Sanctions against athletes convicted of doping. Sports disqualification - grounds, procedure, consequences Responsibility for the use of doping in sports

Compared to the version adopted in the first reading, the document was adjusted in the direction of softening, taking into account the amendments proposed by the government of the Russian Federation.

If initially the bill provided for up to 15 years in prison if the use of prohibited means or methods caused significant harm to the health or death of an athlete, now the perpetrators may face either up to three years of restriction of liberty with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to five years or without it, or up to three years of forced labor or imprisonment with deprivation of the right to hold positions or engage in activities for up to five years.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY
AS PREVENTION

One of the initiators of the bill is a deputy of the State Duma and resident of the Curling Federation (FKR) of Russia Dmitry Svishchev said that the introduction of criminal liability is not an end in itself. And he proposed to deal with violators with a complex of not only legislative, but also financial measures: "The existing disciplinary responsibility of athletes, their coaches and staff is far from exhausting its capabilities to prevent the use of doping," the head of the FKR noted. "The introduction of criminal liability is, to a large extent , a preventive measure to stop the connivance of doping violations for such compositions as inducement to the use of prohibited substances and methods, falsification and concealment of doping samples.With this step, we show that we are ready for constructive cooperation with WADA specialists who point out systematic, in their opinion , facts of concealment and falsification in Russian anti-doping structures.

Let's clarify one more thing. It's no secret that some of our athletes consciously take the doping path, because they understand that if they manage to win Olympic medal, they will receive an apartment, a car and a solid prize money. At the same time, everyone knows that, even if over time their deceit is revealed, no one will demand a return from them.

This is true, it is now technically impossible to force something back to the state. But this issue will have to be resolved sooner or later. Alternatively, athletes will sign some kind of guarantee, according to which they undertake to return the money and everything else in case of detection of doping violations even after a while."

HOW IN EUROPE?

"After the adoption of this law, we will reach the level of the most advanced and irreconcilable countries to doping - Italy and Germany," the head of the independent public anti-doping commission said in an interview with SE. Vitaly Smirnov. But, if you look closely at the legislation of Italy and Germany, it turns out that the Russian doping law is not at all a copy of Western models. The main difference is that we do not provide for penalties for doping by the athlete himself.

THE GERMANS PUT IN JAIL FOR DOPING

The most recent, apart from the Russian one, the law on doping in sports was adopted in Germany about a year ago. The Germans made no secret of the fact that new law they were inspired by the Russian doping collapse, which eventually led the country to exclusion from some international organizations and to the brink of missing the Olympics. To eliminate such a nightmare in its own country, Germany has tightened the legislation related to the use and distribution of prohibited substances and methods as much as possible.

In terms of wording, fines and prison terms, the future Russian law is similar to the German one. Except for the most important point: in Germany, the mere fact of doping is a crime, but not in our country. The so-called “self-doping” in Germany can lead to imprisonment for as much as three years, while in Russia (as in Italy) only distribution is a criminal offense. True, in Germany we are talking only about professional athletes who, with the help of prohibited substances, gain an illegal advantage over their rivals and thereby increase their income. If you use, say, steroids to pump yourself up before your own wedding, only your supplier will go to jail, not yourself.

It is too early to talk about the practice of applying the law in Germany - it has been in effect for only about a year. But the main difficulty has already emerged: professional athletes are constantly moving between countries, and for the punishment to be truly universal, it must be accepted everywhere. According to the Constitution, German criminal law is applicable only on the territory of this country. That is, German athletes or their personnel caught in something abroad can feel safe. But foreigners holding training camps or competitions in Germany are required to obey local laws and, in case of violation, may also face criminal prosecution. Exactly the same principle will operate the law in Russia.

ITALIANS HAVE NO TIME TO BRING CASES TO COURT

The greatest experience in relation to doping prosecutions has been accumulated in Italy - the law has been in force there for more than a decade. According to official statistics, between 2001 and 2009, 313 doping cases were opened in the country, an average of 35 cases per year. Between 2006 and 2009, 683 people were convicted.

More recent statistics do not yet exist for the reason that Italian legal proceedings are slow: on average, it takes more than four years to resolve one criminal case. As a result, for most doping issues, the statute of limitations expires, and the case is closed. Which does not prevent the Italians from starting new cases anyway and pursuing new coaches and doctors.

The Italians are very good at collecting evidence, as they have the opportunity to conduct an official investigation, - the official website of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) quotes the opinion of the arbitrator of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) Ulrich Haas. - Yes, Italy is extremely slow in processing cases, and as a result, many are running out of time. But from the point of view sports arbitration it is not so important whether the case in Italy ends with a guilty verdict or not. Rather, it plays a role whether CAS and IFs receive the necessary information. And from this point of view, Italy is very effective.

It is interesting, by the way, that the negative attitude towards the so-called whistleblowers (“whistleblowers” - English) is typical not only for Russia. Italian cyclist Philippe Simeoni in the mid-2000s, like the Stepanovs, openly came forward as a witness, admitting that Dr. Ferrari prescribed illegal drugs to him. Subsequently, Simeoni was unable to find work in any of the major cycling teams and was criticized by many famous riders, including Lance Armstrong, who later also confessed to doping.

In general, despite the slowness of the judicial system, the anti-doping law in Italy is still bearing fruit. At least in terms of the fact that on all packages of drugs containing illegal drugs there is a large, noticeable “doping” sign. It's a big deal for Russia, where “didn't know” and “didn't see” are still the most common excuses for an athlete and a doctor.

The truth about doping. What can and cannot be taken by an athlete.

Issues related to the use of drugs in sports have long attracted attention as professional athletes, as well as people involved in amateur sports. Is it allowed to use medicines to achieve high sports results? Is it harmful to health or is it possible to choose safe combinations of drugs? - In our recommendations, we will try to answer these and many other questions.

The level of development of modern sports, the overload that athletes experience, is so high that attempts to completely abandon the use of drugs reflect the views of not even yesterday, but the day before yesterday. Over the past 15-20 years, the volume and intensity of training and competitive loads have increased by 2-3 times, and athletes in many sports have come close to the limit of the body's physiological capabilities.

At the same time, the vitamin and nutritional deficiency of many food products of athletes, the need for restorative and preventive measures, the adaptation of the body to heavy physical and psycho-emotional stress, moving to other climatic conditions and time zones, as well as many other reasons, dictate the need for the use of pharmacological preparations to ensure a full-fledged sports activities.

On the other hand, the incidence rate of athletes, the number of injuries and even deaths in sports (mainly as a result of the use of doping) is growing like an avalanche, despite all the prohibitions and tougher disqualification sanctions. The dark shadow of doping hangs over modern sports.

The first fatal case from the use of doping was recorded back in 1886, when an English cyclist died from using an excessive dose of cocaine with heroin. In the 20th century, doping became widespread in the sports environment. The death of the Danish cyclist Jensen continued the mourning list of victims big sport. In the summer of 1986, the talented American basketball player Leo Bayes died as a result of cocaine abuse, in 1987 - professional football player Don Rogers. And this one is far from full list doping victims are only the tip of the iceberg, these are cases where doctors were able to establish that death was directly from the use of a stimulant.

And how many athletes died at home, in bed, having already finished their performances, and the disease seemed to have nothing to do with sports activities. But besides such formidable dangers for physical health, there are also moral aspects of the use of prohibited pharmacological drugs - disqualification, shame, debunking an idol, the most striking and impressive example is the disaster of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. their lives?!

Thus, realizing the need for the use of drugs in the practice of sports medicine, and at the same time mindful of the formidable consequences of their uncontrolled, unqualified intake, a natural question arises: To be or not to be the use of pharmacological drugs in sports? To accept or not to accept?

The answer can be only one Yes! Take, but... Only permitted drugs (not doping), only according to a previously developed scheme for rational pharmacological support of training and competitive loads, only under medical supervision. The problem of doping and their abuse is so serious that every athlete and coach who would like to effectively use the pharmacological method of providing training process must have a basic understanding of doping and doping control.

