How it works: swimming competitions

Why does the judge in the pool need a bell, and the athlete needs a barcode.

Zonal swimming championship in Syktyvkar. Chief referee of the competition Valentina Podrezova told the correspondent of "KomiOnline" on what principles they conduct starts in this sport.

There are four types of swimming used in competitions: freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. Sometimes they say about the "complex style", but this is a misconception. A complex is a type of swimming in which all styles are used in turn. The most spectacular type of program in any competition are relay races. Distances are divided into short (50 and 100 meters), medium (200 and 400 meters) and long (800 and 1500 meters).

Competitions are held on short (pool 25 meters) and long (50 meters) water, and in both cases separate standards are established for sports categories. Becoming a winner in the "fifty" pool is considered more prestigious than in the "quarter". Competitions are held on open water, but that's a completely different story.

Athletes are selected for competitions according to various criteria. To participate in the zonal championship this year, for example, men are allowed not younger than 2001 year of birth and women not younger than 2003 year of birth, holders of the first adult category and above. Before the start, it is mandatory to undergo a medical examination and obtain a doctor's permission.

The competition program and daily schedule, as a rule, does not change over the years and depends on the level of competition. The championship of Syktyvkar is held in two days, and the swimming program at the World Championship stretches for more than a week. The heats are distributed so that the athletes have time to rest and recover before the next distance. Therefore, for example, the 50m and 100m freestyle finals for men are not held on the same day.

A large team is involved in organizing and conducting competitions. So, about 20 judges work at the passing zonal championship. The chief referee (competition director) organizes starts, checks the readiness of the premises and equipment, distributes judges to separate areas of work. The referee is directly responsible for the competition, decides on the disqualification of a participant or team, on the annulment of judges' decisions, resolves disputes and considers protests.

The starter gives the command to start the race. During the passage of the distance, the swimmers' compliance with the rules is monitored by swimming technique judges (they are located on each side of the pool). Judges at turns, respectively, monitor the execution of the correct turn. On long distances they show the participants special digital signs to tell them how many pools are left to swim to the finish line.

When the swimmer-stayer has two pools left before the end of the distance, the judge gives a warning signal (traditionally this is the ringing of a bell).

The judge at the participants gathers the athletes before the start and checks their compliance with the rules of the competition. Swimsuits, caps, towels and bags are subject to strict restrictions regarding promotional images, crests and logos. Participation in the swims is possible only in certified start suits. You can determine whether a wetsuit is allowed for use by a special QR code, which is on each model.

To introduce the participants to the audience, to announce the schedule and results of the competition is the task of the judge-informer. The secretary is responsible for the preparation of the starting protocols and the collection of information on the results. The informant and the secretary work side by side in what is proudly called the "competition control center".

The judging team is constantly near the pool bowl and can only go to rest during the award ceremonies.

The board of judges is assisted by the commandant, workers, volunteers, electronics maintenance specialists. An integral part of major competitions is video filming and television broadcasting.

During the competition, a doctor and an ambulance team are on duty in the pool - the load on the body makes itself felt, and swimmers sometimes feel bad.

Before the start of the competition, swimmers must warm up. At major competitions, a separate warm-up pool is used for this. Immediately before the swim, athletes also warm up on land.

To determine the strongest, preliminary, semi-final and final heats are held. The distribution of participants in the preliminary heats is based on the rating (formed based on the results shown for Last year). At the same time, the strongest participants are put in different heats - this adds entertainment and stirs up interest: which of the favorites will become the winner? 16 people participate in the semi-finals, eight in the final.

In each swim, the distribution of participants occurs according to the “wedge” rule - the strongest are placed on the central lanes (usually the fourth and fifth). It is believed that this gives some advantage over rivals.

Participants put all excess clothes into numbered baskets, and volunteers take them to a specially designated place.

Before the swim, the referee gives two whistles - intermittent and long, after which he hands over the participants to the starter with a hand gesture. After the command "Start!" swimmers freeze - any movement is prohibited. Then the siren sounds and the swim begins.

Disqualification of participants occurs mainly due to false starts and violations of swimming technique. There are such funny wordings as "for doing breaststroke on the site." Swimming rules change quite rarely, but the sport does not stand still, and in order to avoid misinterpretation, more and more official clarifications appear. So, after in Kazan international federation swimming (FINA) banned the so-called "turn Ryan Lochte» in integrated swimming.

In the pool, even such little things that are not noticeable at first glance, such as the color of the dividing cords between the lanes, matter. The central paths are distinguished by floats yellow color, side - blue. The floats on the first and last five meters must be red. The 15-meter penalty mark is also highlighted in color. For spinists, cords with flags are installed across the pool. All this helps the participants and judges to navigate the distance. The water temperature is set within 25-28 degrees.

The results are recorded using an electronic timing system (the swimmer touches a special panel), a semi-automatic system (the judge presses a button) and a stopwatch. In the Syktyvkar basin, the finishing panels have a lot of chips, which are simply sealed, which, however, does not affect the performance of the system. The finish time is broadcast on the information board.

Doping control should be organized at zonal competitions, but in Syktyvkar it exists only on paper. For violation of some rules, the team may be punished with a monetary fine or suspended from further competitions. A protest against the judge's decision can only be filed within 30 minutes after the end of the swim.

Photo by Evgeny Zhakov and Ivan Fedoseev

3.10.3. On the day of the competition, it ensures the preparation of the ski stadium, the marking of distances, the arrangement of controllers, signs and the laying of the ski track, if it was not laid in advance or there was a need for re-laying. The head of the tracks must complete the preparation and equipment of the distances no later than 30 minutes before the start.

3.10.4. During the competition, the head of the tracks controls the work of controllers, monitors the condition, markings and equipment of the tracks and takes measures to eliminate deficiencies. Responsible for the order on the tracks during the competition, monitors the participants' compliance with the rules for passing the distance.

3.10.5. The head of the course is obliged to immediately take measures to provide assistance if he becomes aware of an accident on the track with any of the participants. If at the end of the competition it becomes known that one of the starting participants did not finish and did not report that he had retired, the head of the tracks, together with a representative of the corresponding team, must immediately take measures to search for the missing person.

