It is well known that swimming is an extreme sport. Even the ancient peoples had a water cult, respected and worshiped the elements. The images of floating people known today date back to the 4th - 2nd centuries. BC. Many legends and traditions, chronicles and tales mention people who can swim. All this suggests that water plays an important role in human life, and so at all times. The element of water revives, and swimming gives many people the desire to achieve success in this sport.

A bit of history

In 1889, the first international swimming competitions appeared. It happened in Budapest. In 1896, in Athens, this sport was included in the Olympic Games.

1887 was marked by the fact that the first official championship was held in Great Britain, in which swimmers used the oldest method of swimming - they swam breaststroke, being on their side and at the same time not taking their hands above the surface. This is how the first record was set. In the future, swimming developed thanks to the ingenuity of athletes. For example, in 1954 M. Petrusevich set a world record. Part of the entire distance, which included the championship, he swam under water and thus a diving-type breaststroke appeared. Three years after that, the rules of swimming competitions changed, and this method was banned.

In the 30s of the last century, the butterfly style appeared. In 1935, with its help, two swimmers immediately installed record speed at a distance of 100 m. The first was Jimmy Higgins, his achievement was surpassed by S. Boychenko, a sailor from the Soviet Union. In 1948, there was a division of the competition depending on the style, as the athletes did not master all the methods equally well. Thus, today each style has its own championship, and modern conditions pools allow you to spend it at any time of the year.

The appearance of the crawl style dates back to the end of the 19th century. This is the fastest method to achieve best results. The first swimmer to use the crawl was Wickham, but the method itself was not famous, as the athlete was left exhausted by the end of the distance.

Improvements in movement and technique allowed Johnny Weissmuller, the world record holder, to achieve a time of 57.4s in the 100m. This record remained the best for 10 years.

Constant development and improvement make swimming available as a sport for children and adults. Today, many schools have a swimming pool in which championships are held, there are sections for athletes. This allows children to develop physically as fully and diversified as possible.

Styles and their features

There are several styles of swimming and they all differ in their efficiency, movement and features. The most common are:

• Crawl;
• Breaststroke;
• Butterfly.

When doing the first, it is important to observe correct breathing and precise execution of all movements. The basic principle is that you need to make a minimum of movements for greater efficiency. On a distance section equal to one meter, you need to make one stroke. The body should be parallel to the water surface, the hips are tense, and the feet are flexible and active.

Breaststroke involves the parallel location of the shoulders relative to the water, coordinated movements of the arms and legs. For each type of competition, there are certain rules that must be followed. Butterfly requires sufficient preparation and strength of the arms and legs.

There is also a method of swimming on the back, in which it is necessary to make strokes with the hands and pushes with the legs.

Kinds

To date, there are several varieties of swimming, some of them are included in many competitions, the Olympics. Classification:

• Sports swimming - competitions that are held in pools. Swims for certain distances are carried out in different styles. The first swimmer or team to reach the finish line wins;
• Game. Various games in water is a game type. The most famous and popular game is water polo. It is included in the Olympic Games;
• Jumping into the water - carried out from springboards or from a tower. Here it is important correct execution of all movements, and each jump has a coefficient of difficulty, which depends on the height and the presence of additional movements in the air;
• Figured - is a complex of acrobatic, choreographic and gymnastic movements performed in water;
• Applied swimming is the ability to swim. People of many professions must certainly master this technique in order to solve certain problems;
• Wellness - allows you to improve well-being, promotes weight loss, strengthens immunity, hardening;
• Scuba diving is a sport for people underwater with the presence of additional devices. For example, shooting underwater, swimming with fins and a mask, scuba diving, diving, underwater hockey, rugby and other sports.

1. Introduction 3

2. History of navigation BC 3

3. Swimming in Ancient Rus' and Russia 5

4. Swimming in the 17th and 18th centuries 6

5. Development of swimming techniques 9

6. Swimming in the late XVIII, early XIX centuries 10

7. Swimming in the 20th century 10

8. The history of the development of swimming as a sport 14

9. Conclusion 15

10. References 16

1. Introduction

Swimming is the most beautiful and most rewarding sport. It has an unusually long history. Even the Ancient Slavs held swimming competitions, their essence was as follows: people swam in the river and caught fish with their hands, the one who brought the largest fish to the shore was considered the winner. These competitions are not at all similar to modern ones, but nevertheless, the ability to swim was of decisive importance in them.

From birth, a person is in the womb. The environment where the fetus lives is aquatic. Newborn babies are sometimes taught to float until they have grown accustomed to the environment in which they grew up, thus swimming is the very first sport in a person's life.

Swimming is not unimportant for human health, because during this sport, the blood is cleansed, the respiratory system, as well as when swimming, the blood is saturated with oxygen. Also, this sport relieves psychological stress. In water nervous system calms down. When a person is in the water, tension in the spine is relieved and hip joint, and that is why recreational swimming widely used in medicine. In the 20th century, people began to combine such disciplines as swimming and aerobics - aqua aerobics. This method of swimming is mainly used by people with increased weight, back problems.