In these recommendations, we want to talk about the main types of doping, their impact and possible harmful consequences. A separate section is devoted to familiarization with the doping control procedure, the rights and obligations of all participants in this procedure. We hope that the knowledge gained will allow the reader to make a reasonable and informed choice in favor of permitted pharmacological agents (not doping) and permanently abandon doping drugs. Doping. Why is he so dangerous? As already mentioned, the use of doping is by no means a discovery of the 20th century. Its history is much longer than one might expect. Doping has been around for as long as the sport has existed. Apparently, this is inherent in human nature - to try to win over an opponent, to be a winner at any cost, often even at the expense of one's own health.

The use of various kinds of stimulants to increase physical and mental performance was noted in antiquity. So, in the 2nd century BC, Greek athletes took protein, sesame seeds, and used certain types of psychotropic mushrooms before competitions. The gladiators of the famous Great Circus in Rome (VI century BC) took stimulants in order not to feel tired and pain. In the Middle Ages, the Norman warriors "berserkers" were intoxicated before the battle with an infusion of fly agaric and some other psychotropic mushrooms, which brought them into a state of aggressiveness and made them insensitive to pain and fatigue.

The 20th century “enriched” the list of doping drugs with such drugs as anabolic steroids, amphetamine and its derivatives and many other achievements of pharmacological science: Anabolic steroids were first isolated and then synthesized by the Yugoslav chemist Leopold Ruzicka in 1935. During the war, such a thing as “legal doping” appeared - various kinds of stimulants used by pilots, scouts, paratroopers, and paratroopers.

In sports practice, the drug "Dianabol" is the first of a series of specially developed anabolic steroids with reduced androgenic activity, was used by the American physician John Ziegler in 1958. Since then, a new era in the use of doping has begun - the era of anabolic steroids. Steroids began to spread like a pestilence.

No need to take the drug in the competitive period, and therefore, a decrease in the likelihood of being convicted of doping; significant growth muscle mass and strength in a short time and complete ignorance of the possible consequences of taking steroid hormones, turned anabolics into the uncrowned king of doping drugs of the 20th century. In a sociological survey of American athletes, in response to the question: “Would you take illegal drugs, with a guaranteed opportunity to become an Olympic champion, if after that you were threatened with death”, -50% of the respondents answered positively. Unfortunately, in this regard, our country has reached the level of world standards, and in some respects even surpassed them.

This is confirmed by regular publications about the disqualification of athletes of various sports in the newspaper “ Soviet sport” and other publications. Numerous facts testify to the extremely wide penetration of doping into sports, and illegal drugs are taken not only by adult athletes, but also by teenagers, which is especially dangerous. It is a pity, but weightlifting and athletic gymnastics are leaders among the sports most infected and affected by doping, and one does not have to go far to explain this unfortunate fact.

The main goal and meaning of weightlifting and athletic gymnastics is to constantly pump up muscles, increase their strength and volume, and demonstrate beauty. human body and physical abilities of a person. And, unfortunately, doping is often the easiest and most accessible way to achieve the intended goal.

What is doping?

The name itself - "doping" comes from the English word "dope" - which means to give a drug. According to the definition of the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee, doping is the introduction into the body of athletes by any means (in the form of injections, tablets, inhalation, etc.) of pharmacological preparations that artificially increase performance and athletic performance. In addition, doping includes various kinds of manipulations with biological fluids, performed for the same purposes. According to this definition, a pharmacological drug can be considered doping only if it or its decay products can be determined in biological body fluids (blood, urine) with a high degree of accuracy and reliability. Currently, doping drugs include drugs of the following 5 groups:

1. Stimulants (central stimulants) nervous system, sympathomimetics, analgesics).
2. Drugs (narcotic analgesics).
3. Anabolic steroids and other hormonal anabolic agents.
4. Beta blockers.
5. Diuretics.

Doping practices include:

1. blood doping.

2. Pharmacological, chemical and mechanical manipulations with biological fluids (masking agents, adding aromatic compounds to urine samples, catheterization, sample substitution, suppression of urinary excretion by the kidneys).

There are also 4 classes of compounds that are subject to restrictions, even when taken for medicinal purposes:

1. Alcohol (tinctures based on ethyl alcohol).
2. Marijuana.
3. Means of local anesthesia.
4. Corticosteroids.

Separate groups and types of doping.

In terms of the effect achieved, sports doping can be divided into 2 main groups:

1. drugs used directly during the competition for short-term stimulation of performance, mental and physical tone of the athlete;

2. drugs used for a long time during the training process to build muscle mass and ensure the athlete's adaptation to maximum physical exertion.

The first group includes various means that stimulate the central nervous system:

A) psychostimulants (or psychomotor stimulants): phenamine, centedrin,
(meridil), caffeine, sydnocrab, sydnofen; sympathomimetics close to them: ephedrine and its derivatives, isadrin, berotek, salbutamol; some nootropics: sodium oxybutyran, phenibut;

b) analeptics: corazole, cordiamine, bemegrid;

V) drugs that act primarily on the back of the brain excitatory: strychnine. This group also includes some narcotic analgesics with a stimulating or sedative (calming) effect: cocaine, morphine and its derivatives, including promedol; omnopon, codeine, dionine, as well as fentanyl, estocin, pentazocine (fortral), tilidine, dipidolor and others. In addition, short-term biological stimulation can be achieved by transfusing blood (one's own or someone else's) immediately before the competition (blood transfusion, "blood doping").

The second group of doping agents includes anabolic steroids (AS) and other hormonal anabolic agents. In addition, there are specific species doping and other prohibited pharmacological agents:

A) drugs that reduce muscle tremor 9 trembling of the limbs), improve coordination of movements: beta-blockers, alcohol;

b) means that help to reduce (cut) weight, accelerate the excretion of decay products of anabolic steroids and other doping from the body - various diuretics (diuretics);

V) means that have the ability to mask traces of anabolic steroids during special doping control studies - the antibiotic probenecid and others (not produced in the Soviet Union).

Of all these drugs, anabolic steroids are the most widely used among bodybuilders and weightlifters.

What are anabolic steroids (AS)?

In biochemistry, anabolism is understood as such a course of biochemical reactions that promotes the synthesis of any compounds - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, etc. From a chemical point of view, anabolic steroids are derivatives of a substance called cyclopentaneperhydro-fenathrene - which is the structural basis of male sex hormones. Thus, anabolic steroids are artificially synthesized derivatives of the male sex hormone - testosterone (including testosterone itself and its esters).

Testosterone acts on the human body in two directions: it promotes the synthesis of skeletal muscle proteins and partially myocardial muscles, reduces the fat content in the body and changes its distribution - this is a manifestation of the so-called anabolic activity of testosterone. Testosterone also contributes to the development of male sexual characteristics, as primary: the initial growth of the penis, the growth and development of seminal vesicles, the growth and development of the prostate gland; and secondary ones: the density and placement of hair on the body and face, coarsening of the voice and some others - this is the androgenic activity of testosterone.

Synthetic anabolic steroids are substances with increased anabolic activity and proportionally reduced androgenic activity. However, there is not and cannot be anabolic steroid preparations with zero androgenic activity. the same, and even more so, can be said about testosterone and its various derivatives (esters), as well as their mixtures. Thus, there are no harmless anabolic steroids and trying to get them through friends and acquaintances is nothing but a waste of time and effort.

The main effects of the use of anabolic steroids in sports in the initial period of their intake are as follows: a rapid increase in muscle mass (provided that the food contains sufficient proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements), and preventing its fall during heavy training loads. Due to the increase in muscle mass, an increase in the cross section of the muscle is observed and, therefore, physical strength increases proportionally, and the recovery rate after physical activity, the volume of tolerated training loads increases.

Various groups of natural (endogenous) hormones and synthetic steroid compounds have anabolic effect.

The main groups of anabolics are as follows:

1. The somatotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland is somatotropin.

2. The pituitary gonadotropin is chorionic gonadotropin.

3. Androgens (male sex hormones):
testosterone (testosterone propionate), testosterone enanthate (delestril), testenate (mixture of testosterone propionate and testosterone enanthate), testosterone (mixture of various testosterone esters), methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone (halotestin), testosterone cypionate (depotestosterone), methenolone enanthate (primobolin).

4. Synthetic anabolic steroids; methandrostenolone (dianabol, nerobol, stenolone), nerobolil (phenobolin, durabolin, nandrolone, fenpropionate, turinabol, etc.), retabolil (nandrolone decanoate, deca-durabolin), silabolin, methandrostenodiol, oxandrolone (anavar), stanozol (winstrol) , oxymetholone (anadrol-50), etc.