3.10.6. The head of the tracks has the right to remove from the competition a participant who is clearly not prepared for them, if the continuation of the race threatens his safety, health or the safety of other participants, about which he must inform the chief judge and the chief secretary of the competition.

3.10.7. Each of the deputy chiefs of the course performs the same duties and enjoys the same rights on his course as the chief of the courses.

3.10.8. The required number of track chief deputies is determined by the number of distances at which competitions are held simultaneously (on the same day). If competitions are held on the same track, deputies are not appointed.

3.10.9. The number of course manager's assistants is determined by the length of the courses on which competitions are held at the same time (on the same day). Each 5 km course must be supervised by one Assistant Course Manager.

3.10.10. The number of controllers is determined by the peculiarity of the ski slopes (complex distance profile, closed wooded area, the presence of slopes, ascents, etc.).

3.10.11. Each of the controllers monitors the implementation by the participants of the rules for passing the sections of the route to which he is assigned.

3.10.12. The controller, at the direction of the head of the route, keeps a record of the passage of the distance by the participants, registers cases of violation of the rules of the competition related to the passage of the distance. If for some reason the controller could not write down the number of the participant who passed the control point, it is necessary to make a note about this in the protocol.

3.10.13. At the direction of the head of the tracks, the controller is obliged to take part in the preparation and equipment of the tracks on the day of the competition and the removal of this equipment after they are over.

3.10.14. The controller monitors the serviceability of the track and its equipment in his section, takes measures to eliminate malfunctions, if possible, and maintains order in his section.

3.10.15. The controller is obliged to immediately take measures to provide assistance if he becomes aware of an accident on his site, must participate in the search for the missing participant.

3.10.16. The controller has no right to leave his control point or section of the course without the permission of the head of the course.

3.10.17. At the end of the ski race, the head of the track or his deputy are obliged to look at the track for the last participant, remove the controllers, collect and check the control sheets and report to the chief judge about the closing of the track.

3.11. Competition Commandant

3.11.1. The commandant of the competition manages the work of the attendants, is responsible for maintaining order on the territory of the springboard and the ski stadium, prepares places for spectators, the press and television.

3.11.2. Provides a colorful design for the area of ​​the ski jump and the ski stadium where competitions are held.

3.11.3. The commandant of the competition is responsible for decorating the places of the opening ceremony, awarding and closing of the competition.

3.11.4. Provides for the design of stands for posting announcements, posters, start protocols, urgent information materials, jump certificates, ski slope profiles, wind direction and speed, air temperature and humidity, snow, etc.

3.11.5. Controls the preparation of means of communication and information and their location.

3.12. Teams of referees in ski jumping

The following teams of judges are appointed to conduct ski jumping competitions:

brigade for the preparation and maintenance of the springboard;

team of judges at the start;

a team of judges for measuring the length of ski jumps;

a team of judges for evaluating the technique of ski jumping;

brigade of judges on information;

brigade of judges of the secretariat.

3.13. Chief Judge and Information Judges

3.13.1. The Chief Information Judge directs the work of the Information Judges team and is responsible for information at the competition venues.

3.13.2. Organizes radio information about the course and results of competitions for spectators, participants, and representatives of the press.

3.13.3. Coordinates the work of judges-informers with the chief judge, secretariat and judges of the awarding team.

3.13.4. The judge-informer gives the necessary explanations for these competitions, comments on them, transmits information about intermediate results, announces the final results, which are presented to him by the secretariat.

3.13.5. The informing judge must know the rules of ski jumping and Nordic Combined well, and also have information about the most promising participants in the competition, about whom he reports brief information and sports results. Periodically, the informant judge makes official announcements presented to him by the main panel of judges of the competition.

3.13.6. The informing judge provides information during ceremonial procedures (opening, closing, awarding, etc.).

3.13.7. Depending on the rank of the competition, the Chief Information Judge may be the Deputy Chief Information Judge.

3.14. Chief referee at the start

The senior referee at the start is responsible for the safety of ski jumping. He is on the judge's stand. After receiving signals from the senior referee at the measurement and from his assistant on the take-off table about the readiness of the springboard, the senior referee at the start gives permission to start the next participant with a sound signal, traffic light or flag.

3.15. Assistant referee at the start

The Assistant Chief Judge at the start is on the jump-off table. After performing the next jump, he, having made sure that the acceleration mountain and the springboard separation table are in good condition, gives the senior judge at the start a signal that the springboard is ready by raising the flag over his head.

3.16. Judge at the start

3.16.1. The referee at the start is located on the starting area of ​​the springboard, is responsible for ensuring that the divers start in the order of the start list from the starting area set by the jury and respect the starting time.

3.16.2. The starter promptly calls the athlete to prepare for the start. After the jumper has taken the starting position, the starter informs the head of the competition about the readiness for the start.

3.16.3. To prevent a false start, the starter judge must close the run-up track before the flag start opening time.

3.16.4. In case of violation of the starting time, the starter returns the jumper back from the starting area and petitions the panel of judges for disqualification.

3.16.5. In the absence of a jumper at the start, a deliberate delay by the jumper in starting readiness, immediately reports the violation to the panel of judges for a decision.

3.16.6. There must be a radio or telephone connection between the starter, the chief referee at the start and the informant judge.

3.16.7. Before the start of the competition, the starter judge must receive information from the chief secretary about changes in the start protocol.

3.17. Senior referee for measuring the length of a ski jump

3.17.1. The Chief Measurement Judge supervises the work of the team of judges related to the measurement of the length of ski jumps.

3.17.2. The Chief Measuring Judge is responsible for:

correct setting of markings (footage) on both sides of the landing mountain;

accurate measurement of the ski jump distance of each athlete;

arrangement in accordance with these rules of measuring judges and secretaries for recording the length of jumps.

3.17.3. During the competition, the senior measurement judge is on the landing hill, controls the work of the measuring judges and, having received information from them about the length of the jump, reports them to his secretary, by radio to the secretariat and to the audience.

3.17.4. Replaces untrained or low-skilled measuring judges.

3.17.5. After performing the next ski jump, making sure that the landing hill, roll-out and stop area are in good order and free, the senior referee for measurement by radio or by raising the flag over his head gives a signal that the springboard is ready.

3.17.6. The chief measuring judge must instruct the measuring judges and secretaries before the start of the competition.