2. History of navigation BC

From the time of its appearance on Earth, man has always been associated with water. It was in the valleys of large rivers - the Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Huang He and the Yangtze, the Indus and the Ganges - that human civilization was born. Water was of great importance in the life of primitive people, which was the reason for the deification of this element, which inspired a feeling of admiration and fear, still weak in the struggle with nature. The cult of water has existed among almost all peoples since ancient times. One of the main Olympic gods, the lord of the seas among the ancient Greeks was Poseidon; much later (3rd century BC), among the ancient Romans, he began to be identified with Neptune. The enormous importance of water in people's lives required adaptation to this unusual environment. After all, the first time you get into the water, a person drowns. Therefore, swimming is a vital skill associated with mastering aquatic environment and the ability to move around. The ability to swim sometimes became decisive during wars - especially during naval battles. An idea of ​​the use of swimming for military purposes in ancient times is given by a bas-relief in the tomb of Ramses II. It depicts the crossing of the Egyptian soldiers across the Orontes River. One of the warriors swims in a crawl-like manner, and the other performs a simultaneous stroke with both hands; many warriors help their apparently wounded comrades to swim across the river or climb ashore, where the victims are turned upside down to remove water that has got inside. The Egyptians widely used swimming in everyday life. This can be judged by the artistically executed toilet boxes and spoons. Special training in swimming in the Nile was a privilege of the nobility, obligatory for the children of the pharaohs. On the tomb of the ruler of the Set, who lived in Ancient Egypt for 2.5 thousand years BC, there is an inscription: "He gave me swimming lessons along with the royal children."

IN Ancient Greece the ability to swim was also valued. True, swimming was not included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games. However, from 1300t. BC, during the Isthmian Games and the annual festivities in Hermione in honor of the sea lord Poseidon, they competed in swimming and playing music. Pausanias and Herodotus describe the feat of the diver Scillis, who drowned in 470 BC. Persian navy. In a storm, he swam up to enemy ships and cut the anchor ropes, as a result of which the ships crashed on the coastal rocks. Returning back, Scillis swam about 5 km, often diving, so as not to fall into the eyes of enemies. For this, the Greeks erected a statue of him at Delphi. Tradition says that at the same time he acted together with his daughter Hinda, who felt so free in the water that she received the nickname Beloved of the god of the seas. The well-known saying of Plato testifies that the ancient Greeks attached great importance to the ability to swim: entrust the service to people who are the opposite of the wise, who cannot swim and read? In Athens, a person who could not swim was considered flawed. The extreme degree of human lack of culture was expressed by the saying "He can neither swim nor read." The ancient Romans also paid tribute to the ability to swim. The legendary commanders Gaius Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompeii, Mark Antony, Octavian Augustus were not only excellent swimmers themselves, but also skillfully taught their legionnaires how to swim. And Gaius Julius Caesar, on a truly imperial scale, staged grandiose "sea battles" in Rome, in which thousands of soldiers participated, demonstrating boarding fights, the ability to swim and dive, conduct martial arts in the water, attack ships, and cross in full armor. Roman troops had on ships

specially trained squads of swimmers, who were charged with the responsibility of repairing the underwater part of ships and marine reconnaissance. Swimming with round dances on the water to the music was part of the program of grandiose water extravaganzas, held annually in Ancient Rome. At the beginning of our era, at the terms (baths), they began to build pools for swimming with heated water. The most famous are the pools at the Baths of Caracalla (56x23 m) and at the Baths of Diocletian (100x50 m). The ruins of the baths, which were also sports, cultural and entertainment institutions, have survived to this day. The enlightened Romans also taught swimming to children. Even at the dawn of civilization, people knew about the healing properties of water. All religions prescribed the need to "purify the body" and perform ablutions. The word "hygiene" is of Greek origin and means "healthy". In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome there was a cult of Hygiene - the goddess of health. "The Romans were treated for all diseases with water, and for six centuries they had no doctors at all," the writer of that time, Pliny, said. Bathing several times a day was a custom.

3. Swimming in Ancient Rus' and Russia.

The Byzantine historian Mauritius, who traveled through Ancient Rus', testifies that the Slavs were even more skilled swimmers than representatives of other tribes and peoples. He was surprised by the ability of Slavic warriors to hide under water, breathing through a tube made of reeds. Many of the first swimming competitions had a pronounced applied character. An example is the mass competitions of the ancient Slavs on the Pochaina River, a tributary of the Dnieper, where the best swimmers-divers gathered. All of them simultaneously jumped into the river and had to catch fish with their hands for a certain time. The one who managed to catch the largest fish was declared the winner and received a silk fishing net as a reward. In the 17th century swimming training was introduced in the Russian troops. The military instruction "Teaching how to use weapons for soldiers" emphasizes the need for every soldier to be able to swim and instructs to take the necessary measures to organize swimming training. Under Peter I, swimming was introduced into the number of academic disciplines at the Naval Academy and the Imperial Land Cadet Corps. The order of Peter I read: "... All new soldiers, without exception, must learn to swim, there are not always bridges." Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov attached great importance to the ability to swim. He himself taught the soldiers to swim and cross the river in any weather ford and swim. In the Rules for Medical Officers, he demanded that diseases be prevented by "purity, necessary in everything, fresh food and drink, and daily bathing." The idea of ​​the need for mass training in swimming was affirmed by many glorious sons of Russia. In 1829, in accordance with the "Instruction prescribed by His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich", in order to form detachments of the best swimmers to perform special tasks in the water, the first Russian competitions on the Berezina River were held in the second sapper brigade of the Russian army. Their program included two exercises: "walking" in an upright position, without touching the bottom, for a distance of 25 fathoms and swimming on the back for a distance of 100 fathoms. Competitions became traditional, and in 1832 their program was supplemented by another exercise - shooting from a gun at a target on the shore from a "floating standing" position, which in subsequent years was widely used in the combat training of Russian troops.