Anabolics can be in tablet form (oral AS) and in the form of preparations for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.

The harmful side effects of anabolic steroids are extremely diverse and dangerous. It consists of a toxic effect (i.e., poisoning) of vital organs, primarily the liver, gross metabolic disorders, damage to the endocrine and reproductive systems, diseases of the cardiovascular, genitourinary and other systems, severe mental disorders (we will discuss this in more detail below) .

Earlier statements in the specialized literature about the harmless use of AS were based on the results of individual studies conducted over a short period of time and turned out to be incorrect. It has now been fully proven that with any use of AS, even in small doses and for short periods of time, one should talk about the absolute harm of using these drugs, more or less.

Anabolics always cause some damage to the health of the athlete. A number of studies indicate the possibility of the appearance of many negative consequences 15-20 years after the end of taking the drugs.

The nature of the manifestations of the side effects of anabolic steroids largely depends on a number of factors, among which the most important are: individual reaction to the drug: gender and age differences; the presence of acute or chronic diseases; dose size; the duration of the drug. The negative side effects of anabolic steroids in children and adolescents develop especially rapidly and are more pronounced. Their negative impact on the female body is very great.

Doses of AS used in weightlifting and athletic gymnastics are significantly higher than therapeutic doses, i.e. used in the treatment of certain diseases (10-20 and even 40 times). Many athletes, in order to obtain the maximum effect and reduce the likelihood of detection during doping control, use the so-called “staking” - the regimen of taking anabolic steroids, which consists in gradually changing the dose of the drug and alternating the types of specific dosage forms throughout the course, as well as combining AS with drugs other groups (primarily with testosterone and diuretics).

It has been shown that the use of such regimens for taking anabolic steroids can lead to even more adverse effects than when using individual drugs.

The consequences of long-term use of anabolic steroids on various organs and systems of the athlete's body.

Pathology of the liver and biliary tract. As a result of the surveys, it was found that up to 80% of athletes who took AS suffer from impaired liver function. The use of tablet forms of anabolic steroids can lead to a violation of the antitoxic and excretory functions of the liver and the development of hepatitis.

Prolonged use of AS leads to blockage of the biliary tract, jaundice, and even deaths have been noted. There is a significant amount of data indicating the occurrence of liver cancer with long-term use of anabolic steroids. Influence on the genitourinary system. In people who have taken anabolic steroids for a long time, kidney tumors, the deposition of stones, and a violation of the process of urine formation may develop.

Influence on the endocrine system. Anabolic steroids contribute to the development of disorders in the endocrine system, especially negatively affecting carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Testosterone intake by adult men reduces the secretion of their own hormone. With prolonged use of anabolic steroids, testicular atrophy, suppression of spermatogenesis, a decrease in the amount of sperm, a decrease in the “fertility index”, a change in sexual feelings, etc. develop.

Moreover, it takes 6 months or more to restore the normal level of spermatogenesis, and with prolonged use of steroids, these changes can become persistent, and even irreversible. In men, taking AS can cause the development of signs of gynecomastia, i.e. significant development of breast tissue and nipples, which in severe cases may require surgical intervention.

In women, taking even small doses of anabolic steroids causes the rapid development of virilization phenomena: coarsening and lowering of the voice, hair growth on the chin and upper lip, hair loss on the head according to the male pattern, reduction of the mammary glands, enlargement of the clitoris, development of general hirsutism (hairiness), atrophy uterus, violations and cessation of the menstrual cycle (dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea), acne, increased secretion of the sebaceous glands, general muscularization.

Menstrual irregularities, acne are reversible after discontinuation of AS drugs. Facial hair growth, baldness, clitoris enlargement and voice change are irreversible. The virilizing effect of AS is especially pronounced in girls and girls; phenomena of pseudohermaphroditism can be observed. In women, taking AS can lead to infertility, in pregnant women, the growth of the embryo slows down and fetal death occurs.

Such terrible consequences of taking AS on the endocrine system of women and girls are explained precisely by the androgenic phenomenon of the activity of gestosterone, a hormone that is normally present in the body of women in a minimal amount, and an artificial increase in the concentration of which in the blood leads to such extensive disorders.

Thyroid and gastrointestinal disorders. It has been shown that taking anabolic steroids can contribute to dysfunction of the thyroid gland, the activity of the stomach and intestines, and cause gastrointestinal hemorrhages.

Mental disorders. The use of AS is necessarily accompanied by a decrease in sexual activity and increasing changes in the psyche - with unpredictable mood swings, increased excitability, irritability, the appearance of aggressiveness or the development of depression. Pronounced shifts in character and behavior often lead to serious consequences: breaking up with friends, breaking up a family, creating prerequisites for committing negative and even socially dangerous actions. According to some observations, the complete cessation of taking AS is often accompanied by depression, which is considered as a manifestation of mental dependence on anabolics, analogous dependence on drugs.

Influence on the cardiovascular system. Anabolic steroids cause disturbances in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, reducing glucose tolerance, which is accompanied by a drop in blood sugar levels. When using tableted forms of AS, insulin secretion increases, which contributes to the onset of diabetes. In addition, the development of atherosclerosis and other diseases of the cardiovascular system is possible.

Side effects of AS. Taking anabolic steroids contributes to the rapid growth of muscle mass, which is much faster than the growth and development of the corresponding tendons, ligaments and other connective tissues. This leads to torn ligaments during heavy physical exertion, the occurrence of inflammatory diseases and the articular bag, and the development of tendon degeneration. A decrease in the viscosity of muscle tissue, due to water and sodium retention, causes a decrease in muscle elasticity (subjectively assessed as "strength" or "clogging"), the inability to develop full-fledged muscle efforts.

All this causes a predisposition to muscle and ligament injuries during training and competition. After stopping the use of anabolic steroids, a phase of a decrease in the immunobiological activity of the body begins, an increased susceptibility to disease.

Side effects of AS in children and adolescents. The use of anabolic steroids by adolescents can cause irreversible changes: cessation of growth of long bones, early puberty, virilization and gynecomastia.

Dopings of non-steroidal structure.

As for dopings that are not related to anabolic steroids, it is necessary to say a few words about such a class of doping drugs as diuretics. Recently, in connection with the holding of the USSR championships in athletic gymnastics and the expansion of the participation of our athletes in international competitions, it became necessary to establish weight categories and the corresponding weight limit at the time of the competition.

In weightlifting this problem has been known for a long time and is very acute. For urgent weight loss in the competitive period, some incompetent coaches and athletes recommend taking diuretics, i.e. diuretics, although it is known that they have long been listed as doping drugs.

So, Bulgarian weightlifters, at the last Olympics in Seoul in 1988, were disqualified precisely for the use of diuretics. In addition, there is an opinion in the sports environment that taking diuretics contributes to an increased removal of the breakdown products of anabolic steroids and other drugs from the body, and thereby reduces their negative side effects and shortens the period of drug withdrawal before a performance. It should be said that the use of diuretics, even in the clinic, according to medical indications, requires careful laboratory and medical supervision, as it is fraught with possible complications.

By removing fluid from the body along with the salts necessary for normal metabolism (for example, potassium, which is required for the normal functioning of the muscles of the heart), diuretics used without a compensatory diet lead to the development of heart failure. And its danger increases with the growth of physical activity - and at the time of the highest competitive efforts, this can lead to an acute violation of cardiac activity.

In addition, taking diuretics causes an increase in blood sugar, which can cause an exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), allergic reactions, and the development of skin diseases. It is also possible exacerbation of diseases of the liver, kidneys, depression of the central nervous system, accompanied by drowsiness, lethargy, impaired sensitivity.

Doping control: organization, procedure

In connection with the development of international relations and the expansion of contacts between athletes from different countries, as well as the holding of all-Union and regional competitions, there is a problem of familiarizing participants in the competition with the procedure and regulations for doping control. Unfortunately, there are still “dared men” who, even knowing about the harm done to the body by doping, still take it. They will be particularly interested in the section on sanctions for taking illicit drugs.

Doping control is the most important part of a comprehensive program of measures aimed at preventing the use of prohibited (doping) substances by athletes. The regulations adopted in our country for the organization and conduct of the doping control procedure fully comply with the requirements of the IOC Medical Commission. The doping control procedure consists of the following stages: the selection of biological samples for analysis, the physical and chemical examination of the samples taken and the issuance of a conclusion, the imposition of sanctions on violators.

