 1904 Olympics in the USA - at yard distances (from 50 yards to 1 mile) and, in addition, competed in diving.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to say that swimming has a serious impact on the formation of personality. Also, the aquatic environment relieves tension and stress. Water creates a feeling of lightness and gives rise to vivid emotions. While swimming, a person is distracted from extraneous thoughts and focuses on the right things. It even helps develop communication skills. There are people who have a strong fear of the aquatic environment, but they try their best to stop being afraid. Swimming makes us kinder, because it relieves stress.

Analysis of the history of the development of swimming shows the ambiguity of assessments and judgments on this motor skill. Someone considers it innate and lost in ancient times. Someone - always acquired.

Currently, only a few schools and universities can afford to use swimming in the system of physical education. One of the most urgent tasks at the moment is the mass teaching of children to swim, the formation of a vital skill, the opportunity to conduct year-round recreational classes within the framework of educational institutions: kindergartens, schools, universities.

In fairness, I would like to say that since the late 1990s there has been a clear trend in the construction of water entertainment centers - water parks, small pools for water aerobics and recreational swimming with a full range of services, including learning to swim, especially in large cities and centers.

At the same time, the priority task of the state today is the systematic provision of all educational institutions with swimming pools, which will make it possible to solve applied problems and preserve the most necessary thing for the state itself - the health of the nation.

Bibliography

1. Bulgakova N.Zh. Games by the water, on the water, under the water. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2000.

2. Bulgakova N.Zh. Swimming. - M.: FiS, 1999.

3. Vikulov A.D. Swimming. - M.: Vlados-press, 2003.

4. Swimming: Textbook for universities / Ed. ed. N.Zh. Bulgakova. - M.: FiS, 2001.

5. James E. Councilman: "Sport Swimming". Publisher: Moscow "Physical culture and sport" 1982

6. http://refleader.ru/jgebewotrpolotr.html

7. http://www.russwimming.ru/data/list/history_2013.html

8. http://allrefs.net/c2/3sjcw/p4/

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"The history of the emergence and development of swimming in Russia"

Introduction

History of the development of swimming

Swimming in modern Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Drawings on archaeological finds show that people in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia and many other countries knew how to swim several millennia BC, and the swimming methods known to them resembled modern front crawl and breaststroke. At that time, swimming was purely applied in nature - with fishing, hunting for waterfowl, underwater fishing, in military affairs. In ancient Greece, swimming began to be used as an important means of physical education.

The first swimming competitions date back to the turn of the 15th-16th centuries (for example, in 1515, swimming competitions were held in Venice). First sports organization swimmers originated in England in 1869 (“The Association of Sports Swimmers of England”), followed by similar organizations appeared in Sweden (1882), Germany, Hungary (1886), France (1887), the Netherlands, the USA (1888), New Zealand (1890). ), Russia (1894), Italy, Austria (1899) ... The growing popularity of sports swimming at the end of the 19th century is associated with the beginning of the construction of artificial pools.

In 1896, swimming was included in the program of the first Olympic Games, and since then it has always been included in Olympic program. In 1899, major international competitions were held in Budapest with the participation of athletes from several European countries; then they began to be held annually in various European countries and were called the "European Championship".

History of the development of swimming

Swimming has been known to man since ancient times. Sports swimming originated at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Among the first swimming competitions were the swimming competitions in 1515. in Venice. In 1538 the first swimming guide by the Dane P. Vinman was published. The first swimming schools appeared in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and France.

Swimming in Russia in ancient times developed mainly as applied view, and only at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century did it become a separate sport. In the middle of the 17th century, swimming training was introduced in the Russian troops. Peter I includes it in the training program for officers of the army and navy: all new soldiers without exception must learn to swim, there are not always bridges . In the 18th century, the idea of the importance and usefulness of swimming as a hygiene exercise and as an applied skill. In the then-circulated edition Economic calendar for 1776 noted; It would be fair for every young person to learn to swim, since in many cases the saving of life depends on the ability to swim. A. V. Suvorov, as A. Petrushevsky testifies, taught soldiers to swim, to ford and swim across rivers.

Long before the development of swimming in Russia, organized swimming training was successfully carried out in the West, and there were quite numerous cadres of professional teachers, among whom were not only military personnel, but also specialists who worked for free. For example, in St. Petersburg Vedomosti for 1782 was printed: those wishing to teach cadets in the Naval gentry cadet corps would come for an agreement on the price.

Sports swimming in pre-revolutionary Russia was not widespread. Only in the 19th century did the first swimming schools appear in Russia. So, in Petersburg in 1834. a swimming school opens near the Summer Garden, organized by the gymnastics teacher Pauli; Pushkin and Vyazemsky were among its visitors.

At the end of the 19th century, the construction of indoor swimming pools began in Russia. In 1891 a swimming pool was opened in Moscow at the Central baths, in 1895 - at the Sandunovsky baths. Swimming pools are being built at military educational institutions: in the 1st and 2nd Naval Cadet Corps, in the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg, in the Kiev Cadet Corps, etc. But these were small-sized pools (from 10 to 15-16m long.) suitable only for elementary swimming lessons.

Swimming became especially popular at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, the first European swimming championship was held. In 1894, swimming competitions were included in the program of the modern Olympic Games, which had a great influence on the development of all types of swimming.