4. Swimming in XVII And XVIII century.

An incentive for the further development of swimming in European countries ah was the fact that significant losses in the Napoleonic wars fell to the share of the drowned. The experience of the Patriotic War of 1812 (and later - the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945) showed that the most fierce battles took place on the water frontiers. The mass forcing by troops of such high-water rivers as the Dnieper, Don, Bug, Neman, Danube, Vistula, Oder became a model of military art. The ability to swim and stay on the water in uniform and with weapons contributed to the successful conduct of military operations and saving the lives of soldiers.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

DONETSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

State educational organization

Higher professional education

"Donetsk Institute physical education and sports"

Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports

Department of cyclic sports

test

by discipline

"Swimming and Teaching Methods"

Option number 4

Direction of preparation:

49.03. 01 Physical education

(Profile: sports training)

Qualification: Academic Bachelor

Extramural

Donetsk- 2017

Bibliography

1.Brief historical background of the method on the side and its general characteristics

Sidestroke lost its sporting value. World records in this way of swimming are not fixed. This method is not included in the program of international competitions. In swimming on the side, only III is assigned sports category. However, this method of swimming is of great practical importance: using it, a swimmer can swim a huge distance; in this way it is convenient to swim in clothes, to help a drowning person. It is popular among the population of our country.

You can swim equally successfully on both the right and left sides. We must learn to swim on both sides. This is of great practical importance. Firstly, being able to swim on either side, a swimmer can, without raising his head, observe from any side. Secondly, when the wave beats from one side, which often happens when swimming in open water (in the sea, river, lake), then, turning his back on the wave, the swimmer can swim without experiencing serious trouble. Thirdly, the ability to swim on any side makes it possible, turning either on one or the other side, to give rest to tired muscles.

As the name of the method itself shows, the body of the swimmer lies on its side. Oscillations of the shoulders and pelvis in relation to the surface of the water are allowed. The hands move alternately. The hand on top is sure to sweep through the air. Legs work like scissors. The leg on top bends forward, and the other (lower) back, then the legs close. Additional leg movements after performing the "scissors" are allowed. The stroke of the upper arm should coincide with the moment of bringing the legs together. Swimming on the other side is allowed only after turning.

When turning, the transition to the chest is allowed, but with the first swimming movement, the body must be turned to the position on the side.

When swimming on the side in the initial position, the body of the swimmer is located horizontally in the water, for example, on the right side. The head lies with its cheek in the water, as if on a pillow (Fig. 31, a). The legs are freely extended. The right hand is extended forward in a horizontal plane, the palm is facing down, the fingers are connected. The left hand is located along the body, the hand is at the left thigh. The head is in a straight line with the body.

The swimmer rows with a slightly bent right arm down and slightly forward, while starting to inhale. Trunk, legs and left hand at this moment they are still motionless (Fig. 31, b).

Continuing the movement with the right arm and slightly bending it, the swimmer finishes the stroke towards the hips. At the same time, the left hand, bending at the elbow, is taken out of the water and carried forward through the air, so that the elbow passes above the eyes, and freely lowers into the water with the palm down, grabbing the water as far forward as possible in the direction of body movement, against the same shoulder joint; the body turns slightly towards the chest. When the hand is immersed in water, the muscles are relaxed. The legs begin to spread, bending at the hip and knee joints: the left one - forward, the right one - back, with the heel towards the surface of the water. The muscles of the lower leg and feet of both legs are relaxed. Inhalation ends by the time the left hand is immersed in water. Then right hand bends at the elbow and brings the brush to the right side of the chest, the left hand begins to stroke along the body (Fig. 31, d). The legs continue to spread, with the left leg bent at the knee so that the lower leg moves forward parallel to the body; the right leg is bent at the knee joint. By the end of this movement left leg slightly straightens at the knee and the sock is taken over.

Legs spread wide for a powerful stroke. The exhalation begins. The right (lower) hand at this moment stretches forward and turns palm down (Fig. 31, e); the left (upper) arm, bending at the elbow, makes a strong stroke along the body towards the left thigh. Simultaneously with the stroke of the left hand, the legs, accelerating the movement, widely capture the water, close and stretch freely. Exhalation ends. At the beginning of the rowing motion, the foot of the lower (right) leg turns inward for better support on the water.

After finishing the stroke with the upper arm and legs, the swimmer takes the starting position and slides forward. After that, all movements are repeated again in the described order.

The arms complete their movement somewhat earlier than the legs. The thigh of the left (upper) leg during breeding should not make an angle of less than 100 - 110 ° with the body of the swimmer, i.e. the angle should be more direct. Excessive flexion of the upper leg causes significant deceleration.

Breeding of the legs (braking movement) is performed more slowly, and closing of the legs and stroke with the hand - quickly, but without tension. All movements should smoothly follow each other.

Many swimmers, after the legs have finished closing, make several movements with their legs, as in crawl swimming method- "twisting". This slightly increases the speed of swimming and is allowed by the rules.

The variant of swimming on the side without taking out the arm differs from the main one (just described) in that the left (upper) arm, having finished the stroke, is strongly bent at the elbow, and while the right arm is rowing, the left arm is pulled forward under water for the next stroke .

Swimming on your side without reaching out more comfortable when moving in water in clothes with equipment. Although this is a slower method (and therefore not used in competitions), it is less tiring. It is easier for learners, dumb and weak swimmers to master than the main method with the extension of the hand. Therefore, it is widely used as a preparatory exercise when teaching the crawl method.

The history of the development of swimming, swimming styles

Swimming appeared at the dawn of the development of human society and developed due to its applied and military-applied value. Rivers and lakes, near which primitive people settled, were sources of food, served as convenient ways of communication and exchange between tribes. The finds of archaeologists, historians, ancient papyri, rock art and other sources indicate that long before the new era, people knew how to swim and dive. People have always valued the ability to swim.

In one of the first books on swimming (1808), T. Melchesidek notes: “All earthly peoples, revering the craft of a swimmer, not so much as a natural ability of a person, but as a real art, carefully tried to teach it to their children from infancy.”

The systematic learning to swim is also evidenced by an ancient Egyptian papyrus, in which a noble Egyptian proudly reports that he learned to swim with the children of the pharaoh. Dried gourds served as a supportive tool for learning to swim in ancient Egypt. A papyrus written in 3400 BC describes the movements of a breaststroke athlete.