The observer ensures that there is no falsification of the sample. After passing the sample, a number is stuck on the vessel, which is also chosen by the athlete himself. After that, the obtained biological sample is divided into 2 equal parts - samples A and B, which are sealed and assigned a specific code. Thus, the name of the athlete is not mentioned at any of the working stages (in order to maintain complete anonymity). Copies of the codes are pasted on the doping control protocol.

The samples are then packaged in transport containers and transported to the doping control laboratory. Before signing the doping control protocol, the athlete is obliged to inform the commission of the names of all drugs that he took before the competition (as some drugs contain prohibited substances contain prohibited substances in minimal quantities, for example, solutan). After signing the doping control protocol, the athlete can only wait for the results of the analysis. According to the regulations for conducting doping control, sample A is subjected to analysis, and no later than 3 days after taking the biological sample.

If prohibited substances are found in it, the B sample is opened and analyzed. When the B sample is opened, either the athlete himself or his authorized representative may be present. If a Prohibited Substance is also found in the B Sample, the Athlete will be sanctioned accordingly. If a prohibited substance is not found in sample B, then the conclusion on the analysis of bioassay A is recognized as unreliable and sanctions are not applied to the athlete.

An athlete's refusal to undergo a doping control or an attempt to falsify his result is considered as an admission by him of the fact of doping with all the ensuing consequences. Falsification of the results of doping control consists in various kinds of manipulations aimed at distorting its results. Athletes may resort to attempts at falsification when they are known to be positive in the analysis of biological samples for doping.

At the same time, attempts to change urine are possible (catheterization and introduction into bladder foreign, known drug-free urine, or fluid that mimics urine; use of microcontainers; intentional contamination of urine with aromatic compounds that make it difficult to identify dopings). Prohibited manipulations also include special surgical operations (for example, suturing placental tissue under the skin).

The physicochemical methods used for the analysis of biological urine samples (chromatographic, mass spectrometric, radioimmune, enzyme immunoassay, etc.) used to determine doping are very sensitive and include computer identification of doping drugs and their derivatives. They allow you to determine with high accuracy all the drugs used by the athlete, including those used over the past weeks and even months. In addition, methods have been developed that determine the so-called “blood doping”, i.e. transfusing the athlete's own or someone else's blood before the start.

If earlier only highly qualified athletes underwent doping control and only during responsible international and domestic competitions, now such control is carried out not only in the competitive period, but also during training sessions; moreover, all persons involved in sports, regardless of their sports affiliation, are subject to doping testing.

Sanctions against athletes convicted of doping.

Detection of doping threatens the athlete with severe penalties, up to complete excommunication from the sport. At the first detection of prohibited substances (with the exception of sympathomimetic drugs, such as ephedrine and its derivatives), he is disqualified for 2 years, at the second - for life. In the case of taking sympathomimetics for the first time - disqualification for 6 months, the second for 2 years, the third - for life. At the same time, the coach and the doctor who observed the athlete are also punished.

The use of any drugs officially classified as narcotic as doping entails the appropriate administrative and criminal penalties. Currently in legislatures countries have made proposals to criminalize the use of anabolic steroids without medical indications, or the inducement to take them. Summing up all that has been said, you can draw the only true conclusion for yourself: never use doping, no matter how tempting and quick it may seem to achieve the desired result. Is there a reasonable alternative to doping? - you ask. There is!
This will be the subject of the next section of our recommendations.

Section II.

Permitted drugs - to help bodybuilders and weightlifters.

You probably noticed that after some success, when the load could be easily increased, and the muscles increased noticeably in size, a hard time came. “Muscular joy” is no longer a pleasure. It is possible to add to the load only due to the will collected into a fist. You can hardly force yourself to perform the volume of exercises that you could still overcome, it would seem, with ease and even with pleasure. Accordingly, the growth of transverse muscles significantly slows down.

The point here is that the natural possibilities of the human body to adapt (adapt) to physical stress are not unlimited. The body's need for muscle effort is combined with a simultaneous desire for rest and relaxation. And you can build real muscles only through serious work on yourself, large volumes and intensity of the load - this is by no means physical education for your own pleasure, for muscle comfort.

The main thing that a bodybuilder needs to understand here is that it is possible to increase loads after a certain level only by combining them with high-quality recovery. Natural restoration of muscle performance (comes simply during rest, sleep) during serious weightlifting, athletic gymnastics, weightlifting and other speed- power types sport is clearly not enough.

Let us now consider those special methods and means of accelerating the recovery of the body, which can be recommended in strength disciplines, especially for bodybuilders.

1. Firstly, it is the correct, rational organization of the training process. This is a scientifically based alternation of retracting, developing and supporting loads, the optimal combination of volumes and intensity of loads. The training methodology in athletic gymnastics is a special subject that we will not consider. Here it is only necessary to emphasize that this factor is the main one that determines the success of all other methods of accelerating recovery.

2. A great help to athletes of a power orientation in stimulating the natural adaptive capabilities of the body are targeted physiotherapeutic methods for accelerating recovery. These are massage, electrical muscle stimulation, acupuncture (acupuncture), balneological methods for accelerating recovery (various baths, showers, mud, etc.).

All these tools, when used correctly, can provide an invaluable service to lovers of athletic gymnastics, helping to relieve tension after class, relax, and contribute to the full recovery of muscles. As a result, a fully restored body can carry the necessary training loads the next day. All these methods in this manual are only mentioned by us, and should be the subject of special consideration.

Such specific methods of controlling one’s own body, improving self-control techniques and accelerating recovery as various psycho-physiological, psychological, psychotherapeutic techniques such as autogenic training, situational training, hypnosis, etc., can acquire significant significance for athletes. Mastering all this arsenal can provide you with significant help and support. if you seriously want to achieve noticeable success in building your own muscles.

However, the main, most powerful means of helping the body during grueling workouts for bodybuilders are still two other methods of accelerating recovery during physical exertion. Not a single lover of athletic gymnastics or weightlifter can do without including them in one way or another in their arsenal. This is, firstly, the use of permitted (non-doping) pharmacological preparations, and, secondly, the use of specialized food products, the so-called products of increased biological value (PPBC). On the use of these non-negative side effects funds, we will dwell in more detail.

The general classification of drugs recommended for athletic gymnastics and weightlifting is as follows:

1.
2. Vitamins.
3. Anabolic agents.
4. Hypatoprotectors and choleretic agents.
5.
6.
7. Adaptogens of plant and animal origin.

Amino acid preparations and protein products of increased biological value.

Proteins are the main building blocks of muscle tissue. Structural components of proteins (“Bricks” from which proteins are built) are amino acids. Dietary proteins are broken down in the stomach and intestines into individual amino acids, which are absorbed into the blood. In organs, proteins are synthesized from the amino acids brought in by the blood. In total, about 20 different amino acids are present in animal and human proteins. Most of them are irreplaceable, i.e. they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from food.

Protein-rich foods are: meat, fish, cottage cheese, nuts, legumes, as well as dishes from them. During athletic (strength) training of athletes, especially when doing athletic gymnastics, in addition to food proteins, additional income proteins into the body. It should also be taken into account that the products commonly used in our country are of rather poor quality. In addition, due to economic reasons and historical traditions, our diet is structured very far from optimal. The typical diet in the USSR contains 45% carbohydrates, 10% protein and 45% fat, while the recommended diet for bodybuilders is 62% carbohydrates, 20% protein and 18% fat.

Some of the amino acids are available in the pharmacy network in the form of drugs (glutamic acid and calcium gluminate, methionine histidine, cysteine, vicenin (a combination of cysteine, glutamic acid and glycocol and vitamins), cerebrozilin (a mixture of 18 different amino acids obtained by hydrolysis of the medulla). These drugs are intended for special purposes (parenteral nutrition, treatment of diseases of the central nervous system, eyes, etc.), and do not have a significant effect on protein metabolism in the body.Their use in athletics does not make sense.

There are also preparations containing mixtures of individual amino acids and combinations necessary for protein synthesis. They are prepared from protein hydrolysates (they are formed during the hydrolysis (decomposition) of a natural protein into constituent amino acids, just as it happens in the gastrointestinal tract). Sometimes hydrolysates contain additives of some synthetically obtained amino acids, vitamins, mineral salts, etc.