A popular Russian school of swimming, where sports work was quite widely staged, was the Shuvalov School, organized in 1908. on the initiative of V. V. Peskov on Lake Suzdal in the suburbs of St. Petersburg - Shuvalovo. In the Shuvalov swimming school, the number of members and the so-called competing members reached 300-400 people in different years. These were predominantly students of secondary and higher educational institutions, who, together with their parents (clerks and petty bourgeois), left St. Petersburg in the summer for a summer cottage in Shuvalovo. This school provided training in sports methods of swimming, and organized water festivals and competitions in swimming, diving and water polo, tests for the master and candidate of swimming were conducted. This school had a significant impact on the development of swimming in pre-revolutionary Russia. In 1912 organized in Moscow Moscow Society of Swimming Fans (MOLP), which conducted classes not only in summer, but also in winter (in the Sandunovsky baths).

A major role in the development of both mass and sports swimming in Russia was played by the swimming school, founded in 1908 in Shuvalov (near St. Petersburg), which lasted until 1917. It was organized on a voluntary basis at the initiative of the naval doctor V.N. Peskov. During the summer season, up to 400 people learned to swim there. The training was carried out in all the swimming methods existing at that time: crawl on the chest, breaststroke on the chest and on the back, swimming on the side. The basis of training was the breaststroke method. Those involved annually participated in competitions and could receive the title of masters and candidates of swimming under the conditions of performing the following 12 exercises:

.) Swim - 3000m. It was necessary to swim across the lake several times, return to school and overcome the distance of 50m.

.) Swim - backstroke 1500m.

.) Swim - 1500m. In clothes and shoes in the breaststroke way.

.) Swim - 450m. on the back. Only with hands.

.) Swim - 450m. Only on one leg.

.) Swim the distance - 30m. On the back, legs breaststroke, with a stone weighing 2kg. With one hand, the athlete carefully rowed, with the other hand he held the stone so that it did not get wet, resting his elbow on his chest.

.) Diving under water 30m.

.) Diving to a depth of 4-5m. With the task to get a stone from the bottom: 5 times in a row with a rest of 2-3 seconds.

.) Undressing in the water - removing clothes and shoes.

.) Combined swimming 75m. The swimmer must jump from the start, swim 50m, grab the “drowning man” and swim 25m with him. The task is executed for time (from 100 to 80).

.) Rendering first aid to the “drowned”.

.) Jumping into the water from a 7-meter tower: 3 jumps from a place, and 3 from a run (upside down).

The obvious complexity of these norms testifies to the excellent training of Russian swimmers. Understanding that for the development of sports swimming in Russia it is necessary to develop mass swimming, the graduates of the Shuvalov school organized swimming schools in Feodosia, Baku, and a little later also in Kyiv, Chernigov, Batumi, Nikolaev.

By the beginning of the First World War (1914), swimming began to be cultivated in such cities as: Kiev, Chernigov, Baku, Batumi, Rostov-on-Don, Feodosia, Sevastopol, Kharkov, Yaroslavl, Mariupol, Riga, Samara, Sestroretsk, Oranienbaum and in other cities.

Sports swimming in Russia during these years was only making its first steps. Trainings were held mainly in open water, and the results of the swimmers were not high. Therefore, participating in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912, Russian swimmers were not successful. The first major swimming competitions in Russia were held at the Russian Olympics in Kyiv in 1913. Oli went down in history as the first Russian swimming championship. It was attended by about 60 people. Shuvalov's swimmers took all the first places, although their results were far behind the achievements of the best athletes in the world. The second Russian Olympiad, which included swimming, was held in 1914. in Riga. About 70 swimmers from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv and other cities came to the competition. Due to the unpreparedness of the base, almost all swimmers from other cities refused to participate in the competition. Sports results in swimming at this Olympiad were also low.

In 1922 swimming society was formed Dolphin , which was the successor to the traditions of the Shuvalov school and soon became a kind of center for sports swimming in the country. Under the guidance of trade union organizations, educational and sports work in swimming begins. Swimming sports schools are opened, competitions are organized. For example, since 1921. major competitions began to be held annually in Moscow. Physical education institutes opened in Moscow and Petrograd began to train teachers and swimming coaches. Since 1926 In swimming, European championships began to be held, since 1969. - European Cups, since 1973. - World Championships, and since 1979 - World Cups in swimming.

In 1928 The All-Union Spartakiad took place in Moscow, which contributed to the further spread and development of swimming in our country. In the period 1926-1929. Soviet athletes hold their first international swimming competitions. Swimming is developing in all Soviet republics. In a relatively short period of time, a solid foundation for the development of mass navigation was laid in our country.

In 1941 Germany attacked our country. The development of sports, including swimming, has slowed down in the country. Physical culture organizations restructured their work in the interests of the front. During the war, a lot of work was done on military physical training. Only in 1943. about 500 thousand people were trained in swimming and swimming. In combat operations at sea,

during landings and crossings, the ability to swim and stay on the water in uniform and with weapons contributed to the victory of Russian soldiers, saving their lives. Thanks to the active work of sports organizations, by 1948. the pre-war level of the number of people involved in swimming sports in the country was reached.

An important act in the development of sports swimming in the country was the entry in 1947. membership in the International Swimming Federation (FINA) and the development of sports relations with swimmers from foreign countries.

For several years after the war (until 1950-1951), Soviet swimmers could not reach the pre-war level of sportsmanship. Records of the USSR were updated very rarely (mainly in swimming on the side) and for the most part known in 1940-1941. swimmers.

At the 1952 Olympic Games Soviet swimmers took part for the first time. They performed poorly. Only M. Gavrish (Kyiv) took the 200m final. breaststroke 6th place with a score of 2:58.9s. and brought the team a single point. The reason for this was the change of generations of swimmers: L. Meshkov, S. Boychenko, V. Ushakov and other outstanding masters of the water track finished their performances, and young swimmers had not yet reached the heights of sportsmanship and had no experience of participating in international competitions.