3.18. Chief Judge's Secretaryby measurement

3.18.1. The secretary is next to the senior measurement judge and, under his control, keeps a record of registration of the length of the jumps of the participants.

3.18.2. At the end of a series of jumps, the secretary of the senior judge for measurement transfers the completed and signed protocol for registering the length of jumps to the chief secretary.

3.19. Jump Judges

3.19.1. Measuring judges are located in their areas, determined by the start by the measuring judge, located in prepared places behind the marking of the meterage on one side of the landing hill, opposite to the location of the judging tower.

3.19.2. The measuring judge fixes the landing place of the jumper, determines the length of the jump on skis (if the athlete landed on his site) and reports information about the length of the jump to the senior judge for measurement.

3.19.3. Each judge measuring the distance of the jump must control only his zone - a section no longer than 3 m long (at the stages of the World Cup and other major competitions - up to 2 m).

3.20. FIS Controllers

3.20.1. At international and republican competitions at the suggestion of the main panel of judges and in agreement with the representatives of the participating teams, 3 (6) additional controllers are appointed to determine the correctness of the measurement of the length of ski jumps (FIS judges).

3.20.2. The FIS controllers are located behind the measuring judges and control a certain section of the landing hill from point P to point K.

3.20.3. It is the task of the FIS controllers to approve the length of the jump shown by the measuring judge, and in case of incorrect measurement, to determine the exact length of the jump.

3.20.4 Officially appointed FIS controllers are obliged to supervise measurements of the length of jumps by measuring judges at official training and competitions in the areas of the landing hill assigned to them.

3.20.5. If the FIS Controller sees in the actions of the measuring judge in his control area an incorrectness or insufficient qualification, then he must ask the chief measuring judge to immediately replace the measuring judge.

3.21. Ski Jump Judges

3.21.1. The judges for evaluating the technique of ski jumping evaluate the performance of jumps from the moment the ski jumper takes off from the edge of the jump table and until he crosses the safety line at the rollout of the springboard in accordance with the rules and instructions for the judges.

3.21.2. Each judge evaluates the technique of performing a ski jump independently. He has no right to confer with anyone and correct the grade.

3.21.3. The jumping technique judge must be guided by these rules and follow the instructions of the Russian Collegium of Judges, have a valid judge's book with him.

3.22. Teams of judges cross-country skiing

For cross-country skiing competitions in biathlon, the following teams of judges are appointed:

a team of judges for the preparation and maintenance of the ski stadium and tracks;

team of judges of the secretariat;

brigade of judges on information;

team of judges at the start;

team of judges at the finish line.

3.23. Chief referee at the start

3.23.1. The chief referee at the start (starter) manages the work of his team and controls the implementation of the rules of the competition at the start and in the transfer of the baton.

3.23.2. When conducting biathlon competitions according to the Gundersen system, the team of judges at the start includes two starters (one of them is senior) and two assistants for the release of participants with even and odd numbers from the start.

3.23.3. The starter controls that the competitors start according to the start numbers strictly at the time determined by the start protocol. If the start is taken incorrectly, the starter returns the competitor to the starting line to perform a re-start.

3.23.4. The starter checks the markings of the skis.

3.23.5. The ski marker and his assistant are subordinate to the starter.

3:23.6. The ski marker marks only one pair of skis for each type of Nordic Combined program. In team competitions (relay race), he marks the skis for the participants of each stage with a different color according to the color of the numbers.

3.23.7. To start the participants from the start, the starter must have at least two chronometers. The start time is determined by one of them, and the other is a spare in case the main one stops. The chronometers at the start must run in sync with the chronometers at the finish.

3.23.8. Each starter starts as follows:

being to the left, to the side of the starting participant, in 10 seconds. before the start, gives the participant the command “Attention!”; for 5 sec. before the start, holding a hand on the shoulder of the participant, begins to count: "1 - March!";

if auto-timing is used, then it is necessary to give an acoustic sound signal;

the starting clock must be set in such a way that even and odd numbered starting competitors can see them clearly;

if the start is taken incorrectly, the starter returns the participant with the command "Back!".

3.23.9. During manual timing before the starter's starting command, the athlete's feet must be on the starting line, sticks - in front of the line; for auto-timing, the athlete's feet must be as close as possible to the starting line.

3.23.10. In team competitions in biathlon (relay race, "sprint"), the starter simultaneously acts as a referee in the relay zone. Ensures that the handover takes place in the appropriate area. If the handover rules are violated, the starter returns the offender to the handover zone.

3.23.11. At the end of the start or handover of the baton in team competitions, the starter hands over the executed and signed start protocol and the baton handover protocols in the stages to the chief judge at the finish line.

3.24. starter assistant

3.24.1. The assistant starter, being in front of the start line (10-15 m), lines up the participants (odd or even numbers), whose time is approaching the start, checks the compliance of the equipment and equipment (overalls, numbers, etc.) with the requirements of the competition rules, the presence of markings on skis and organizes the exit of athletes to the start line.

3.24.2. In team competitions, working in the relay zone, the assistant starter lines up the participants in advance, waiting to receive the relay in accordance with the rules. When the athletes passing the baton approach, the assistant starter is opposite the participants of the next stage, calls them to enter the transfer zone.

3.25. starter secretary

3.25.1. The starter's secretary conducts the registration of the starting participants of the competition.

3.25.2. After the start is closed, the signed start protocol indicating the number of starting participants is handed over by the starter's secretary to the chief secretary and informs the senior judge at the finish line.

3.25.3. In team competitions, working in the relay zone and being at the entrance to it, the starter's secretary registers the participants of the next stage of the race.

3.26. Ski marking judges

3.26.1. At competitions in Nordic combined, starting from the regional scale, before the start of individual and team competition(relay, sprint) both skis of each participant are marked.

3.26.2. Ski marking is carried out by the marking judge at the entrance to the starting corridor, after marking, the participants immediately go to the start (with the exception of the first stage of the team competition in combined events held according to the Gundersen system, where marking is carried out in advance).

3.26.3. The scorer makes a note on the start protocol that the marking has been carried out and passes the protocol to the judge at the finish, who checks for the presence of the marking.

3.27. Senior referee at the finish line

3.27.1. The senior referee at the finish line manages the work of the referee team, controls the implementation of the rules regarding the finish and determining the exact time for the end of the distance by the participants.