These drugs (as well as protein products of increased biological value, which will be discussed below) contribute to the growth of muscle proteins and are especially effective against the background of physical activity (primarily strength) in combination with vitamins. Daily intake of these funds should provide an additional intake of 15-20 g of protein (or amino acids) into the body.

Based on this and the percentage of amino acids in each specific preparation, the daily dosage is calculated. Unfortunately, in the USSR, among such preparations, the pharmacy network has only intravenous preparations (hydrolysin solution, casein hydrolysant, adminopeptid, aminocrovin, fibrinosol, amycrin, polyamine). These drugs contain significant amounts of amino acids (0.04-0.1%), and when administered intravenously, they can have a beneficial effect on muscle protein metabolism.

However, intravenous administration of drugs is a rather serious traumatic procedure that can only be performed in a medical hospital (the risk of contracting AIDS or viral hepatitis (jaundice) should also be taken into account. Sometimes, especially, great bodybuilding enthusiasts risk taking these drugs inside (drink these solutions).

The effect can be achieved with a volume of drunk at least 0.5 liters, which is not easy (because these drugs have a rather disgusting taste), and besides, they contain a large amount of ballast water. A number of imported amino acid preparations for intravenous administration, for example, mariamin, have the same disadvantages. It is much more convenient for bodybuilders to take amino acid preparations intended for oral administration. Unfortunately, in this group so far there are only foreign-made drugs, which can be obtained only on occasion.

All these drugs intended for athletes and people involved in athletics (there are a huge number of them and new ones are constantly appearing), in addition to all the amino acids necessary for the body, contain various vitamins, minerals, flavors, fragrances, dyes are very convenient to use. They are produced in various countries with various commercial names under the general term proteins (Protein), or proteins. most often in our country among bodybuilders and athletes in strength sports, the following amino acid preparations are used.

Stark protein, produced in Sweden. Protein hydrolyzate containing 18 natural amino acids, including all essential ones. Produced in capsules containing 0.337 g of protein hydrolyzate (dry powder) and 0.2 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6). When practicing athletic gymnastics, it is recommended to take 2 capsules 3 times a day together or between meals.

Multicraft - 80- powder in jars of 750 g. 100 g of the drug contains 80 g of protein hydrolyzate, 3 g of carbohydrate, 2 g of fat, 350 mg of lecithin, 1 g of calcium, 250 g of magnesium, 25 mg of iron, 45 mg of vitamin B1, 6 mg vitamin B2.15 mg of vitamin B12, 85 mcg of vitamin C. The energy capacity of 100 g of multikraft is 353 kcal (1499 kJ).

Per 100 g of amino acids there are: isoleucine 5.5 g, leucine 10 g, lysine 8.5, methionine 3 g, phenylaline 5.1 g, threonine 4.6 g, tryptophan 1.4 g, valine 5.2 g, arginine 3.9 g, cystine 0.8 g, serine 6.3 g, tyrosine 5.2 g, proline 10.7 g, histidine 2.8 g, alanine 3.3 g, aspartic acid 7.5 g, glutamic acid 22 g, glycine 1.9 g.

Against the background of loads of a power (athletic) nature, it is recommended to take daily 30 g (3 tablespoons) of powder in 300 ml of water or milk during or after meals. The drug is produced in various countries in several versions (according to the volume of the can and the flavoring additives used - banana, strawberry, pear, etc.). Multicraft samples are also produced containing 60.75.85% protein (Multicraft-60, Multicraft-75, Multicraft-85). Other preparations sometimes found among bodybuilders and weightlifters, Astrophyt (from 25 to 50% protein), Multifit (from 40 to 85% protein), etc., have a similar composition.

Amino acid preparations are not doping and are recommended for use by athletes and sports enthusiasts. The intake of these drugs, as well as the intake of protein preparations, in the absence of any side effects (sometimes, however, allergic reactions occur very rarely), can continue for as long as you like without interruption. But it is especially recommended for bodybuilders to take additional protein during 10-14-day periods of increasing volume or intensity of loads (developing loads).

In our country (in addition to amino acid preparations) there are also a number of so-called products of increased biological value (PPBC) of a protein orientation. The intake of these products is also recommended during athletic gymnastics, and in the absence of any allergic reactions, it can be carried out almost constantly, thereby providing an additional intake of 15-20 g of protein per day.

Since these PBCs are not pharmacological preparations, special dosage accuracy is not required in this case. Bodybuilders can use high protein baby food products (such as Malysh, Similak, Linolak, Enpit), Antey or SP-11 specialized foods. It should be noted that the latter product was developed for use by polar explorers and contains, in addition to 30% protein, about 30% fat and 30% carbohydrates. Therefore, the reception of SP-11 is indicated during periods of work on muscle relief, when exercises are performed mainly in an aerobic mode (with low loads and significant volume). These products can be purchased by athletes in the stores of the Diettorga system.

An excellent new protein product, only recently tested and put into production at the Kiev Research Institute of the Meat and Dairy Industry, is Vigor. The product is prepared from milk and blood raw materials and contains a high amount of easily digestible proteins (58.4%), as well as 29.4% carbohydrates, 2.1% fat, 8.19% mineral salts, including 106.2 mg of iron ( of which 32-34% is absorbed in the body), calcium and phosphorus in an optimal ratio of 1.8:1. The calorie content of 100 g of "Cheerfulness" is 361.8 kcal.

Vitamins.

Vitamins are substances that must be contained in food. Their deficiency or complete absence leads to serious illnesses (since vitamins cannot be synthesized in the body from other substances).

Vitamins are not involved in the construction of body tissues and are not used as an energy source during muscle activity. But they are indispensable participants in the regulation of a wide variety of biochemical processes occurring in the body. Including vitamins, to a large extent regulate protein biosynthesis and ensure the activity of skeletal muscles.

With good nutrition, the body's needs for vitamins are usually met (with the exception of early spring, when prophylactic intake of multivitamin dragees is recommended). With intense physical exertion, there is an accelerated breakdown and removal of vitamins from the body, and the need for them increases. It is known, for example, that the performance of medium and hard work in high mountains and at high (more than 40 C) temperatures requires an increase in the intake of vitamins in the body by 1.5-3 times.

Therefore, when doing athletic gymnastics and weightlifting (especially during periods of developing loads), it is necessary to take vitamin preparations (of course, as an addition to a complete, vitamin-rich diet). One of the main principles of the use of vitamins in sports in general and in athletics in particular is the combined use of vitamins, based on the interaction of the effects of individual vitamins and their mutual effects on the body. Particular attention when taking complex vitamin preparations by bodybuilders should be paid to the presence in the composition of the products used of individual vitamins that are most important for the absorption of proteins in the construction of muscle tissue. These are primarily vitamins B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cyanocobalamin) and Bc (folic acid), as well as, to a lesser extent, vitamin A, E, K and B5.

When practicing athletic disciplines, the body's daily need for these vitamins is 5-10 mg for vitamin B6, 100 μg for B12 and 0.5 mg for folic acid. As general recommendation according to the dosage of multivitamin preparations used by athletes, it can be advised to increase the prophylactic dose of the drug recommended for an adult indicated on the package by 1-1.5 times during periods of supporting loads and by 1.5-2 times during periods of intense developmental loads.

After a 20-30 day period of taking multivitamins, 15-20 day breaks should be taken. We emphasize that it is impossible to exceed the doses of vitamins recommended for taking. Such a “just in case” overdose (hypervitamins) is harmful to the body and reduces the functionality of the athlete.

Aerovit tablets in the shell, contain: vitamin A (retinol acetan) 0.00227 g, vitamin B1 (thiamine chloride) 0.002 g, vitamin B2 (riboflavin mononucleotide) 0.0002 g, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) 0.01 g, vitamin B5 (calcium panthogenate) 0.01 g, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 0.025 mg, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 0.1 g, vitamin E (tecopherol acetate 0.02 g, vitamin PP (VZ) (nicotinaminade) 0.015 g, vitamin Sun (folic acid) 0.2 mg The content of individual vitamins in one tablet of Aerovit approximately corresponds to the daily requirement of an adult healthy person.

With intense physical activity (which is athleticism), 1 to 3 tablets of the drug per day are prescribed for 20-30 days.