In 1954 Soviet swimmers took part in the European Championship for the first time. At that time, the level of development of sports swimming among women was significantly lower than among men. For this reason, only men participated in the European championship.

In 1956 at the XVI Olympics in Melbourne, 5 Soviet swimmers became bronze medalists. The Soviet team of swimmers scored 10 points in Melbourne and moved from 15th place at the XV Olympiad to 7th.

In 1961 was established one system organization of educational and sports work in the country. The improvement of the work of the Youth Sports School was also facilitated new calendar sports competitions and the obligatory organization of recreational activities during the summer holidays sports camps.

In 1969, at the initiative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the club "Neptune" was created, which is doing a lot of work to involve children in regular class swimming. In a number of cities, swimming was compulsory for all students in grades 1-4. The number of pools has increased significantly in our country.

Soviet swimmers achieved their greatest success in the international sports arena in the 60s. Speaking at the XVIII Olympic Games in 1964. (Tokyo), 16-year-old Sevastopol schoolgirl Galina Prozumenshchikova was the first among Soviet swimmers to become the Olympic champion in swimming in the 200m breaststroke.

In 1966-1968. Soviet swimmers moved to 1st place in Europe and 3rd in the world (after the USA and Australia). At the XI European Championship (1966, Utrecht), the Soviet team outstripped swimmers from 25 European countries and won the men's and women's team Cups by a large margin in points, receiving 8 gold medals, 7 silver and 4 bronze. Victories in the European arena were secured in Mexico City after 2 years - at the XIX Olympiad. Here, Soviet swimmers, men and women, got 61 points and took 3rd place in the world, and men - 2nd place, losing the championship to US swimmers.

In 1971, FINA recognized swimming as an important complementary source of health for infants. Since 1977, in Moscow, and then in other cities, swimming training for infants began at children's clinics with pools.

In 1976 at the XXI Olympiad in Montreal at a distance of 200m breaststroke, 3 Soviet swimmers took prizes: M. Koshevaya 2.33.35s. (M / r.), M. Yurcheniya and L. Rusanova.

In 1980, at the XXII Olympiad in Moscow, Vladimir Salnikov for the first time in history "floated" at 1500m. (freestyle) of 15 minutes, with a score of 14.58.27s. Since many leading teams did not come to the Olympics, the overwhelming majority of awards in swimming went to the USSR team.

At the Olympics in Seoul, I. Polyansky brought gold medals to our team at 200m. (back), with a score of 1.59.37s. and V. Salnikov

at 1500m. (freestyle), with a score of 15.00.40 seconds.

At the XXV Olympiad in Barcelona, in the 4x200m relay. (freestyle), the Russian team consisting of: D. Lepikov, V. Pyshnenko, V. Tayanovich and E. Sadovyi, set a new world record. In the freestyle, A. Popov (50.100m, freestyle) and E.Sadovyi (400m, freestyle) won gold medals.

At the last Olympics in Atlanta, D. Pankratov (100.200m, butterfly) and A.Popov (50.100m, freestyle) won gold medals.

Swimming in modern Russia

patterns sports training in swimming in the past century received a deep comprehensive justification and development. It is known that the concept of sports training turned out to be the most approved and scientifically substantiated concept in the field of physical culture and sports. As part of sports swimming improved to the greatest extent. Today it is one of the most massive and popular sports. In terms of the number of medals played at major international competitions, our sport is second only to athletics. So, at the 1998 World Championships, medals were played in 36 types of competitions, and at the Olympic Games in Sydney - in 32 types. If we compare the number of competitive distances of this last Olympics with the Games in Rome (1960), it turns out that the number of distances has more than doubled in four decades. 982 swimmers from 150 countries of the world took part in the swimming competitions at the Olympic Games in Sydney (2000). This large number almost does not include African countries. The swimmers of the African continent, as a rule, do not achieve outstanding results in international competitions. Many African countries are still not represented in the International Swimming Federation (FINA). Today, only a few of them show attention to the work of FINA, participating in referee seminars and its various events (Angola, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Congo, Fiji, India, Iran, Kuwait, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea).

Swimming in "open" water is becoming more and more popular every day. They gather a huge number of spectators. World, European and national championships are already being held. Our swimmers perform successfully at distances of 5, 10, 25 km. In 1998, at the World Championships, A. Akatiev became the winner at distances of 5 and 25 km. In 1999, the Russian men's and women's teams became European champions. As part of the team gold medal received the Yaroslavl athlete, master of sports of international class O. Shalygina.

Experts note noticeable trends in the commercialization of swimming as a sport at the present time. The World Cup stages already allow leading swimmers to earn decent money. The system of the World Cup in swimming in "short" water (25-meter pools) is being improved. There are 10-12 starts per year. Here are the cities that hosted the World Cup in the 2000/2001 season: Rio de Janeiro - Washington - Edmonton - Shanghai - Melbourne - Naples - Sheffield - Berlin - Stockholm - Paris. Today the task is to "work out" the calendar of competitions, successfully combining commercial starts with official championships.

The most significant addition to the program of swimming competitions in recent years is the "ultra-short" sprint. He greatly increased the entertainment of swimmers' competitions, expanded the circle of fans, including television ones. The distance of 50 meters gathers the most athletic athletes. It is characterized by the sharpest, sometimes dramatic struggle. The slightest mistake at the start or at the finish excludes the possibility of success: swimmers at the finish line are separated, as a rule, by thousandths of a second. What is their price? Recall the final swim at the Olympic Games in Atlanta. On the podium - US President B. Clinton. He is personally going to give $1 million to an American athlete if he wins this ultra-short distance. Our A. Popov wins the gold medal... The winner of the next Olympic Games in the 1500 m freestyle will receive 1 million dollars - this is what FINA decided.