3.27.2. The chief referee at the finish must ensure that the referee team is ready to receive participants no later than 10 minutes before they arrive at the finish.

3.27.3. The senior judge at the finish line releases the judging team from work only after all the competitors finish, or when he becomes aware that the athletes who did not finish have left the race.

3.27.4. At the end of the competition, the senior judge at the finish passes the finished and signed protocols of the finish, timing and registration of participants to the chief secretary.

3.28. Judges at the finish line

3.28.1. The first judge at the finish (fixes the finish of the participants) is on the finish line, to the left of the finishing participants, and fixes the moment of the finish of the athletes with the exclamation "Yes!" and waving the flag. If two or more athletes finish at the same time, he marks the moment of their finish by exclaiming “There are two!”, “There are three!” etc. and wave the flag.

3.28.2. The second judge at the finish line (fixes the order of arrival of the participants) is to the left of the first judge at the finish line and registers the order of arrival of the participants to the finish line, stating the number of the athlete.

3.29. Assistant judges at the finish line

The assistant judge at the finish line is 10-15 m from the finish line and loudly (preferably through a megaphone) calls the numbers of the competitors approaching the finish line.

3.30. Secretary of the finish line judge

The secretary of the judge at the finish (fixes the finish) is located to the left of the judges at the finish, registers the order of arrival of participants at the finish and passes the completed and signed finish protocols to the senior judge at the finish, who checks them with the records of the finish sheet of the secretary-timekeeper, through the liaison judge finish sheets submitted to the secretariat.

3.31. Judge-timekeeper

3.31.1. The judge-timekeeper carries out his activities in close contact with the chief secretary of the competition.

3.31.2. To receive participants at the finish line, the timekeeper must have at least two chronometers. The finish time is determined by one for them, the rest are spare.

3.31.3. Before the start of the start, the timekeeper must make sure that his chronometers work synchronously with the starter judge's chronometers.

3.31.4. The timekeeper is on the finish line, to the side of the finish line, opposite the judges at the finish line. He determines the finish time of the participant at the moment of the judge's exclamation at the finish line "Yes!". When the next participant approaches the finish line, the timekeeper calls the elapsed hours and minutes, and after the exclamation “Yes!” - seconds (if the elapsed hours and minutes have not changed since the finish of the previous participant, they can not be called).

3.32. Secretary of the referee-timekeeper

The secretary of the timekeeper is located to the right of the timekeeper and registers the finish time of the participants; the completed and signed timekeeping protocols are handed over to the senior judge at the finish line.

Note. In case of an error in the results in the protocol, the record is not erased, but crossed out for control with one line; new result write down side by side and certify with the signature of the secretary on the same line.

4. PLACES AND PROCEDURE FOR COMPETITIONS IN SKI JUMPING. CALCULATION OF RESULTS (ACCORDING TO FIS RULES)

4.1. Ski jumping board

Ski Jumping Standards

Geometric elements of the springboard (scheme 1)

e - acceleration length from the highest starting point to the beginning of the breakaway table;

es - length of the starting zone;

t is the length of the separation table;

g is the angle of the straight part of the acceleration;

a - separation table angle;

r1 is the radius of the transitional bend from the acceleration to the breakaway table.

Landing zone profile:

T - edge of the tear-off table (= origin of the coordinate system);

s - separation table height;

P - the beginning of the landing zone;

K - construction point (critical point);

L - end of the landing zone;

U - the end of the transitional bend and the beginning of the rollout zone;

w is the nominal size of the springboard as the distance between the edge of the breakaway table and the structure point K;

h - height difference between the edge of the breakaway table and the point of the structure K;

n is the horizontal distance between the edge of the tear-off table and the construction point K;

hp - height difference between the edge of the take-off table and the beginning of the landing zone Р;

np - horizontal distance between the edge of the take-off table and the beginning of the landing zone P;

Zu - height difference between the edge of the breakaway table and the lowest point of the bend r2;

l1 - the length of the bend R-K;

l2 - bend length K-L;

l3 - the length of the bend of the landing zone P-L;

a - rollout zone length;

bo - tangent of the profile angle of the springboard landing zone on the base of the take-off table;

bp is the tangent of the angle at point P;

b is the tangent of the angle at point K;

bL - tangent of the angle at point L;

rL - radius of the touchdown zone;

r2 - transitional bend radius from L to U;

b1 - prepared acceleration width;

b2 - the width of the landing area of ​​the springboard at the base of the take-off table;

bk - width at point K;

bA - width at the end of the transitional bend and the beginning of the rollout.

Judging tower:

d - horizontal distance between the edge of the take-off table and the middle of the bottom point of the referees' stand;

q - horizontal distance from the front of the referee's tower to the center line of the springboard;

f - the height difference between the edge of the take-off table and the floor - the lowest point of the referees' stand.

4.2. Classification of ski jumps according to their size

The size of the springboard is classified according to the distance to the K-point. The following classification applies:

small springboard
medium springboard
normal springboard
big springboard
flying springboard

Large jumps with a Zu height exceeding 88m will not be certified by the FIS.

If a new design of a double springboard is being built, then the difference in w on the normal and large springboard should be at least 25 meters.

4.2.1. Profile description (scheme 1)

The Ski Jumping Committee provides standards and formulas for the geometry of the ski jump. Information can be obtained by contacting the International Ski Federation FIS CH-3653 Oberhofen.

4.2.2. Overclocking

Acceleration consists of a straight section with an angle gamma, connected to r1, and from a straight separation table of length t and angle alpha. The starting zones must be above the es zone.

4.2.3. Landing zone profile

The landing zone profile must consist of the following components: starting from the bottom of the take-off table, the entire landing zone itself, the transitional bend and the rollout zone.

4.2.4. The beginning of the landing zone starts from the bottom of the take-off table, height s, below the take-off angle, with an inclination b0 and ends at point P with an inclination bp. The preparation of the landing area profile under the jumper's takeoff (forehead) should provide good landing conditions for both short and long distance jumpers.

4.2.5. The landing zone from P to L has a rounded shape, defined by a radius rL. The radius starts at the point P with the tangent of the angle bp. At points K and L, the tangents of the angles are and bL, respectively.