The sources of information about the spread of swimming in the countries of the Ancient East are drawings, inscriptions, images on stone, sculptures and other monuments of material culture. Swimming was widespread in ancient Egypt, located in the Nile River Valley, a rich network of canals and reservoirs through which trade was carried out with other countries. A fresco on one of the tombs of ancient Egypt depicts a competition between swimmers. Swimming was used not only for economic activities, but also for military purposes. The inscription on the walls of the temple of Ramses II, dating back to 1250 BC, tells that the Egyptian troops in the battle pressed the Hittite Asians under the fortress of Kadesh and threw them into the Orontes River. In the picture, one of the warriors swims in a crawl-like manner, performing alternating strokes with both hands.

Women were also skilled in swimming. Many museums around the world have artistically executed ancient Egyptian toilet boxes and sacrificial spoons in the form of a floating girl holding outstretched arms bowl in the shape of a lotus flower.

Another highly developed country of the Ancient East was Assyria. Representatives of this warlike country left a number of bas-reliefs on stone depicting the use of navigation in a peaceful and military environment.

The highest development of swimming was in ancient Greece, part of the population of which lived on the shores and islands of the warm Aegean Sea. Such a geographical location of the country contributed to the development of navigation and created ample opportunities for its use in economic and military activities.

Among the physical exercises and applied skills popular in ancient Greece, swimming occupied one of the first places. It belonged to the most common hygiene measures in ancient Greece and was called "preparing for dinner."

The Greek public figure Solon prescribed in the process of educating youth, along with reading and writing, to turn Special attention for swimming. His saying "he can neither swim nor read" was used to characterize an uncultured person. The development of swimming is also evidenced by the Greek heroic epos, myths and legends. So, Homeric Odysseus, when his raft was broken by the waves, saddled one of the logs and “so he was carried everywhere by the noisy sea for two days and two nights and death seemed inevitable more than once,” and when the sea calmed down and he saw the shore and swam faster, “he was in a hurry to step on solid ground” and safely got out of the water. From ancient Greece, a legend has come down to us about Leander, who swam across the Hellespont every night to his beloved Hero and died on a stormy night during a storm (Fig. 2.1).

The Greek historian Herodotus described the swimming competition at the Isthmian Games dedicated to Poseidon. Herodotus also tells about the remarkable swimmer of antiquity, Scilias, who, together with his daughter Cyanna, performed a brave deed. During the war of the Greeks with the Persians in 480 BC. Scilias and his daughter swam up to the enemy ships at night and cut the anchor ropes. The weather was stormy, and many Persian ships were thrown onto the coastal reefs. Scilias and his daughter swam 15 km. For this, the Greeks erected a statue of Scilias in Delphi and captured his feat in poetry and paintings.

In ancient Greek gymnasiums, which served to educate young people, pools were built for swimming lessons. In ancient Greece, girls were also involved in swimming, as can be seen in the surviving image of a women's bath on a vase.

In ancient Rome, swimming was used as a means of hardening, as a military and applied skill. Military training sessions for adult Romans aged 17 to 47 included swimming both naked and fully armed. There is evidence that every warrior had to master the art of swimming to perfection. It is also known that the famous Roman general Julius Caesar (mid-1st century BC) mastered the art of swimming in armor and encouraged this skill among the soldiers, applying it in their training and military operations. He arranged grandiose Naumachia training battles, in which the soldiers had to demonstrate the ability to move in the water, dive, fight in the water, conduct boarding battles, attack ships, swim across in full armament. In 381 - 382 years. during the war with the Gauls, the Romans carried out the connection of the besieged cities with the allies with the help of legionary swimmers.

Swimming entered the life of all segments of the population of the Roman Empire. The poet Ovid noted that the grandson of Emperor Augustus learned to swim from the servants of his grandfather. Without a doubt, the women of ancient Rome knew how to swim well. An example is the well-known story about Nero's mother, Agrippina, who fled by swimming from the ship from the persecution of her son.

During the period of the Roman Empire, baths were of great importance among public buildings. They were inseparable from the Roman way of life and were not only baths, but also clubs where people of different cultural levels found something to do according to their inclinations, rested and had fun.

By the beginning of the heyday of the Roman Empire in Ancient Rome there were 170 terms, public and private. By the beginning of the IV century. there were already about 1,000 of them. The colossal imperial baths stood out in particular. The Baths of Trajan, possibly built by the emperor Apollodorus (110), was a large swimming pool, surrounded around the perimeter by numerous rooms for the library, halls for conversations and relaxation, deep pools. In the lounge there were Treadmills, flower beds. Excellent conditions for washing, relaxing and having a good time attracted to the baths a huge number of people from the middle and lower strata of the ancient Roman population. The baths of Caracalla, built by the emperors of the Severan dynasty at the beginning of the 3rd century, were distinguished by the greatest scope and splendor. The Baths of Caracalla with a pool of 450 x 450 m also included visual places for watching gymnastic games, libraries, park spaces. The apogee of architectural art was the construction of the baths of Diocletian, begun in 306.

Swimming and bathing penetrated so deeply into the life of the ancient Roman patricians that they used it as a means of healing. The statement of the ancient Roman writer Pliny is known that the Romans for six centuries managed without doctors thanks to swimming and bathing. Being lovers of various spectacles, the Romans often arranged "sea battles" in specially flooded circuses with water, during which the gladiator fight ended in deadly fights in the water. Speaking about the development of swimming in Ancient Rome, it should be said that other peoples also mastered the art of swimming in this period. The inhabitants of Europe (Slavs, Gauls, Franks, etc.) successfully developed and used it for applied and military purposes.