Training of high-class swimmers capable of achieving victories in major international competitions is carried out in many countries of the world. Over the past decade, swimmers from the USA, Australia, Russia, Germany, China, Ukraine, Hungary, Ireland, South Africa, Finland, Canada, Spain, Japan, New Zealand, Belgium, Costa Rica, Poland, Sweden have become champions of the Olympic Games and the world , Netherlands, France. Despite the enormous difficulties that sport is currently experiencing in countries former USSR, the specialists of these countries managed to achieve significant results in the training of high-class swimmers. We can talk about the system of the Soviet swimming school. Evidence of this is a number of names of athletes trained recently: A. Popov, D. Pankratov, Ya. Klochkova, R. Sludnov, I. Chervinsky, D. Silantyev and others. Over the past three years in Russia, 13 athletes have received the title of "Honored master of sports", 55 swimmers became masters of sports of international class.

The work of the Russian Swimming Federation is perceived with satisfaction in Europe and in the world. The fact of recognition of the efforts of the Federation in the international arena is the election in 2000 of G.P. Alyoshin Vice President of FINA. He is also President of the Russian Swimming Federation and Vice-President of the Russian NOC. A sign of Russia's authority in sports swimming is the decision to hold in Moscow in 2002 the World Short Course Championship and the International Medical Congress.

Swimming is traditionally considered to be a youth sport. Due to this circumstance, many people imagine that age and some natural prerequisites play a decisive role in sports swimming, and the age of an athlete is short. However, it is not. Today average age winners of the largest international competitions for men is from 18 to 25 years old. Women have a similar range - from 16 to 27 years. All modern technologies sports training in swimming, 10-12 years of systematic training are provided. Such a long period allows a person to go from a beginner to an international master of sports, to reach the international level of competition.

The optimal age to start swimming for boys is 8-10 years, for girls - 7-9. There are currently many opponents among specialists early learning swimming. It also seems to us that the entire preschool period should be a simple finding of a child in the water, hardening, mastering at the age of 5-6 some elementary movements necessary for further study of swimming techniques. In working with children of this age, the principle should be: "Do no harm!" (as in medicine). Directed learning, however, can begin only during the period of primary school age. This period is effective in terms of mastering motor skills of various complexity.

Every year the effectiveness of training swimmers is increasingly determined by the level of special knowledge. It has risen sharply in recent years. This period is characterized by fruitful research work in the field of morphology and physiology, biomechanics and biochemistry. Interesting and practically valuable knowledge was obtained during the development of the structure of the competitive activity of swimmers; ways to optimize the system of control, management and modeling in the system of sports training; methods of motor qualities development - strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, coordination abilities; effective options sports equipment, methods of psychological preparation; optimal structure of long-term training, annual cycle, macro- and microcycles, direct approach to the most responsible sports competitions.

Today, a huge scientific potential is concentrated in swimming. Evidence of this is, for example, the number of published works of a scientific and methodological nature in the oldest domestic scientific and theoretical journal "Theory and Practice of Physical Culture". The list of such works is 550. We have analyzed the structure and content of domestic dissertations on swimming for the period from 1940 (when the first dissertation appeared) to 1999. . During this time, 320 dissertations were defended. Among them are doctoral dissertations by V.A. Parfenova, N.Zh. Bulgakova, S.M. Vaitsekhovsky, L.P. Makarenko, V.B. Issurina, D.F. Mosunova, E.I. Ivanchenko, S.V. Kolmogorova, T.G. Menshutkina. About 1000 inventions and discoveries are registered with the State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries of the Russian Federation.

The developments on the problems of sports selection and sports orientation of Professor N.Zh. Bulgakova. Her monographs have been translated into many foreign languages. N.Zh. Bulgakova was the first sports scientist in our country to become a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Education. The works of G.D. Gorbunov on the topic: "Psychology of sports training and competitions". For many years he fruitfully worked with the outstanding swimmer V. Salnikov, proving in practice the truth of his scientific positions. On the example of swimming, the concept of improving the motor actions of an athlete has been developed. Its author is St. Petersburg researcher D.F. Mosunov. Huge "swimming" material allowed V.N. Platonov to write the world's first sports textbook. The most sophisticated control and measuring equipment, electronic equipment, computers, simulators are used.

The sports achievements of Russian swimmers are still high. A. Popov and R. Sludnov are the authors of world records. European records at individual distances still belong to A. Popov, R. Sludnov, D. Pankratov, E. Sadovoy, V. Salnikov, the freestyle quartet in the most difficult type of relay swimming - 4x200 m freestyle - D. Lepikov, V. Pyshnenko , V. Tayanovich, E. Sadovoy.

Huge opportunities for improving the system of special knowledge are opened by the experience of swimming centers in various countries of the world. The most advanced organizational, methodological and logistical achievements of modern navigation are concentrated here. There is such a center in Volgograd. Dozens of highly qualified trainers work there. Athletes have excellent medical care and pharmacological support. Equipped biochemical laboratory. The center is well funded. The annual training of an athlete in such a center costs a lot of money. Club President - Main coach Russian national team V.B. Avdienko - recognized by FINA as the best coach in the world for the last four years. Our outstanding coach G. Turetsky successfully works under a contract in Australia, the victories of the swimmers of the Australian team at the Sydney Olympics are associated with him (M. Klim, J. Thorp). In July 1999, a swimming department was created at the School of Higher Sportsmanship in Moscow (SHVSM). His task was to train the strongest swimmers in Moscow to participate in Russian and international competitions. Swimmers provided Better conditions sports complex "Olympic". There are excellent opportunities for working in swimming in St. Petersburg. Excellent swimmers grow there from year to year.