4.2.6. The bend from the landing zone to the rollout can be either clothoidal or rounded.

4.2.7. Roll-out must provide sufficient space for braking and stopping. There should be a "counter slope" on the rollout. There may be slopes and bends on the rollout.

4.2.8. The following requirements for the springboard are mandatory and must be taken into account when preparing it for the competition.

The ratio of the wind speed v0 in m/s (= km/h: 3.6) to the length in meters is estimated.

t = 0.25 Vo (rough estimate)

s = 0.025 W (rough estimate)

Width of prepared springboard areas

bi = 1.5 m for w< 30 м

bi = 1.0 m + w/60 for 30 m< w < 74 м

bi = 2.25 m for 75 m< w < 99 м

bi = 2.50 m for w > 100 m

Landing and rollout area:

b2 = 0.06 w, at least 3 m;

bR = 0.20 w, at least 6 m;

bA = 0.22 w, at least 6.5 m.

4.3. Requirements for a springboard design that provides both competition and safety

4.3.1. Overclocking

The acceleration must be constructed in such a way that the necessary speed V0 is provided, thanks to which the maximum length of the jump can be achieved. These conditions for the accelerating track shall determine the place to be used. The markings of the starting fences es must be equal for the distance between them and not exceed 0.60 m in height for each starting place. In addition, each starting tower must have a number, provided that the lowest starting tower gets the first number. The prepared snow cover must correspond to the depth of snow on the profile boards (guides). A safety railing 0.5 m high should be installed on the outer side of the rails. The distance between the railing and the prepared width, b1, must not exceed 25 m in total width.

It is essential that the area inside the railing is empty and clear of any structures that could harm the fallen athlete. On upper parts almost all places should have bright outer parts of the railing. In addition, the top corner of the safety railing should be tapered and rounded at the bottom to provide additional security at the start of the railing.

4.3.2. landing zone

Below the take-off table, the entire width of the landing slope must be covered with snow. There must be no obstacles in the area and all movable devices must be removed while using the springboard.

The installation of handrails on both sides of the landing zone is necessary for the safety of a fallen jumper or to stop a flying ski. The railing should be 0.7 m high above the profile of the prepared snow cover. The minimum position of the handrail in the landing zone should be from 0.5 w to the middle of the transition bend. The height of the snow profile, as well as the distance indicators, should be marked on the railing. In addition, the railing must be parallel to the profile of the landing board. It is essential that the area inside the railing is empty and clear of any structures that could harm the fallen athlete.

4.3.3. referee towers

Stands for 5 judges must be divided into booths with a minimum width of 0.8 meters and a depth of 1.2 meters. The stands should rise in steps towards the lift-off platform in accordance with the flight path. The difference in height between the balustrade and the floor of the stands should be 1 meter. The stands must be made so that the judge does not see the marks of his colleagues. The stands of the competition manager and other officials must be constructed in such a way that there is no possibility of distraction and being distracted or the possibility of interfering with the duties of other judges.

In the case of a double hill with one roll-out, the erection of two referee towers can be avoided if the difference between the two K-points is not more than three meters. The tower must be built on the side of the smaller springboard. The location of the tower and referee stands is calculated according to the horizontal distance from the take-off and according to the norms of the height of the larger springboard. However, the horizontal distance must not be less than the minimum distance requirement specified for the small hill.

4.3.4. Tribune of trainers

For the equipment of a springboard on which international competitions are held, it is necessary to erect a suitable tribune, which will ensure good review the first phase of the jump to twenty coaches.

4.3.5. Ski jumps used at OWG and CML must be equipped with jumper lifts.

4.3.6. At the OWG, CML, CHMLP, YUCHML, KMPT, there must be a heated zone near the acceleration, sufficient to accommodate 20 athletes.

4.3.7. Ski jumps with artificial turf

The Ski Jumps Subcommittee establishes restrictions on the construction of ski jumps with artificial turf specifically for the main facilities and to cover the take-off, landing and roll-out areas. The standards are based on the latest technical developments. These are available from the chairman of the ski jumps sub-committee, who can also submit planning projects and homologation forms for plastic ski jumps.

4.3.8. Flying ski jumps

Flying ski jumps require special rules. Construction of new jumps or renovation of existing jumps will only start after the approval of the FIS.

The following requirements and restrictions must be taken into account:

H:n must be at least 0.60m for w greater than 170m;

The maximum value of V0 is 29 m/s;

The height difference between the corner of the breakaway table and the lower point of the transition bend from K to the roll-out plane should not be more than 130 m;

The landing slope width in K (bk) must be at least 0.18 w.

4.4. Ski jumping approval

For holding All-Russian competitions according to the calendar of the Russian Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Federation, only ski jumps approved at the moment by the Russian Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Federation and having an official certificate of a springboard can be used.

Standards for small and medium jumps may deviate from the standards.

4.5. Installation of measuring devices

4.5.1. Jump length

Length indicators are installed on both sides of the landing zone at a distance of 0.5 w to 1.05 w. To set the indicators correctly, you need to measure the distance from the two outer sides of the edge of the take-off along the entire landing slope to a point equal to 50% K (w value, rounded to the full meter) with a tape measure. From this point, at a distance of 1 meter from each other, indicators are installed on both sides of the slope.

The use of a technical system for measuring the length of a jump requires approval by the Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Federation of Russia.

4.5.2. Acceleration speed

Devices for measuring the acceleration speed V0 are installed as follows:

Measured distance - 8 meters;

The second beam of the photocell is installed 10 meters before the edge of the separation;

The photocell beam should be 0.2 m above the level of the snow profile.

For competitions according to the FIS calendar where the distance to the K-point is more than 75 meters, the acceleration speeds must be measured during training and competition.

4.5.3. Wind speed and direction

The measurement devices must be transverse to the height of the optimum flight path. Instruments recording data should show individual values, not averages.

These instantaneous corresponding values ​​are clearly shown in the judge's tower. Two measurement points are set on normal springboards (10 m from the edge of the take-off table and at a distance of 70% to the K point) and three points - for large and flying springboards (from the edge of the take-off table and at a distance of 50 and 100% to the K point). In addition to these devices, 8 flags are placed on each side of the springboard at flight altitude.