Swimming in the Middle Ages[Edit]

The ancient period of history was replaced by the Middle Ages, which for swimming, as well as for many other physical exercises, became a period of decline. In the Middle Ages, throwing

a person into the water was a test, and if a person did not drown, but swam out, then he was considered possessed by evil spirits, since “ pure water won't accept it." The art of swimming was only occasionally shown for money by acrobats and farce artists. Swimming gained some distribution in the life of the Celtic, Slavic and Germanic tribes and was directly related to military affairs.

Formally, swimming was included in the so-called “seven knightly virtues” included in the program for educating young people of the knightly class. However, most of the knights did not swim or did very little at the first page level of education. The privileged knighthood preferred combat types exercises. Knightly armor also did not contribute to the use of swimming in military affairs. The founder of the first order of chivalry was a French knight from Provence Godfoy de Prey in the 9th century. defined swimming as the main requirement for members of the order to master the five skills. In this regard, young men from aristocratic families had to learn how to ride, swim, hunt, shoot a bow and fight.

Swimming received some development in the Renaissance, but only in certain countries. So, in 1515, the first swimming competitions were held in Venice. This period should also include the release of the first printed manual, compiled by the Dane Nicholas Winmann (1538).

It is known that in 1603, by order of the emperor, swimming was introduced as a compulsory subject in the schools of Japan. Creator of the foundations of modern physical education at school, Jan Amos Kamensky, a Czech humanist thinker (1592-1670), created a system of physical exercises: outdoor games, running, jumping, wrestling, swimming and hitting a ring with a spear.

The social role of physical culture in the period after the bourgeois revolution in England was reflected in the activities of the great thinker John Locke (1632-1704). He was a theorist of the physical culture of gentlemen. A person, first of all, as he believed, needs health promotion, systematic body care. He emphasized that a gentleman must overcome difficulties at sea, in battle, in public and private life. The main emphasis in physical education, he did on swimming, horseback riding, fencing, wrestling and dancing.

The period of the French Enlightenment, which determined the social mores and customs of Western Europe by the end of the 18th century, was replaced by a period of counter-reformation, which led to the decline of physical education. So, in Paris in 1657 there were 117 ballrooms, in 1780 there were 10 of them, and in 1839 - only 4. Swimming and bathing in open water began to be considered immoral, and young people of the privileged classes she considered swimming to be a popular hobby.

Thus, we can conclude that during the Middle Ages, covering about twelve centuries, swimming did not noticeably develop both in the countries of Central and Western Europe.

Swimming in modern times[Edit]

After the end of the medieval period, the revival of swimming in Europe was extremely slow, lagging behind the development of most physical exercises. As a result, it was used among the poor classes as a hygiene product available exercise and entertainment.

Swimming became more widespread and developed in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. In many military land and naval educational institutions in Berlin (Germany), Vienna (Austria) and Stockholm (Sweden), swimming is included among the subjects studied.

Special instructions for teaching swimming for personnel were developed, and the first European public bathing schools were opened in Austria (1781), France (1787), Germany (1877).

The first attempts were made to scientifically substantiate swimming and teaching methods. The most successful is the book by the Italian author Orionzio de Bernardi "A complete course in the art of swimming, based on the latest experiments on specific gravity human body» (1794). In this book, the author explained how a person, gaining air into the lungs, increases his buoyancy, it contains a series of exercises in a static position in a shallow place. After mastering these exercises, O. Bernardi recommended starting to study the technique of movements in a deep place.

Another outstanding author, the founder of German gymnastics I. Guts-Muts in his work “ Quick Guide on swimming" (1798) made an attempt to scientifically substantiate the technique of movements, classifying and analyzing each of them. He described how to learn to swim on the chest, backstroke, diving and diving. These attempts to scientifically substantiate the technique of movements were continued and applied in the work of K. Pfuel (1817), the founder of the first military swimming schools in the Czech Republic (1810) and Germany (1817). In the manual “About Swimming”, K. Pfued analyzed in detail the movements of the “a la breaststroke” method and proposed the following learning system: first - individual elements, then - the movement as a whole. The exercises were learned separately on land and in water under the instructor's command. The study of the elements of movements in the water was carried out with the help of supporting means. It is believed that I. Guts-Muts and K. Pfuel were the first to introduce a separate study of swimming on land and in water with the help of supporting means (fishing rods, straps, belts, etc.).

Until the middle of the XIX century. swimming was mainly used as a means of military training and as a hygienic procedure. Only at the beginning of the second half of the XIX century. swimming began to stand out as an independent physical exercise and acquired sporting significance.

First Special sports pool measuring 37.9 x 13 m was opened in 1842 in Vienna. A year later, the pool was opened in Liverpool (Great Britain), and in 1844 - in London. In 1867, the first society of swimming enthusiasts was organized in London, and in 1869, the Association of Amateurs sports swimming. Subsequently, the same societies - clubs and circles of swimming enthusiasts - began to emerge in other European countries. Over time, they grew and united into national associations and unions of swimmers of individual countries. The first official swimming competitions, the so-called championships, were held in Great Britain in the 1860s-2.1870s.

The most common swimming methods of that time were breaststroke and swimming on the side without carrying out both hands. At that time in Great Britain the technique of swimming improved a little faster than in other countries of Europe. So, in the 1850s. English swimmers borrowed from the Australians and used as a novelty the method of swimming on their side with the arm carried through the air, called the "over arm" and providing an increase in swimming speed. Using this method alternately with the breaststroke, the captain of the English fleet Matthew Webb in 1875 for the first time crossed the English Channel (34.6 km) in 21 hours 44 minutes 55 seconds. This swim was the first of the ultra-long swims of a sporting nature, which later became traditional and was repeated by swimmers from around the world. In 1926, Gertrud Ederle was the first woman to cross the English Channel in 14 hours and 31 minutes.