Tablets Decamevit. The dosage form of the drug is two tablets of different colors. The yellow tablet contains vitamins: A 0.002 g, B1 0.02 g, B2 0.01 g, B6 0.02 g, Bc 0.002 g, P 0.02 g, E 0.01 g, amino acid methionine 0.2 d. An orange tablet contains vitamins: B12 100 mcg, CO, 02 g, PPO, 05 g. Decamevit, therefore, contains vitamins B1, B2, B12, PP, Vs in high doses, and the rest - in the average daily requirement.

When doing athletic gymnastics, it is recommended to use one yellow and one orange tablet 1 or 2 times a day, depending on the period of developing and supporting loads in training. In composition, Undevit dragees do not differ from Aerovit tablets, although most vitamins are contained there in smaller doses. When doing power sports and bodybuilding, it is recommended to take 2-6 tablets per day. A good complex polyvitamin preparation is the Hungarian-produced Polivitaplex preparation (taken 1 tablet 3 times a day).

A number of domestic and imported multivitamin preparations, in addition to a wide range of vitamins, contain minerals and trace elements in optimal combinations.

Drug Glutamevit, specially recommended for use with significant physical exertion (1-3 tablets, depending on the load, 2 times a day), contains (in 1 tablet) vitamins: A 1135 mcg, B12.58 mg, B2 2 mg, B6 3Mr, C 0.01 g, E 0.02 g, PP 0.02 g, Vd 0.05 mg, P 0.02 g, Bc 0.01 g, amino acid, glutamic acid 0.25 g, iron sulfate 0.01 g , copper sulfate 2 mg, potassium sulfate 2.5 mg, calcium phosphate 40 mg.

The most complete set of vitamins and all the mineral salts and microelements necessary for sports is contained in the Swiss new preparations Supradin and Elevit. West German Kobidek, Promonta, Biovital and their domestic counterpart Complivit (available in the pharmacy chain).

Anabolic agents

This group of drugs includes pharmacological agents of various structure and origin, by influencing various mechanisms that enhance protein biosynthesis in the body (having an anabolic effect) and, thereby, contributing to the acceleration of muscle growth.

The key position in this group of pharmacological preparations, which are not doping and which can be recommended for athletic gymnastics and other strength disciplines, is occupied by steroid preparations of plant origin, representatives of the so-called phytoeclizones.

The most promising in terms of anabolic action is the drug ecdisten (the old name is ratibol), obtained from the grass and roots of the plant safflower-like leuzea (synonymous with safflower-shaped leuzea), whole-leaved headworm, fam. Compositae.

The drug ecdisten is produced by the pilot production of the Tashkent Research Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR in the form of tablets containing 0.005 g of the active substance. From the 3rd quarter of 1990, it is planned to supply the drug to the pharmacy network.

Ekdisten It has a pronounced, tonic and, what is essential, anabolic effect. By molecular mechanisms the action of ecdisten is similar to anabolic steroids (binds to receptors on the membranes of muscle cells, is transferred with cytoplasmic receptors to the cell nucleus, where it regulates the synthesis of nucleic acids, which in turn control protein biosynthesis).

However, as numerous studies have shown, despite the steroid structure, ecdisten is devoid of the harmful side effects of exogenous testosterone preparations and anabolic steroids. Long-term use of ecdisten even in high doses (8-10 tablets per day for 1-2 months) does not cause disturbances in the content of the main body hormones (cortisol, somatotropin, testosterone, insulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone) in the blood, does not have any side effects on the liver.

Ekdisten is not doping and can be used without any restrictions in terms of anti-doping control. At the same time, the use of ecdisten (table 2-4) simultaneously with the intake of additional protein contributes to a pronounced anabolic effect (in terms of strength, it corresponds to 40% of the effect of an equivalent dose of methandrostenolone).

For bodybuilders, it is recommended to take ecdisten (1-3 tablets 2-3 times a day after meals) during periods of intensive work with big weights(anaerobic zone of energy supply), as well as during periods of a sharp increase in the volume of exercises performed (developing loads). The duration of admission is from 10 to 20 days. Then, for the period of supporting loads, you should take a break in taking the drug for 10-15 days. As already mentioned, it is advisable to combine the intake of ecdisten with the consumption of protein preparations and vitamins B6, B12.

Among the drugs of anabolic action, bodybuilders and weightlifters can also use the drug phosphaden (adenosine-5-monophosphate). This drug is a structural precursor of nucleic acids and is directly involved in protein synthesis. In addition, phosphaden, as a precursor of adenosine, improves peripheral circulation, including vascular supply to muscles.

When doing strength exercises, phosphaden provides an increase in anabolic processes, an increase in endurance and performance during training, an acceleration of recovery and an increase in the hypercompensation phase after intensive loads, prevents and treats the state of overvoltage. It is prescribed orally in tablets of 0.04-0.06 g per reception (0.12-0.24 g per day) for 15-30 days. It is possible to conduct repeated courses with an interval of 5-7 days. Intramuscular injections of phosphaden are much more active and effective than oral administration.

Riboxin- domestic analogue of the Japanese drug Inosine (Inosine-F). It is a precursor for the synthesis of the so-called purine nucleotides and has an effect similar to phosphaden. Indications for admission are similar to those mentioned for phosphaden. Assign inside of 0.2-0.3 g 2-3 times a day, often in combination with potassium orotate. The drug is produced in tablets of 0.2 or 0.3 g, as well as in ampoules for intravenous administration of 10 and 20 ml of a 2% solution.

For unknown reasons, the Japanese version of the drug enters myocardial and muscle cells much more actively and has a more pronounced effect than Riboxin. At the same time, the intake of inosine is almost never accompanied by allergic reactions, as it sometimes happens when taking Riboxin. Potassium orotate (potassium salt of orotic acid). Formed in the body or ingested with food, orotic acid is the precursor of all pyrimidine nucleotides from which nucleic acids are built.

Potassium Orotate has a weak anabolic effect and stimulates hematopoiesis. Indications for the use of potassium orotate are the same as for phosphaden and riboxin. The drug is produced in tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 g. It is prescribed 1 hour before meals or 4 hours after meals in doses of 0.25-0.5 g 2-3 times a day for 15-30 days.

Safinor. Remarkable in its qualities is the combined preparation Safinor, which has both a moderate anabolic and tonic effect on the body. Safinor tablets of 0.65 g each contain 0.2 g of riboxin, 0.25-orotatacalium, 0.2 - saparal and 0.05 g of floverin.

Saparal- a preparation of a glycosidic nature, obtained from the roots of Aralia Manzhurskaya of the family Araliaceae, and floverin - obtained from the roots of the Siberian bloater - has the properties of an adaptogen (see below) and helps to relieve fatigue, increase general tone body, desire to train, general stimulation, vitality and functionality of the body.

Medications that do not have side effects, being combined in a complex preparation, mutually reinforce their action. It is recommended to take Safinor when doing athletic gymnastics and other power sports during periods of significant intensity loads, when the athlete’s body cannot cope with the requirements of the training process (there is no desire to train “on the hunt” - to accelerate adaptation, overcome lethargy, apathy, general fatigue).

Cobamamide- natural coenzyme form of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), which also has anabolic activity. It is used for overstrain of the heart muscle that occurs during excessive stress, pain in the liver associated with physical stress.

It is recommended to take during periods of intense and voluminous training at a dose of 1.5-2 tablets (0.001 g each) orally twice a day (after breakfast and lunch) for 25-30 days. A second course can be carried out in 1.5-2 months. It is advisable to combine the use of cobamamide with the intake of carnitine.

Carnitine (Vitamin BT)- vitamin-like substance, participates in the processes of beta-oxidation of fatty acids, promotes the biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides. In sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance, it helps to accelerate recovery processes.

In speed-strength sports, it has a muscle growth stimulating effect when taken at a dose of 1.5 g per 70 kg of body weight (1.5 teaspoons of a 20% solution) 2 times a day 20 minutes before breakfast and lunch. The drug is contraindicated in gastric ulcer and hyperacid (with high acidity) gastritis. The drug is produced in the form of a 20% solution in 100 ml vials.