However, this was not always the case. In 1952, in Helsinki, our team took part in the Olympic Games for the first time. The first Olympic team included 18 swimmers (15 men and 3 women). The result was mediocre: only one hit in the final, and there - 6th place.

At the next Olympic Games (1956) in Melbourne, Soviet swimmers also showed poor results: only two bronze medals. The Olympics in Rome (1960) did not bring us success either: not a single medal, two fifths and one sixth place. Here is how Z.P. Firsov: "The main reason weak results Soviet swimmers were methodical miscalculations in preliminary training, insufficient exactingness of coaches to the performance of athletes training plans. A number of swimmers did not show sufficient volitional qualities, violated the diet, significantly increased their weight. "The IV Plenum of the Central Council of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR noted that" due to weak physical technical training and special endurance, our best swimmers were not able to maintain high speed throughout the entire distance, reduced results from preliminary heats to semi-finals and finals. Most of the swimmers of the national team do not know the technique of turns well, they do not have an effective stroke with their hands, especially with a frequent rhythm of movements. "Even before the Olympics, it was clear that our swimmers were lagging behind due to underestimation of physical fitness. Even then, the best Australian, Japanese and American swimmers swam in one training a day of 6-7 km with the passage of a large number of segments at high speeds (ours are only 2-3 km).The Presidium of the CA made a decision: the coaches of the national team "failed to prepare the team, grossly violating all the basic principles of modern training methods" .

In the highlands of Mexico City (1968) - the situation turned out to be slightly better: 23 medals, but not a single gold one. American swimmers won 21 gold medals!

A huge increase in achievements was noted at the Olympic Games in Munich (1972): 30 world records, 79 Olympic and 313 national. Our swimmers experienced a decline: only 2 silver and 3 bronze medals.

Such a situation in the "medal-winning" sport - swimming - did not suit the leadership of the CPSU and the Soviet government. There was a struggle between the two political systems. The Central Committee of the CPSU decided: "Catch up and overtake America!": After all, since 1920, most of the medals in swimming traditionally went to American athletes. By 1942, over 30,000 indoor swimming pools had been built in the United States. In our country, their number reached 1,000 only by 1977 (today there are about 2,200; in the USA - over 4,500,000). After the decision of the Central Committee, the “flywheel” of the system began to rapidly “unwind”. Swimming departments were opened at the Youth Sports School, sports swimming schools were intensively created, departments were organized in the universities of physical culture. Leading coaches of the country went to the regions to "raise" swimming centers. They were provided with all conditions for work.

A few years later, the system of organizational measures gave its results. Soviet swimmers in the late seventies achieved outstanding results in the international arena. This is clearly evidenced by the victories of V. Salnikov, M. Yurchenya, M. Kosheva, L. Kachushite, I. Polyansky, S. Fesenko, A. Krylov, S. Koplyakov, Yu. Bogdanova and many others. A radical restructuring in order to get out of a seemingly hopeless situation was provided by a number of leading specialists headed by the head coach of the USSR national team S.M. Vaitsekhovsky.

What is the reason for such a significant shift in domestic sports swimming?

First of all, serious organizational and logistical prerequisites were provided for the implementation modern system preparation. In particular, the following main organizational issues:

organic interconnection of higher (national teams) and lower (DYUSSH, SDYUSHOR, SHISP, teams of DSO and departments, union republics) organizational units in terms of goals, objectives, personnel, material, technical and scientific and methodological training of athletes;

conditionality of the system of competitions, material and moral stimulation of coaches by the quality of building a system of sports training from the standpoint of the interests of the national teams of the country;

creation of conditions that ensure the constant healthy competition of athletes during training process and its use as a factor in increasing efficiency, more complete mobilization of the body's functional reserves and optimization of adaptive processes;

Union the best coaches and the best athletes, regardless of their departmental affiliation and territorial location, and thereby creating conditions for an effective exchange of experience and for training sparring;

concentration of efforts of all interested organizations on solving the problems of accelerating the growth of sports achievements;

creation of a particularly favorable social atmosphere around the national teams of the country.

swimming swimmer sports

Conclusion

The swimmer training system developed and implemented in the country was based on the methodology of a systematic approach and ensured the unity of training, competition, out-of-training and out-of-competition factors. Much attention was paid to material and technical factors. Availability of training bases, widespread introduction and use of simulators, a developed set of rehabilitation measures, purposeful educational work, a radical change in the system of sports training (an increase in the volume of training and competitive loads, intensity, strength training on land, the rational construction of loads at the stage of maintaining the highest sports achievements, the developed original methodology for direct preparation for the main starts of the season, the differentiated improvement of the components of the swimmer's competitive activity - start, turns, sections of a "smooth" distance, finish, and much more) quickly gave their positive results . There was a Soviet system of sports training.

In the rivalry and struggle of swimmers from different countries, the world has gained a huge knowledge about swimming, which needs to be studied and put into practice.

Bibliography

Bulgakova N.Zh. Selection and training of young swimmers. M.: FiS, 1986.

Vikulov A.D., Doinichenkov S.V., Turchaninov S.Yu., Sen' A.P. The structure and content of domestic dissertations on swimming. Yaroslavl, 1999.

Vorontsov A.R. Methodology for the development of endurance in young swimmers. M., 1995.