In 1873, another way of navigation appeared, brought to Great Britain from South Africa by John Tregen, later named after him. When swimming in this way, the swimmer, lying on his chest with his head up, performed alternate movements with his arms (similar to movements in freestyle) and simultaneous movements with his legs on his side. A significant shift in the development of sports swimming occurred after the first European championship in 1890 and the inclusion of swimming in the program of the 1st Olympic Games in 1896.

At the beginning of the XX century. appeared new way swimming - crawl, cultivated by the natives of Australia and the Pacific Islands. Alec Wickham demonstrated it for the first time at competitions. In the process of improvement, the advantages of the crawl and the possibility of using it at short distances were proven.

In the second half of the XIX century. new types of swimming sports have also become widespread. So, in the 1870s. In the UK, the game of water polo began to be cultivated, which originally arose as a parody of the game of polo on horseback, common since ancient times among the Mongols. The first match was held in 1869 in Great Britain. In 1876, the first rules of this game were drawn up, and subsequently it became widespread in other European countries. Since 1904, water polo has been included in the program of the Olympic Games.

In the second half of the XIX century. have been developed and jumping into the water. Initially, jumping into the water was used as a means of entertainment, trickery. They jumped from suspension bridges, masts of ships on bicycles, into narrow wells. In the future, Germany was in the first place in the development of sports ski jumping. It was its representatives who took first places in the largest international competitions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In 1908, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) was founded in London. It should be noted that before 1908 swimming competitions, including the I, II and III Olympic Games, were held according to different programs. There were no uniform rules for competitions, forms of organization, conduct and refereeing. Registration not done highest achievements, certain distances were not established at which the championship was played, as well as the order of their passage. The organized International Swimming Federation developed unified international rules for all types of swimming sports, determined a list of distances at which world records were to be recorded, rules for swimming certain swimming methods, started recording record results and approved the program of major international competitions.

Starting from the IV Olympic Games in London, swimming competitions were held according to generally accepted uniform rules. There were certain traditions concerning the order of opening the competitions, the sequence of performing individual numbers of the program. Women's world records at most distances began to be fixed only after the First World War, since in the first four Olympic Games women did not participate.

Period 1920-1930s characterized by enhanced development of sports swimming. By the beginning of 1920, most of the strongest swimmers in the world had mastered the six-stroke coordination of movements when swimming on the front crawl, which made it possible to significantly improve the results in swimming at all distances in freestyle. In particular, in 1922, D. Weissmuller was the first in the world to swim a distance of 100 m in a crawl faster than 1 minute (59.8 s), and in 1928 he set a new world record - 57.6 s, which lasted 8 years.

In 1926, the European Amateur Swimming League was organized, which began holding European championships in swimming, diving and water polo.

In 1927, a new way of swimming appeared - the butterfly, which until 1953, according to international rules, was used in competitions as a high-speed variety of breaststroke. For the first time, this technique of a type of breaststroke, in which preparatory movements of the hands were carried out above the water, was shown by the German swimmer Erich Rademacher. Later, the outstanding Soviet swimmers L. Meshkov and S. Boychenko successfully improved the butterfly swimming technique. The wave-like movement of the legs - a dolphin - was first demonstrated in 1935 by the American swimmer D. Sieg.

During the Second World War, the development of swimming sports in most countries stopped. During this period, only American swimmers did not stop their sports activities and set several world records. This affected their successful performance at the XIV Olympic Games in 1948 in London, where they won in all distances for men and two for women.

An objective indicator of the development of swimming in a particular country is the sports results shown by athletes in international competitions. The largest international competitions are the Olympic Games, therefore, in the future, the development of swimming sports will be considered based on the results of swimmers' performance at the Olympics.

Swimming has been known since prehistoric times. The earliest mention refers to Stone Age paintings painted approximately 7,000 years ago. The first written mention dates back to 2000 BC. e. Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible (Ezekiel 47:5, Acts 27:42, Isaiah 25:11), Beowulf, and other sagas are considered the earliest sources. In 1538 the German professor Nikolaus Wynmann wrote the first book on swimming, The Swimmer or Dialogue on the Art of Swimming (Der Schwimmer oder ein Zwiegespräch über die Schwimmkunst). Competitive swimming in Europe began around 1800 and was mainly breaststroke. Swimming was part of the first Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902 Richard Cavill introduced crawl to the Western world. In 1908, the world swimming association, the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), was formed. The butterfly developed in the 1930s and was originally a variant of the breaststroke until it was recognized as a separate style in 1952.

Sports swimming

Sports swimming- a sport in which the goal is to cover a certain distance as quickly as possible without violating the technique of the swimming method used. Sports swimming began to gain popularity in the 19th century. Competitive swimming is currently an Olympic sport.

Sports swimming includes 36 types of heats - 18 men's and 18 women's, but the IOC recognizes only 34 - 17 men's and 17 women's. Swimming is a sport for Summer Olympics, where athletes and female athletes compete in 13 recognized types of heats. olympic competitions are held in a 50-meter pool. Sports swimming is regulated by the international association - FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation), the International Swimming Federation.

The four competitive styles are butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and crawl (freestyle). "freestyle" and "crawl" are often used interchangeably, but freestyle refers to an unregulated competitive event, not a specific style. Swimmers generally want to freestyle as it is the fastest freestyle.

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Introduction

Drawings on archaeological finds show that people in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Phoenicia and many other countries knew how to swim several millennia BC, and the swimming methods known to them resembled modern front crawl and breaststroke. At that time, swimming was purely applied in nature - with fishing, hunting for waterfowl, underwater fishing, in military affairs. In ancient Greece, swimming began to be used as an important means of physical education.

The first swimming competitions date back to the turn of the 15th-16th centuries (for example, in 1515, swimming competitions were held in Venice). First sports organization swimmers originated in England in 1869 (“The Association of Sports Swimmers of England”), followed by similar organizations appeared in Sweden (1882), Germany, Hungary (1886), France (1887), the Netherlands, the USA (1888), New Zealand (1890). ), Russia (1894), Italy, Austria (1899) ... The growing popularity of sports swimming at the end of the 19th century is associated with the beginning of the construction of artificial pools.