4.5.4. Start authorization and start time control

4.5.5. Three phase system

At the ZOI, ChML, ChMPL, as well as at KMPT and GPPT, permission to start and control over the start time is carried out using a three-color traffic light (red, yellow, green) connected to each other and an electronic clock that starts counting automatically, depending on the set starting rhythm programs.

In the "red" stage, the clock counts down from the set point to zero per second. At the next, "yellow", stage (the athlete takes the starting position on the starting tower), a direct countdown is carried out, and at the earliest, after 10 seconds, the traffic light switches to green.

The start time starts and ends in 5 seconds. The light automatically switches to red and the starting procedure is repeated for the next jumper, the yellow and red signal periods must be clearly visible on the start signal for the competitor. The period of the red signal, as well as the yellow signal, can be extended manually, but the yellow phase must not exceed the maximum duration (usually 45 seconds). After the maximum duration has elapsed, the device will automatically switch to red, overriding the start procedure that should start from the beginning.

On Sunday, November 24, in Östersund (Sweden) starts olympic biathlon season. Continuing to represent the main actors biathlon stadiums, we cannot pass by the judiciary, the inconspicuous heroes of every start. The judge helped us understand the duties of each of them international category Vladimir Bragin.

TECHNICAL DELEGATE

The technical delegate is the main representative of the judiciary, the organizer and mastermind all competitions. He advises the organizers in the preparation and conduct of the competition and monitors compliance with the rules of the competition. During the race, the technical delegate is always at the epicenter of events: he checks the readiness sports facility, controls marking, start area, firing line and finish area. In contact races (mass start, pursuit and relay), he is always present at the start and monitors compliance with all technical details.

MAIN JUDGE

The chief judge is the main workhorse and is fully responsible for the conduct of the competition. All senior judges and all personnel serving the competition are subordinate to him. Just like the technical delegate, he controls the most critical areas during the race, giving Special attention start zone, firing line and finish zone. The chief referee must always be aware of everything that is happening at the stadium. Its location depends on the weather, the type of race and the number of participants.

REFEREE AT THE START

He stands, looks at the clock, then at the athlete, then again at the clock ... According to the new rules, the duties of the starter referee do not include hints to the starting athlete. With an electronic timing system, he only controls the departure of the athlete, and the athlete himself leaves the start, focusing on the electronic clock. He can leave three seconds before or after his starting time, and the referee controls when he opened the starting gate and whether he missed this interval. The start time automatically fixes the movement of the gate. If manual timing is used, the referee will give the athlete the command “15 seconds to start”, and five seconds before he puts his hand in his way and counts down to zero.

JUDGES ON MATERIAL CONTROL

Material control is a check of the athlete's readiness for the start, sometimes very unpleasant for him and comparable to control at the airport. The chief judge and two brigades of two people, who are subordinate to him, work on material control. One brigade is engaged in marking weapons, and the other - marking skis. In the relay, pursuit and mass start, when there is a large crowd of people in the starting town, the number of teams is doubled. Separate important point on international competitions is to check advertising. According to the rules international union biathletes, part of the advertising space is assigned to the sponsors of the IBU, and part is given to the national federations. She is attended by an international referee at the stages of the World Cup, who visits all stages of the Cup, including the World Championship.

Before the start, athletes receive electronic transponders that will record their time at all control sections. The issuance of chips is handled by another team, which includes two judges and a secretary. In the mass start and the pursuit race, two teams are responsible for issuing the chips in order to avoid delays at the control. After that, the athletes go to the last control two minutes before the start. The passage of the last control is fixed by the judge and the secretary, and the international referee at the same time checks all issues related to advertising, and in case of violation of the advertising rules, has the right not to release the athlete to the start. Such a case occurred with the Latvian athlete Madara Liduma, who was not allowed to start in the individual race during the World Championships in Khanty-Mansiysk for violating the rules for advertising.

REFEREES AT THE LINE

In sprint and individual race Athletes choose their own targets. They usually do this depending on where they were aiming, but they also take into account changing wind direction and lighting. From the first to the 15th targets are intended for prone shooting, and from the 16th to the 30th - given to the "rack". In the mass start and relay at the first shooting range, the athletes occupy the target according to their start number, while in the pursuit at the first stage, the athletes occupy the targets in the order they came. At this time, a technical delegate stands at the entrance to the line and calls the serial number, and the senior judge at the line controls and prompts that the athletes take positions strictly one after another, and there is no “hole” between them. Usually, one judge takes the settings from the first to the 15th, and the other - from the 16th to the 30th.

JUDGES ON THE TRACK

Judges on the track should in no case show the athletes the correct passage of the distance, because the track is already clearly marked and signs are placed at all forks. The athlete should not be able to lose the race. After the scandalous case "Bjoerndalen - Chudov" on championship peace in Korea, when several athletes violated the dotted marking at once, all dangerous places are blocked by a solid line so that the biathletes do not have the opportunity to go the distance incorrectly. But if the athlete himself has lost the distance, then the judge should not stop him or point out that he is going wrong. Controllers on the track fix only the correct or incorrect passage of the distance by the athlete. Also, these judges are responsible for the correct marking of the course, the presence of all signs and markings.

JUDGES AT THE FINISH

A group of judges also works at the finish line of the competition, which, in addition to electronic, also conducts manual timing. This redundant system exists at all stages World Cup And championships peace in case of technical problems with electronic timing. At the exit from the mixed zone, the athletes are met by the senior judge in the finish area and, first of all, conducts a security check. The senior referee also checks the ski markings made at the start. Then the athletes come to a special pedestal, where they remove the transponders and completely unload the rifle there. The athlete leaves the finish control with a fully unloaded weapon in order to avoid accidents. He must do the same at the end of the sighting.

COMPETITION OFFICE

In addition to the judges who are on the track and the turn, the office of the competition, headed by the chief secretary, performs the painstaking work. The office staff is responsible for all paperwork, which includes receiving applications from teams, preparing judges' meetings the day before the start, drawing lots and distributing athletes into start groups, preparing final protocols and updating overall standings competitions.