Mildronate- a drug that is a structural analogue of the precursor of carnitine during its biosynthesis in the body - beta-butyro-betaine. The anabolic properties of mildronate are more pronounced than those of carnitine. For this purpose, it is recommended to take mildronate orally during periods of large power loads 2 capsules (in one capsule 0.25 g of the drug) 30-40 minutes before exercise (training) 1-2 times a day for 10-14 days.

Classes in disciplines that require the manifestation of speed-strength qualities, in particular such power sports as athletic gymnastics, weightlifting, weight-lifting, arm wrestling, etc. create special conditions functioning for the athlete's liver.

On the one hand, intensive metabolism against the background of increased intake of proteins from food or special amino acid or protein preparations, increased protein breakdown and amino acid metabolism in liver cells (hepatocytes), on the other hand, purely mechanical causes complicate the secretion and outflow of bile (due to increased intraperitoneal pressure at high voltages).

Athletes often have hypotonic gallbladder dysfunction, bladder deformity, bile stasis). Particular attention should be paid to the functional state of the liver of bodybuilders who have abused drugs in the past, especially from the group of prohibited doping drugs (see section 1).

To prevent such conditions and prevent liver dysfunctions, it is recommended to take so-called hepatoprotectors (i.e. drugs that protect liver cells from damage) and choleretic drugs (enhancing the production of bile by hepatocytes and promoting the release of bile from the gallbladder into the intestine).

The intake of these drugs is recommended during periods of developing loads (with a sharp increase in the intensity or volume of exercises performed), in the recovery period, as well as in the event of hepatic pain syndrome (pain in the right hypochondrium), with liver failure (intolerance to fatty, fried, spicy foods is manifested , unpleasant phenomena in the gastrointestinal tract after eating, etc.).

Bodybuilders and weightlifters should, of course, prefer soft-acting products from this group (preferably of plant origin or obtained from natural raw materials).

Alohol- coated tablets contain condensed bile in terms of dry matter 0.08 g, thick garlic extract in terms of dry matter 0.04 g, thick nettle extract in terms of dry matter 0.005 g, activated charcoal 0.025 g.

The drug enhances the secretory function of the liver, enhances the secretory and motor activity gastrointestinal tract, inhibits the processes of fermentation and putrefaction in the intestines. Should be taken orally before meals, 1-2 tablets 3-4 times a day. The duration of admission is 3-4 weeks. The drug is produced in vials of 50 tablets.

Flowers of immortelle sandy o - dried baskets of a wild-growing perennial immortelle plant (tsmina) sandy, collected before blooming flowers, fam. Compositae. Active ingredients: flavones, bitterness, tannins, sterols, essential oils, etc.

It is used as a choleretic agent in a decoction (from 10 g per 250 ml of water) in the form of heat, half a cup 2-3 times a day before meals. Available in the pharmacy chain in packs of 50 g. You can also use choleretic preparations N1 and N2 containing immortelle flowers (brew one tablespoon of the collection with 2 cups of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, strain and take half a glass 3 times a day half an hour before meals).

Corn silk with columns- harvested during the ripening period of corn cobs, fam. cereals. They contain sitosterol, stigmasterol, fatty oils, saponins, bitterness, glycosides, vitamins C, K, gums, etc.

It is used as a choleretic agent in a decoction (10 g of stigmas are poured into 1.5 glasses of cold water, boiled for 30 minutes, cooled, filtered). Take 1-3 tablespoons every 3-4 hours.

Legalon (synonymous with silibinin)- dragee, contain flavonoids of plant origin. Hepatoprotector, take 1 tablet 3 times a day. An analogue of legalon produced in Bulgaria is Karsil. Take 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Liv-52- a complex preparation made from juices and decoctions of a number of plants used in Indian folk medicine. It has a hepatoprotective effect. Assign 2-3 tablets 3-4 times a day. The drug is produced in India in packs of 50 tablets.

Essentiale- a complex hepatoprotective drug, contains essential phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids (175 mg) with vitamins: B6 (3 mg), B12 (3 mg), B3 (3 mg), PP (15 mg), B2, (3 mg), W , (3 mg), E (3.3 mg). Available in capsules. Take orally 2 capsules 3 times a day.

Stimulators of capillary circulation. Hemostimulators.

Among the various pharmacological agents that can be included in the arsenal of a bodybuilder, weightlifter, kettlebell lifter, there is one group of drugs that, in our opinion, has not yet gained deserved popularity. These preparations of various structures are united by one property that is very important for power sports, especially for athletic gymnastics - they are able to stimulate capillary blood flow, including in muscle tissue.

Muscle growth in volume must necessarily be accompanied by adequate blood supply. The development of the muscle capillary bed, the increase in blood flow through the capillaries is stimulated to a large extent during physical loads of an aerobic nature and large volume (endurance work).

In bodybuilding, this occurs at the stage of high-volume training with light weights, during training for the development of muscle relief. When working on aerobic, power, when there is an increase in muscle mass and an increase in the diameter of the muscles, the capillary provision of their work lags far behind the needs of supplying muscle tissue with glucose and oxygen, as well as removing decay products. The lack of a capillary network thus delays recovery at the stage of strength work and then prevents full-fledged aerobic work at the stage of relief development.

Therefore, starting from the 2nd half of the stage of strength (for the development of muscle volume) work and in the first half of the volumetric (for relief) work, bodybuilders can take drugs that expand the capillary network in the muscles. These are drugs Trental (pentoxifylline), (take 2 tablets (0.2 g) orally 3 times a day after meals, without chewing, 2-3 weeks per course) or Doxium (dobesilate-calcium) (orally during meals or after meals 1 table (0.25 g) 3-4 times a day, for a course of 3-4 weeks).

At the same time, during these periods of time, it is very useful to take hemostimulating (bleeding stimulating) agents: vitamin B12 cobamamide, iron glycerophosphate (powder, taken orally 1 g 3-4 times a day), hemostimulin (1 table 3 times a day with meals, phytoferrolactol (1 tab. 3 times a day), ferrolactol (1 tab. 3 times a day) or phytin (1-2 tab. (0.25-0.5 g) 3 times a day).

Immunocorrective agents.

The drugs of this group do not directly affect the processes of muscle formation during athletic gymnastics. However, knowing about them and using them wisely (especially with a high level of achievement in this discipline) can be very useful to a bodybuilder and athlete involved in any other strength sport.

The fact is that if moderate physical activity stimulates the body's defenses and increases the overall level of a person's adaptive capabilities, then huge, on the verge of the natural limits of human capabilities, exhausting loads depress the adaptive capabilities of the body.

First of all, this affects the immune system. The ability to resist infections (including the banal ones: influenza, tonsillitis, acute respiratory infections, etc.) is sharply reduced in highly qualified athletes, which has been confirmed by numerous studies.

Currently, the mechanisms of such suppression of the immune system during significant physical exertion are known, weightlifting and bodybuilding, where, like in any other sport, real success is possible only with complete dedication and patience, training loads are also able to suppress the body's defenses.

And it is clear that an unexpected cold is completely undesirable, and sometimes, when preparing for performances, it is simply catastrophic in its consequences for solving purely sports problems. So that the decline in the immune forces of the body does not violate responsible training programs, does not let us down at a crucial moment, keep in mind the existence of completely harmless pharmacological means of correcting immunity.

Prophylactically, when doing athletic gymnastics and other strength sports, domestic preparations can be used: thymalin (timarin), levamisole, sodium nucleinate, prodigiosan, apilac (apply according to the schemes recommended by the instructions attached to the preparations). The immune forces of the body can be stimulated by the use of comb honey and bee pollen as part of adaptogens of animal and vegetable origin (see below).

Politabs and Cernelton, produced in Sweden and containing flower pollen extracts, are very effective (taken prophylactically or in the first period of the disease, 2-4 tablets per day). These drugs have no side effects and no contraindications. They can be taken for as long as you like. Unfortunately, these drugs can only be purchased on occasion.

Adaptogens of plant and animal origin.

Among the non-doping (permitted) pharmacological drugs that can be recommended for intense physical exertion are the so-called adaptogens. These are medicines obtained from natural raw materials (parts of medicinal plants or animal organs) that have a centuries-old history of use (some of them have been used in Eastern medicine for thousands of years).