In 1896, swimming was included in the program of the first Olympic Games, and since then it has always been included in Olympic program. In 1899, major international competitions with the participation of athletes from several European countries; then they began to be held annually in various European countries and were called the "European Championship".

History of the development of swimming

Swimming has been known to man since ancient times. Sports swimming originated at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Among the first swimming competitions were the swimming competitions in 1515. in Venice. In 1538 the first swimming guide by the Dane P. Vinman was published. The first swimming schools appeared in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and France.

Swimming in Russia in ancient times developed mainly as applied view, and only at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century did it become a separate sport. In the middle of the 17th century, swimming training was introduced in the Russian troops. Peter I includes it in the training program for officers of the army and navy: "all new soldiers must learn to swim without exception, there are not always bridges." In the 18th century, the idea of ​​the importance and usefulness of swimming as a hygiene exercise and as an applied skill. In the edition of the “Economic Monthly Book” for 1776, which was widespread at that time. noted; “It would be fair for everyone young man to learn to swim, since in many cases the salvation of life depends on the ability to swim ”A. V. Suvorov, as A. Petrushevsky testifies, taught soldiers to swim, to ford and swim across rivers.

Long before the development of swimming in Russia, organized swimming training was successfully carried out in the West, and there were quite numerous cadres of professional teachers, among whom were not only military personnel, but also specialists who worked for free. For example, in the "St. Petersburg Vedomosti" for 1782. it was printed: “those who wish to teach cadets in the Naval gentry cadet corps to swim would come for an agreement on the price.”

Sports swimming in pre-revolutionary Russia was not widespread. Only in the 19th century did the first swimming schools appear in Russia. So, in Petersburg in 1834. a swimming school opens near the Summer Garden, organized by the gymnastics teacher Pauli; Pushkin and Vyazemsky were among its visitors.

At the end of the 19th century, the construction of indoor swimming pools began in Russia. In 1891 a swimming pool was opened in Moscow at the Central baths, in 1895 - at the Sandunovsky baths. Swimming pools are being built at military educational institutions: in the 1st and 2nd Naval Cadet Corps, in the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg, in the Kiev Cadet Corps, etc. But these were small-sized pools (from 10 to 15-16m long.) suitable only for elementary swimming lessons.

Swimming became especially popular at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, the first European swimming championship was held. In 1894, swimming competitions were included in the program of the modern Olympic Games, which had a great influence on the development of all types of swimming.

A popular Russian school of swimming, where sports work was quite widely staged, was the Shuvalov School, organized in 1908. on the initiative of V. V. Peskov on Lake Suzdal in the suburbs of St. Petersburg - Shuvalovo. In the Shuvalov swimming school, the number of members and the so-called competing members reached 300-400 people in different years. These were predominantly middle and high school students. educational institutions who, together with their parents (employees and petty bourgeois), left St. Petersburg in the summer for a summer cottage in Shuvalovo. This school provided training in sports methods of swimming, and organized water festivals and competitions in swimming, diving and water polo, tests for the master and candidate of swimming were conducted. This school had a significant impact on the development of swimming in pre-revolutionary Russia. In 1912 in Moscow, the Moscow Society of Swimming Lovers (MOLP) was organized, which conducted classes not only in summer, but also in winter (in the Sandunovsky baths).

A major role in the development of both mass and sports swimming in Russia was played by the swimming school, founded in 1908 in Shuvalov (near St. Petersburg), which lasted until 1917. It was organized on a voluntary basis at the initiative of sea ​​doctor V.N. Peskov. During the summer season, up to 400 people learned to swim there. The training was carried out in all the swimming methods existing at that time: crawl on the chest, breaststroke on the chest and on the back, swimming on the side. The basis of training was the breaststroke method. Those involved annually participated in competitions and could receive the title of masters and candidates of swimming under the conditions of performing the following 12 exercises:

1.) Swim - 3000m. It was necessary to swim across the lake several times, return to school and overcome the distance of 50m.

2.) Swim - backstroke 1500m.

3.) Swim - 1500m. In clothes and shoes in the breaststroke way.

4.) Swim - 450m. on the back. Only with hands.

5.) Swim - 450m. Only on one leg.

6.) Swim the distance - 30m. On the back, legs breaststroke, with a stone weighing 2kg. With one hand, the athlete carefully rowed, with the other hand he held the stone so that it did not get wet, resting his elbow on his chest.

7.) Diving under water 30m.

8.) Diving to a depth of 4-5m. With the task to get a stone from the bottom: 5 times in a row with a rest of 2-3 seconds.

9.) Undressing in the water - removing clothes and shoes.

10.) Combined swimming 75m. The swimmer must jump from the start, swim 50m, grab the “drowning man” and swim 25m with him. The task is executed for time (from 100 to 80).

11.) Rendering first aid to the "drowned".

12.) Jumping into the water from a 7 meter tower: 3 jumps from a place, and 3 from a run (upside down).

The obvious complexity of these norms testifies to the excellent training of Russian swimmers. Understanding that for the development of sports swimming in Russia it is necessary to develop mass swimming, the graduates of the Shuvalov school organized swimming schools in Feodosia, Baku, and a little later also in Kyiv, Chernigov, Batumi, Nikolaev.

By the beginning of the First World War (1914), swimming began to be cultivated in such cities as: Kiev, Chernigov, Baku, Batumi, Rostov-on-Don, Feodosia, Sevastopol, Kharkov, Yaroslavl, Mariupol, Riga, Samara, Sestroretsk, Oranienbaum and in other cities.