SALARY

Judges receive a salary at the place of their main work, not related to refereeing. Most of the Russian judges work in parallel as coaches, sports functionaries, directors of biathlon arenas. For Russian specialists, the main source of salary is the sports committees of the regions to which they are attached, and the Biathlon Union Russia. Judges of the international category serving the stages World Cup, are provided by the organizing committee of the competition, which fully pays for their travel, accommodation and meals and provides them with daily allowance in accordance with the standards approved by the IBU (usually up to 100 euros per day). At major international competitions, there are four judges of the international category and judges of the national category, provided by the organizing committee.

7.7. Control and test tasks / questions "Test yourself"

(the letter of the correct answer is indicated in the Appendix)
1. Define the concept of "ski run":

a) is the distance (in km), the length of which complies with the rules of ski competitions;

b) this is a specially prepared area for skiing;

c) it is a wooded recreational area suitable for skiing in winter.

2. Define the concept of "ski distance":

a) this is the distance measured on the ski run;

b) is part ski run with a prepared ski track;

c) this is a part of the terrain on which the ski track is laid.

3. Define the concept of "ski track":

a) it is a snow slope prepared for skiing;

b) this is a well-packed area on which skiers move;

c) this is a track for two skis, left after the passage of special machines (snowmobiles) or a group of skiers, compacting and cutting the track.

4. How are ski distances measured?

a) the number of sliding steps;

b) a measuring cord (tape measure) about 50 miles long with a distance meter;

c) the number of repulsions with sticks.

5. What activities does the preliminary preparation of the slopes include during the snowless period?

a) cleaning the places of the future route from stones, stumps, excessive vegetation, preparing slopes and turns, building bridges (crossings) over ravines, streams and other obstacles;

b) maximum leveling of the terrain horizontally;

c) backfilling the route with fine gravel, crushed stone and its compaction.

6. Are the tracks cut on the freestyle tracks?

a) it decides main judge competitions;

b) do not cut;

8. What is the minimum track width for freestyle skiing competitions:

9. How is the height difference on the track determined?

b) by the distance between the base and the top of the last climb on the competition track (distance);

c) by the difference (in meters) between sea level and the highest point on the competition track (distance).

10. Explain what is the maximum slope on the track?

a) it is the difference (in meters) between sea level and the highest point on the competition course (distance);

b) this is the maximum elevation on the competition track (distance);

c) it is the sum of the heights of all climbs on the competition track (distance).

11. How is the sum of elevation changes determined?

a) by the difference (in meters) between the highest and lowest points on the competition course (distance);

b) by the difference in altitude between sea level and the highest point on the competition track (distance);

c) by the sum of the heights of all climbs on the competition track (distance).

12. What are the units of measure for slope steepness (according to FIS rules):

a) interest (%);

b) degrees (°);

c) meters (m).

13. Determine the steepness of the slope if its height is 20 m and its length is 100 m:

a) 20% (20/100x100);

b) 500% (100/20x100);

c) 0.05% (100/20x100).

14. How is the lift height determined?

a) the distance between sea level and the highest point of the measured elevation;

b) the horizontal distance between the highest and lowest points of one rise;

c) the vertical distance between the highest and lowest points of one rise.

15. List the main competition planning documents:

a) application teach in competitions, medical certificate- permission to participate in competitions;

b) " Calendar plan competitions”, “Regulations on competitions”, “Competition program”;

c) participant card, protocol of the start of the competition participants.

16. What is the minimum composition of the main panel of judges in competitions of the 3rd category:

a) the executive director of the competition, the chief referee and the chief secretary of the competition;

b) technical delegate, course leader, competition doctor;

c) the chief referee of the competition, the chief secretary of the competition, the head of the tracks, the doctor of the competition.

17. How are competitions classified according to the nature of the definition of superiority?

a) test, preliminary, final;

b) personal, team, personal-command;

c) regional, all-Russian, departmental.

18. Indicate the composition of the team of judges at the start in competitions of the 3rd category:

a) starter, starter's secretary;

b) ski marking judge, starter, starter's secretary;

c) ski marking judge, ski marking judge secretary, starter, starter secretary.

19. List the main duties of the head of the course after the end of the competition:

a) remove the markings of the competition tracks and controllers;

b) organize additional meals at the finish line for participants and judges of the competition;

c) send a snowmobile or at least two judges along the course, closing it after the start of the last participant.

20. Who provides the search for the missing competitor?

a) the head of the course, together with a representative of the team of the missing participant;

b) chief referee and chief secretary of the competition;

c) head of the competition control and safety service.

21. Who provides selection, preparation, measurement and marking of competitive distances?

a) head of the competition control and security service;

b) the head of the route;

c) the commandant of the competition.

22. In what document is the number of the insurance policy indicated, the signature and seal of the doctor, confirming the admission to participation in competitions of each athlete?

a) in the participant's personal card;

b) in the start protocol;

c) in the application for participation in the competition.

23. Who certifies the collective application for participation in the competition?

a) the chief secretary of the competition before the draw;

b) the head of the organization with his signature and seal of this organization;

c) the chief physician of the sports dispensary with his signature and seal of the dispensary.

24. What start number and start time will be entered on the participant's card, if it was raised 7th during the general draw, the start of the competition is at 11:00, the start is single in 15 seconds?

a) No. 7.11:01.45;

b) No. 7.11:07.00;

c) No. 7.11:03.30.

25. List the types of start existing in cross-country skiing:

a) single, double, triple, group;

b) singles, doubles, group, general, pursuit start, open;

c) individual, team, mass.

26. Explain how the start at the second distance in the pursuit is organized?

a) give a single start after 15 s and the winner of the first race starts last;

b) the winner of the first race starts first with the inclusion of judges' time, he starts second, third, etc. with an interval between participants equal to the difference in time at the first distance;

c) start at the second distance - general.

27. How are the places in the final protocol distributed among the participants who showed the same result?

a) they occupy the same place;

b) places are distributed taking into account the starting number, the higher place is occupied by the participant with the lowest starting number, etc.;

c) the place in this group of athletes is determined by lot.

28. Explain how the winner in the pursuit race is determined?

a) by the sum of points obtained in two races;

b) according to the time of the second race;

c) the winner is the athlete who first crosses the finish line in the second distance.

29. What is the correct location of the skis on the start line in individual competitions:

a) ski toes must be on the start line;

b) the heels of the skis must be on the start line;

c) feet (socks) ski boots) must be in front of the start line.