Maglischo E.W. Swimming Even Faster. Mountain View California. London. Toronto: Mayfield Publishing Company. 1993.

Mosunov D.F. Didactic bases of sportsman's motor actions improvement (on the example of swimming). SPb., 1996.

Scientific support for the training of a swimmer: Pedagogical and biomedical research / Edited by T.M. Absalyamova and T.S. Timakova. M.: FiS, 1983.

Olympic Games 1960. M., 1961.

Swimming. Directory / Comp. Z.P. Firsov. M.: FiS, 1976.

Swimming. Textbook for university students in physics. culture / Under the general. ed. V.N. Platonov. Kyiv: Olympic Academy, 2000.

Sports swimming. Textbook for universities in physics. culture / Ed. N.Zh. Bulgakova. M.: FON, 1996.

Timakova T.S. Years of preparation and its individualization (biological aspects). M.: FiS, 1985.

Platonov V.N., Fesenko S.L. The strongest swimmers in the world. M.: FiS, 1990.

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Swimming - a relatively young sport, which first appeared in the program of the largest competitions (Olympic Games) only in 1896. However, the history of mankind has always been closely connected with the ability to swim. This skill, necessary for our ancestors to develop new territories or in the struggle for survival, developed as civilization grew. Having gone from the almost mythical ability to move on water (as it was seen in ancient times), today swimming with its inherent harmonious combination of strength and spirit, the pursuit of excellence attracts more and more supporters who want to engage in a useful form of physical activity.

Swimming BC

Until people learned how to build boats and ships, the only way to get over a water obstacle was to overcome it by swimming. This is confirmed by numerous archaeological finds. So, archaeologists have discovered rock paintings from the Stone Age, depicting a man swimming in a manner similar to a breaststroke or “dog-like”. Swimming in Egypt was actively developed. A clay seal was found dating back to about the 5th-6th millennium BC. e., on which you can see a swimmer with a style vaguely reminiscent of a modern crawl (freestyle).

During the excavations of Babylon and Assyria, wall paintings and bas-reliefs were found showing people swimming. The ancient Indian palace of Mohenjo-Daro, built around 2600 BC. e., included in its architectural complex a small pool.

In the famous Roman baths, large pools were built for relaxation and swimming. During the excavations of Pompeii, a mosaic with drawings of swimmers was discovered; similar images are found among the Hittites and Minoans. As you can see, since ancient times man attached great importance to water and the ability to swim, sometimes attributing mythical properties to them.

It is known that in ancient Greece they said about uneducated people: "He can neither read nor swim." The first written references to swimming appear from 2000 BC. e. Descriptions of sailors can be found in the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible and in the epic Anglo-Saxon saga Beowulf. German folklore tells of warriors who knew how to swim and, thanks to this, successfully fought against the Romans.

Swimming 14th-18th centuries

Swimming is often associated with military affairs, swimmers are depicted in armor, often with devices that facilitate swimming. It is known that in the Middle Ages, the ability to swim was considered one of the most important qualities of a worthy knight.

During the Renaissance, swimming lost some of its appeal in Europe. The fact is that swimmers, as a rule, were identified with people without any clothes, which was contrary to public tastes. However, at the same time, Leonardo da Vinci made the first sketches of a lifeline, and the German linguist professor Nicholas Winmann wrote in 1538 the world's first book on swimming, The Swimmer, or Dialogue on the Art of Swimming. The purpose of the author was to tell about how not to drown.

He also described breaststroke as it existed in the 16th century quite well. Winman also told about interesting means that helped to stay on the water better: cow bladder, a sheaf of hay and a cork belt. In 1587 another book about swimming was published. Its author, Everard Digby, stated that people can swim faster than fish, and also provided 40 illustrations of how to swim breaststroke, on the chest, back and how to jump into the water. According to Digby, it is the breaststroke that is the most useful and necessary swimming style.

In 1603, a national swimming federation was formed in Japan. Emperor Go-Yozei, who ruled at the time, decreed that children in schools should be able to swim. And in 1708, the world's first rescue organization "Chinkiang" was formed in China, which monitored safety on the water. A new book, The Art of Swimming, was published in France in 1696. It described the technique of breaststroke swimming (and quite close to the modern style) and remained the only one of its kind for many years. A few years later, this book was read by Benjamin Franklin, later an outstanding American public figure, who in 1716, at the age of 10, invented swimming flippers.

A very interesting work on swimming was published in 1798 by a German teacher, theorist and practitioner of physical education, Johann Gutsmuts. He recommended using a fishing rod to successfully learn to swim.
In the meantime, the number of water rescue organizations was growing all over the world: in Amsterdam, London and Copenhagen, in America and Sweden. Rescuers performed their hard work responsibly and were respected in society. In 1804, many years after Leonardo da Vinci made his sketches of the lifeline, W. Mallison finally created it. The invention was better known as the "sailor's friend". However, it puzzled the US Navy very much: despite the obvious usefulness, the circles took up quite a lot of space on ships. An interesting event took place in London in 1844:swimming competitions, in which North American Indians also took part. While the English swam breaststroke, the Aborigines used a style more similar to the modern front crawl, which was known to many generations of Native Americans and Pacific Islanders, but was new to the British. The Indians easily defeated the hosts. However, despite this, the new way of swimming was called by the true British gentlemen "barbarian" and "not originally European", as it created a lot of splashes, as a result of which the head turned out to be wet. And gentlemen were instructed to keep it above water at all times. And the British continued to swim breaststroke until 1873, when the style "on the side" became popular. Around the same time, the first indoor pool appears in England - indoors. The Englishman John Tregen did not get involved with the stereotypes of a true gentleman and during his trip to South America he studied for a long time how the natives swim. As a result, he returned to Britain and began to instill in his compatriots a style of swimming that can be best described as follows: crawl hands - breaststroke legs.