Sports swimming in Russia during these years was only making its first steps. The training was mainly open water, and the results of the swimmers were low. Therefore, participating in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912, Russian swimmers were not successful. The first major swimming competitions in Russia were held at the Russian Olympics in Kyiv in 1913. Oli went down in history as the first Russian swimming championship. It was attended by about 60 people. Shuvalov swimmers took all the first places, although their results were far behind the achievements top athletes peace. The second Russian Olympiad, which included swimming, was held in 1914. in Riga. About 70 swimmers from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv and other cities came to the competition. Due to the unpreparedness of the base, almost all swimmers from other cities refused to participate in the competition. Sports results in swimming at this Olympiad were also low.

In 1922 The Dolphin swimming society was formed, which was the successor to the traditions of the Shuvalov school and soon became a kind of center for sports swimming in the country. Under the guidance of trade union organizations, educational and sports work in swimming begins. open sports schools swimming, competitions are organized. For example, since 1921. major competitions began to be held annually in Moscow. Physical education institutes opened in Moscow and Petrograd began to train teachers and swimming coaches. Since 1926 In swimming, European championships began to be held, since 1969. - European Cups, since 1973. - World Championships, and since 1979 - World Cups in swimming.

In 1928 The All-Union Spartakiad took place in Moscow, which contributed to the further spread and development of swimming in our country. In the period 1926-1929. Soviet athletes hold their first international swimming competitions. Swimming is developing in all Soviet republics. In comparatively short term a solid foundation for the development of mass navigation was laid in our country.

In 1941 Germany attacked our country. The development of sports, including swimming, has slowed down in the country. Physical culture organizations restructured their work in the interests of the front. During the war, a lot of work was done on military physical training. Only in 1943. about 500 thousand people were trained in swimming and swimming. In combat operations at sea,

during landings and crossings, the ability to swim and stay on the water in uniform and with weapons contributed to the victory of Russian soldiers, saving their lives. Thanks to active work sports organizations by 1948 the pre-war level of the number of people involved in swimming sports in the country was reached.

An important act in the development of sports swimming in the country was the entry in 1947. as a member International Federation swimming (FINA) and the development of sports relations with swimmers from foreign countries.

For several years after the war (until 1950-1951), Soviet swimmers could not reach the pre-war level of sportsmanship. Records of the USSR were updated very rarely (mainly in swimming on the side) and for the most part known in 1940-1941. swimmers.

At the 1952 Olympic Games Soviet swimmers took part for the first time. They performed poorly. Only M. Gavrish (Kyiv) took the 200m final. breaststroke 6th place with a score of 2:58.9s. and brought the team a single point. The reason for this was the change of generations of swimmers: L. Meshkov, S. Boychenko, V. Ushakov and other outstanding masters of the water track finished their performances, and young swimmers had not yet reached the heights of sportsmanship and had no experience of participating in international competitions.

In 1954 Soviet swimmers took part in the European Championship for the first time. At that time, the level of development of sports swimming among women was significantly lower than among men. For this reason, only men participated in the European championship.

In 1956 at the XVI Olympics in Melbourne, 5 Soviet swimmers became bronze medalists. The Soviet team of swimmers scored 10 points in Melbourne and moved from 15th place at the XV Olympiad to 7th.

In 1961 was established one system organization of educational and sports work in the country. The improvement of the work of the Youth Sports School was also facilitated new calendar sports competitions and obligatory organization of health-improving sports camps during the summer holidays.

In 1969, at the initiative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the club "Neptune" was created, which is doing a lot of work to involve children in regular class swimming. In a number of cities, swimming was compulsory for all students in grades 1-4. The number of pools has increased significantly in our country.

Soviet swimmers achieved their greatest success in the international sports arena in the 60s. Speaking at the XVIII Olympic Games in 1964. (Tokyo), 16-year-old Sevastopol schoolgirl Galina Prozumenshchikova was the first among Soviet swimmers to become Olympic champion swimming in the 200m breaststroke.

In 1966-1968. Soviet swimmers moved to 1st place in Europe and 3rd in the world (after the USA and Australia). At the XI European Championship (1966, Utrecht), the Soviet team outstripped swimmers from 25 European countries and, with a large margin in points, won the men's and women's Team Cups, receiving 8 gold medals, 7 silver and 4 bronze. Victories in the European arena were secured in Mexico City after 2 years - at the XIX Olympiad. Here, Soviet swimmers, men and women, got 61 points and took 3rd place in the world, and men - 2nd place, losing the championship to US swimmers.

In 1971, FINA recognized swimming as an important complementary source of health for infants. Since 1977, in Moscow, and then in other cities, swimming training for infants began at children's clinics with pools.

In 1976 at the XXI Olympiad in Montreal at a distance of 200m breaststroke, 3 Soviet swimmers took prizes: M. Koshevaya 2.33.35s. (M / r.), M. Yurcheniya and L. Rusanova.

In 1980, at the XXII Olympiad in Moscow, Vladimir Salnikov for the first time in history "floated" at 1500m. (freestyle) of 15 minutes, with a score of 14.58.27s. Since many leading teams did not come to the Olympics, the overwhelming majority of awards in swimming went to the USSR team.

At the Olympics in Seoul, I. Polyansky brought gold medals to our team at 200m. (back), with a score of 1.59.37s. and V. Salnikov

at 1500m. (freestyle), with a score of 15.00.40 seconds.

At the XXV Olympiad in Barcelona, ​​in the 4x200m relay. (freestyle), the Russian team consisting of: D. Lepikov, V. Pyshnenko, V. Tayanovich and E. Sadovyi, set a new world record. In the freestyle, A. Popov (50.100m, freestyle) and E.Sadovyi (400m, freestyle) won gold medals.

On last Olympics in Atlanta D.Pankratov (100.200m, butterfly) and A.Popov (50.100m, freestyle) won gold medals.