30. Specify the maximum allowable temperature norm for skiing competitions in the Central zone of Russia:

31. Calculate the start time of the participant starting at number 97, if the pair starts in 1 minute. Start of the competition at 11.00:

32. Find the start time of the participant starting at number 97, if the pair starts in 30 seconds. Start of the competition at 11.00:

33. Determine the result of the participant of the competition, speaking at number 26, if the start was single after 30 seconds, and his finish time is 49.00 minutes:

34. How many people start in 1 minute with a single start after 30 seconds?

a) four;

35. Name the most massive ski competition in Russia:

a) Cup of Russia;

b) "Ski track of Russia";

c) Championship of Russia.

36. How is the result determined in cross-country skiing?

a) the time of passing the distance from start to finish - an objective assessment;

b) subjective assessment of the external impression - in arbitrary units;

c) mixed criteria for evaluating a sports result, when the objective and subjective terms are summed up.

a) two;

b) three;

c) four.

38. List the competitions that belong to the 3rd category:

b) all all-Russian competitions;

39. List the competitions that belong to the 1st category:

a) competitions of the district, district, city scale;

b) all all-Russian competitions (except for mass ones), as well as competitions of territories, regions, autonomous republics, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg;

c) competition sports clubs and physical education teams.

40. Who prepares the "Regulations on competitions"?

a) chief referee of the competition;

b) chief secretary of the competition;

c) the organization conducting the competition.

41. Name the document that indicates the goals and objectives of the competition, the procedure for determining the winners and their awarding, the conditions for accepting participants, the requirements for applications:

a) "Calendar of competitions";

c) "Competition program".

42. Name the competitions that belong to the 2nd category:

a) all all-Russian, except mass;

b) competitions of territories, regions;

c) district, district, city scale competitions and all-Russian mass competitions.

43. Name the document that at major competitions contains the composition of the main judging panel, the time and place of the first meeting of team representatives, the schedule of official training and competition starts, the time and place of awarding the winners, the opening and closing of competitions:

a) "Calendar of competitions";

b) "Regulations on competitions";

c) "Competition program".

44. Explain who draws lots at major competitions?

a) the draw is conducted by the chief secretary of the competition at the first meeting of team representatives;

b) the drawing of lots is carried out by the technical delegate at the jury meeting;

c) the draw is carried out by the chief referee of the competition at a meeting of the organizing committee.

45. What is the purpose of the draw for competitors?

a) the winners and prize-winners of the competitions are determined by lot;

b) poorly trained athletes are selected by lot;

c) The draw determines the starting order of the participants in each discipline of a particular competition.

46. ​​How is the starting protocol of the participants of the competition made up?

b) according to the results of the draw (general or group);

c) the numbers of participants are distributed in accordance with the order of receipt of applications for participation in competitions.

47. Define the type of draw without isolating separate groups of athletes depending on their sports qualifications:

a) group;

b) independent;

48. What type of draw is used in major competitions?

a) group;

b) independent;

49. With what accuracy are the results of skiers measured during competitions in one round?

a) up to a second;

b) up to tenths of a second;

c) up to hundredths of a second.

50. In what disciplines is the result measured to the nearest hundredth of a second?

a) in all disciplines included in the OWG and WCH program;

b) in the ski relay;

c) in the qualifying round of the ski sprint.

51. Give a description of the duathlon competition.

a) it is a ski relay race;

b) this is a race for a distance divided into two equal parts, with a mandatory change of skis and style of movement (first classic style, then free) during the competition (for example, 5 km + 5 km for women);

c) it is a ski sprint.

52. What places are played in the final "A" of the ski sprint?

a) from the 5th to the 8th;

b) from the 4th to the 7th;

c) from 1st to 4th.

53. What places are played in the final "B" of the ski sprint?

a) from the 5th to the 8th;

b) from the 9th to the 12th;

c) from 1st to 4th.

54. How is the result of the relay team determined?

a) by the sum of places occupied by each member of the team;

b) according to the result of the participant of the last stage;

c) by the time between the general start in the first stage and the crossing of the finish line by the last member of the team in the final stage.

55. List the main ways of summing up the results of team and individual competitions for a series of starts:

a) by the smallest sum of places or times of all scoring participants in various types program, as well as the highest amount of points for the occupied place or for the result shown;

b) by the total number of starts of the team members for the sports season;

c) according to the total length of the competitive distances of the team members for the sports season.

56. Expand the method of summing up the results of the unofficial team standings at the Olympic Games:

a) by the highest sum of points for the places occupied by the team members (from 1st to 6th) in all disciplines of the program;

b) for the smallest amount of places occupied by all team members in various types of the program;

c) by the least amount of time of the team members who took places from 1st to 6th in all disciplines of the program.

57. How are the results of veteran skiers corrected by age coefficient?

a) dividing the result by the age coefficient;

b) multiplying the result by the age coefficient,

c) summing the result and the age coefficient.
Recommended reading
1. Batalov A.G. Tables of equivalent results in cross-country skiing / Batalov A.G., Spiridonov K.N., Khramov N.A., Kubeev A.V. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1999.

2. Batalov A.G. Electronic tutorial on the organization and holding of competitions in cross-country skiing "Orbita-2003" / Batalov A.G., Novoselov M.A., Shikunov M.I., Batalov P.A. - M., 2003.

3. Kuzin B.C. Organization and holding of cross-country skiing competitions / Kuzin B.C., Spiridonov K.N. - M.: RIO RGAFK, 1998.

4. Kuznetsov V.K. Fundamentals of organizing mass competitions in cross-country skiing (Conducting and refereeing) / Kuznetsov VK, Andreev AL. - Malakhovka: RIO MOGIFC, 1997.

5. Rules for cross-country skiing competitions 2001-2005 / under total ed. A.G. Batalova - M.: SportAcademPress, 2001.
Application
Correct answers to control and test tasks/questions "Test yourself" (serial number of tasks/questions and letters correct answers)

Educational edition
skiing
Textbook
Ramenskaya Tamara Ivanovna,

Batalov Alexey Grigorievich
Editor - V.N. Savitskaya
Signed for printing on 24.07.2005

Format 60x90/16. Offset paper.

Offset printing.

Conv. p. l. 20. Ed. No. 651.

Circulation 3000 copies. Order No. 219.
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