Gradually, direct kicks in the water began to be used. Improvements in speed were not long in coming: swimmers overcame the 100m Tradgen style as much as 10s faster than the classic breaststroke. This new way of swimming was the first European version of the front crawl and won fans around the world (even the aesthetically incorrect abundance of splashes did not stop). A truly historic event occurred in 1875, when Navy Captain Matthew Webb became the first person to swim across the English Channel. It took the brave Englishman 21 hours and 45 minutes to overcome the 34 km between France and Great Britain.

Swimming at the Olympics.

In 1879, at the direction of the Bavarian King Ludwig II, the first swimming pool with artificial waves was built, with water heated and illuminated by electric lamps. Over time, more and more pools appeared, and visiting them quickly became popular. It was necessary to develop further, and a new great idea that appeared in the bright minds of people was the revival and holding of the Olympic Games. The inspirer and organizer of the Olympic movement was the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin.

From childhood, Pierre was obsessed with the ideas of improving the beauty of the spirit at the same time as developing the beauty of the body: the ideals of the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were very close to him.

First Olympics modernity was held in 1896 in Athens - in the historical homeland of the Olympic competitions. Only men who competed in such disciplines as 100, 500, 1200m freestyle were allowed to participate in swimming competitions.

A special 100m swim was also held among sailors who started from the side row boat. Alfred Hajos, a Hungarian who won two gold medals at once, became the first ever Olympic champion in swimming. It is noteworthy that the swims took place not in the pool, but in the sea.
As the Olympic movement gained momentum, so did swimming. The 200m hurdles swim (in the river against the current) in the program of the 1900 Olympics was very interesting. in Paris: swimmers had to climb over the boat twice and swim under it once. For the first time, disciplines such as backstroke and water polo were introduced. Technology continued to develop. Swimming crawl became faster and more efficient. At the 1904 Olympics, a third style was officially added to freestyle and backstroke - breaststroke.

In 1908 The International Swimming Federation was founded, which is still responsible for holding international swimming competitions. In 1912 V Olympic competitions In swimming, for the first time, women took part - this happened in Stockholm. In the same place, at the games in Sweden, the American swimmer Duke Kahanamoku (originally from Hawaii) surprised everyone with a six-stroke crawl: when one cycle of movements (two strokes with his hands) accounts for six kicks.

This is regarded as the first freestyle swimming - a significant event in the history of swimming. It can be seen that with the development of technology, the results also improved: another confirmation that the technique in swimming is above all. In 1922 American Johnny Weissmuller became the first person to swim 100m in less than one minute. Johnny ushered in the golden era of swimming, setting over 50 world records, winning 5 Olympic medals, winning 36 national championships and without losing a single swim during his brilliant ten-year career. His 100m freestyle record stood for 17 years.

At the 1924 Olympics in Paris, the pool was first divided into lanes using cork floats, and lines were drawn at the bottom for better orientation during the swim. In 1928 to sports swimming began to apply scientific approach. In Japan, swimmers were photographed underwater while performing movements. different ways swimming, and then, on the basis of the received frames, the swimming technique was adjusted. This immediately paid off: at the 1932 Olympics, the Japanese literally dominated. In those same years, there was another push in the development of breaststroke swimming technique. Many swimmers are starting to use instead of the classic frog stroke with their hands completely under water long stroke to the hips, followed by the carrying of hands over the water. Such a mixture of modern butterfly and breaststroke gave significant advantages in swimming speed, and over time, instead of the usual breaststroke leg movements, athletes began to use a simultaneous top-down kick, similar to the movements of a dolphin. Thus, the breaststroke ceased to exist in the form in which it had long been used by athletes, and during the competition one could see many different varieties of it. As a result, in 1952 By decision of the International Swimming Federation, two styles were formed from one style: breaststroke and butterfly. At the same time, the rules of swimmers' technique were clearly determined: what should be the movements of the arms and legs. At the same time, Australian swimmers improved their backstroke technique. Previously, the stroke under water was carried out with a straight arm, but now it was bent during pressure with the palm of the hand on the water. Records in swimming on the back immediately moved to more high level. This technique of performing the underwater part of the stroke - with the arm bent at the elbow - is successfully used to this day.

In 1936, freestyle swimmers performed the somersault turn for the first time, which made it possible to reduce the time during the passage of the distance and, accordingly, significantly improved the result. Swimming fashion did not lag behind the development of technology and improved results. At the beginning of the XX century. swimmers performed in suits that covered the body from the knees to the neck. In 1935, for the first time, men were officially allowed to compete in swimming trunks from knee to waist. In 1943, due to a shortage of textile materials in the United States, the first women's separate swimsuits appeared, and after some time - in 1946. - the bikini swimsuit was presented to the Parisian public by French fashion designer and, amazingly, auto engineer Louis Reard. At the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, innovations in breaststroke swimming were once again tested. Some of the competitors made a significant part of the swim under water, emerging only to take a breath. The fact is that when swimming with a breaststroke, each breath and lifting of the body above the water caused an increase in its resistance and reduced the speed of the athlete. Swimming underwater kept the speed constantly high. But in the end, six swimmers were disqualified. After all, the rules said: after the swimmer appeared on the surface of the water after the start or turn, he must swim on the surface of the water. However, there were masters here too: while the disqualified athletes dived under the water along the distance, the Japanese Masaru Furukawa swam under water as much as possible after the start and turns. Formally, all the rules were observed. As a result, during his victorious Olympic swim in the 200m breaststroke, the athlete overcame each 50-meter segment almost completely under water: emerging after the start and turns only to the 45-meter mark. But this technique led to serious oxygen starvation, and some swimmers even lost consciousness during the swim. Therefore, the International Swimming Federation has introduced restrictions on the permissible actions after the start and turn in the style of breaststroke. The rules for other styles remain the same, which will be discussed later.

In the late 1960s the first swimming goggles appeared, which, however, were not as comfortable as modern ones.

1964 and the Olympic Games in Tokyo brought the first ever gold to Russian swimmers: 15-year-old Galina Prozumenshchikova won the 200m breaststroke, setting a new Olympic record. It is noteworthy that when Galina was 12 years old, girlfriends laughed at her because she couldn't swim.

In 1972, the legendary American swimmer Mark Spitz was at the peak of his career. At the Munich Olympics, he won seven gold medals. It turned out that this peak would remain unconquered for three and a half decades. In 1973, the first World Aquatics Championship was held in Belgrade. Since then, similar competitions have been held once every two years, causing great excitement among millions of fans.

1970s associated with a qualitative leap in swimming results. New training methods began to be applied everywhere, swimmers began to train more and more varied. Unfortunately, it was not without the use of doping drugs and the first scuds.

1980 was marked by a global sporting event for the Soviet Union: the Summer Olympics were held in Moscow American athletes did not come because of the US boycott of the games. Despite everything, Soviet swimmers showed outstanding results. The famous swimmer Vladimir Salnikov for the first time in the history of this sport swam a distance of 1500 m in less than 15 minutes (14:58.27). This swim is inscribed in golden letters in the annals of swimming.

At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, the question arose again of imposing restrictions on the maximum allowable distance that can be swum under water after starting and turning. Some backstroke swimmers dived 30m after starting and turning. After the games, the International Swimming Federation decided to reduce the maximum allowable stay of an athlete under water after starting or turning on his back to 10m (in 1991 this distance was increased to 15m). Officially, this was motivated by concern for the safety and health of athletes, but in fact the main reason was the need to take measures to preserve the entertainment and the very essence of swimming.

Then, butterfly-style swimmers began to dive long distances - dolphin-like kicks with the help of their legs became a formidable weapon for trained athletes with well-trained legs. Against the general background, the Russian swimmer Denis Pankratov, a two-time Olympic champion swimming in 100m and 200m butterfly. Commentators of the largest competitions sometimes wondered when Denis would appear on the surface of the water after his most powerful exit from the start or from the turn. The final decision to limit the maximum allowable length diving after the start and turning up to 15m for all events except breaststroke, adopted in 1998. In breaststroke it is allowed to make one arm stroke to the hips after the start, accompanied by one dolphin kick; after that, you need to appear on the surface of the water.

Christine Otto from the GDR won six gold medals at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, a record for women in the number of gold medals in a single Olympic Games.

Modern swimming.

1990-2000s saw the rise of the careers of the great swimmers of our time. Russian Alexander Popov for ten years remained almost invincible in the freestyle sprint distances at 50 and 100 meters. In the world of sports, these distances are considered one of the most prestigious. Popov had an excellent swimming technique: without making a large number of movements and without tearing the water into thousands of splashes, he seemed to be sliding along the surface of the pool to a new victory. Alexander's world record in the 50m freestyle with a score of 21.64 seconds, set by him in 2000 at the Russian Championships in Moscow, remained unbeaten for eight years. And this despite the fact that Popov competed in conventional swimming trunks, while his rivals used new high-tech swimming suits (Fig. 1.20).

These suits appeared in the late 1990s. and very quickly gained popularity among swimmers due to their unique qualities: they improved body position in the water, increased buoyancy and provided muscle compression, together significantly increasing swimming speed. The costume race threatened to go too far, and after the 2009 World Championships in Rome, during which 43 world records were broken (with the help of ultra-modern suits), the decision was made to cancel high-tech swimsuits and return to real, classic swimming.

From now on, the competitive equipment of high-class swimmers is limited to knee-length swimming trunks for men and a knee-length swimsuit for women. Of course, this significantly affected the speed of swimming for the worse, and already at the 2011 World Championships in Shanghai, only two world records were broken - including the longest record at that time in the 1500m freestyle, which belonged to the outstanding Australian stayer Grant Hackett.

At the beginning of the 2000s came the peak of Ian Thorpe's career - the Australian torpedo, as the journalists called him. At the age of 17, Thorpe was already a multiple Olympic champion and world champion in the 200 and 400 freestyle. This

the athlete was distinguished by a fantastic finish at any distance. Yang was speeding up towards the end of the race thanks to incredibly powerful footwork, while his opponents increased the pace of their arm movements.

The 2008 Olympics in Beijing was the peak of the career of the greatest swimmer of our time, Michael Phelps (sports nickname - "Baltimore Bullet"). To date, he is the only 18-time Olympic champion in the history of sports, a 22-time Olympic medalist and a 26-time world champion in a 50-meter pool. Absolute medal record holder in the history of the Olympic Games. On XXX Summer Olympics In London, he broke the medal record of Larisa Latynina, who lasted 48 years.

Today, sports swimming includes individual disciplines:

50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500m freestyle

50, 100, 200m backstroke

50, 100, 200m breaststroke

50, 100, 200m butterfly

100, 200, 400m individual medley

and relays:

4x50, 4x100, 4x200m freestyle

4x50, 4x100m combined.