The mechanisms of action of adaptogens are varied and largely not fully elucidated until now). Common to all adaptogenic drugs effects on the body is an increase in functionality, an increase in adaptability (adaptation) under various complicated conditions. Adaptogens practically do not affect the normal functions of the body in comfort, but significantly increase physical and mental performance, exercise tolerance, resistance to various adverse factors (heat, cold, thirst, hunger, infection, psychological stress, physical activity, etc. .).

It is assumed that the main way to implement the action of adaptogens on the body is their tonic effect on the central nervous system and through it - on all other systems, organs and tissues of the body. Since different adaptogens affect the body through different pathways, it is recommended to combine and alternate different adaptogenic drugs, mutually reinforcing their positive effect. When using the recommended doses and terms of taking these drugs, there are no side effects or harmful effects on the body.

On the contrary, when they are taken by those involved in athletic gymnastics and other strength sports, there is an improvement in mood, self-confidence, and an increase in the desire to train. Adaptogens allow you to increase the volume and intensity of training loads, increase body tone and performance. All this, although it does not directly accelerate the growth of muscle tissue, but contributes to the full implementation of intense training programs for athletes and has a general stimulating effect on the body.

However, it should be emphasized that it is impossible to overdose the drugs used, since overexcitation, insomnia, headache, elevation can be observed. blood pressure. Only strict adherence to the recommended regimens for taking adaptogens can be a condition for success and safety (however, this applies to any pharmacological agents). Below are the most commonly used adaptogens available in the pharmacy network.

Lemongrass tincture(tincture of the fruits of wild-growing Chinese magnolia vine, Magnolia family, common in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, 1:5 in 95% alcohol), is available in 50 ml bottles. Take orally 20-30 drops 2-3 times a day on an empty stomach or 4 hours after a meal. The duration of the course is 3-4 weeks.

Ginseng tincture(tincture of ginseng root, araliaceae family, 1:10 for 70% alcohol), available in bottles of 50 liters. Take orally before meals 15-25 drops 3 times a day.

Leuzea extract liquid(alcoholic extract (1:1) at 70% alcohol from rhizomes with roots of safflower-like leuzea (safflower-like, maral root), family Asteraceae), is available in 40 ml bottles. Take orally 20-30 drops 3 times a day.

Rhodiola extract liquid(alcohol extract (40% alcohol) (1:1) from rhizomes with roots of Rhodiola rosea (Golden Root), Crassulaceae family), is available in 30 ml bottles. Take orally 5-10 drops 2-3 times a day 15-30 minutes before meals.

Lure Tincture(tincture (1:5) with 70% alcohol from the roots and rhizomes of high Echinopanax, family Araliaceae), is available in 50 ml bottles. It is prescribed orally before meals, 30-40 drops 2-3 times a day.

Aralia tincture(tincture (1:5) on 70% alcohol from the roots of Aralia Manchurian. Tablets of 0.05 g. Assign inside after meals, 1 table. 2-3 times a day (morning and afternoon). The duration of admission is 15-30 days.

Eleutherococcus extract liquid(alcohol (at 40% alcohol) extract 1: 1 from the roots and rhizomes of Eleutherococcus (free berry prickly), family Araliaceae. Available in 50 ml bottles. Take 20-30 drops 30 minutes before meals for 25-30 days .

Sterculia tincture(tincture 1:5 in 70% alcohol from the plant sterculia platanophylla, family sterculia). Produced in bottles of 25 cm. Take orally ID-40 drops 2-3 times a day before meals.

Pantocrine- liquid alcohol extract (at 50% alcohol) from non-ossified horns (antlers) of deer, red deer or sika deer. Produced in vials of 50 ml or tablets of 0.075 or 0.15 g. 1 tablet corresponds to the content of active ingredients 0.5 ml or, respectively, 1 ml of alcohol extract with an activity of 30-35%. Take orally 25-40 drops (or 1-2 tablets) 30 minutes before meals 2-3 times a day.

Thus, in this manual, the main approved pharmacological means of correction are considered. functional state, which can be recommended for people actively involved in athletic sports, primarily bodybuilding. In the training of strength athletes key point is a combination of drugs with an anabolic effect, and supplements (vitamins and protein products) necessary for the implementation of their effect.

The essence of the action of such a complex lies in the fact that the intake of proteins in the form of food or special mixtures is accompanied by an acceleration of synthetic processes in the muscles with the help of special key preparations (such as ecdysten) and vitamins.

Naturally, the continuous intake of the recommended complex simply depletes the body's synthetic resources. Therefore, this approach is expedient and effective with a course of 2-3-week intake against the background of developing loads (an increase in the number of approaches with a fixed weight).

An example of such a complex is a combined technique:

1) ecdisten (2 tablets 3 times a day),
2) complivit (2 tablets 2 times a day),
3) “Cheerfulness” (4 tablets 2 times a day). Reception for 2-3 weeks.

At the same time, with supporting loads, accelerated recovery comes to the fore. An example of a restorative complex is the following combination of drugs:

1) a drug from the groups of hepatoprotectors (2 tablets 2 times a day),
2) inosine (riboxin) (2 tablets 3 times a day),
3) Safinor (1 tab. 3 times a day).
The duration of the course is 10-12 days.

We did not consider here some groups of non-doping pharmacological drugs that are used by athletes to improve performance and accelerate recovery after intense physical exertion.

These drugs from the groups of actoprotectors, metabolites of energy metabolism, energizing drugs and some others are not yet used by bodybuilders, weightlifters, kettlebell lifters, although their use may be justified.

Generally speaking, the pharmacology of permitted (not harmful to health) drugs in the athletic disciplines is still far from being as deeply developed as we would like it to be. Pharmacology in sports highest achievements: experience and practice.

Section III.

The main tasks of sports pharmacology.

The last 10-15 years are characterized by the introduction into sports practice of a huge number of pharmacological preparations used with the general goal of increasing the general and special physical performance of athletes and accelerating recovery.

Sports pharmacology as a branch of sports medicine is currently a fully formed and rapidly developing direction of the so-called “pharmacology of a healthy person”, whose tasks are to correct the functional state of the body of a healthy person who is in complicated ( extreme conditions functioning.

We are talking about the use of medicines that change the body's tolerance for such factors as heat and cold, work in the highlands and at the depths of the ocean, the specialized activities of an astronaut, pilot, or air traffic controller, starvation, physical activity, etc.

Sports pharmacology studies the features of the action of drugs when they are taken by healthy trained people under conditions of physical activity. The fact is that the effects and features of the use of a huge number of drugs used in sports medicine are very different from those known in clinical pharmacology, developed for a sick person (especially not being in conditions of intense muscular activity). The principles and achievements of “conventional” pharmacology cannot therefore be mechanically transferred to athletes, even when they use “common” pharmacy drugs.

The focus on the widespread use of drugs to facilitate exercise tolerance and thereby increase performance and sports results characterizes at present all levels of sports and even physical culture activities.

Starting with children's and youth sports and ending with highly qualified professionals in sports, there is a huge interest in pharmacology, often taken as a panacea. Sometimes there is a search for “miraculous” drugs that allow, supposedly, to bring an athlete to the level of record achievements in the shortest possible time.

There are attempts to push into the background or even completely replace the purposeful and persistent training process with pills or a syringe with medicine. Sometimes athletes go to receive drugs that are not only ineffective, but also obviously harmful and dangerous to health drugs (often with the opposite effect). Such an approach to sports pharmacology from a moral and ethical standpoint should certainly be strongly condemned.

At the same time, the rational use of a number of medicines, justified from the biomedical standpoint (not belonging to the group of doping and not damaging the health of an athlete) expands the functionality of a healthy person’s body, opens up new frontiers sports achievements in various sports and allows you to improve the methodology of the training process. Such, ethically and medically justified, pharmacological support of sports activities, along with pedagogical, psychological, social approaches, can become one of the important elements of the general system of influences on the body's adaptation to maximum physical exertion.

The significance of the judicious use of pharmacological preparations by athletes, especially in elite sports, in the last two decades has essentially brought the physiological capabilities of the body to the limit. Under these conditions, further progress in a number of sports disciplines requires additional funds, contributing to the expansion of the limits of adaptation of the organism to the load. It is only necessary to emphasize the complete subordination of the pharmacological support of athletes to the solution of pedagogical problems, that is, the provision of a full-fledged training program and competitive activity.

The authors are aware that there is an interest in the organization of pharmacological support in the sport of the highest achievements (i.e., highly qualified athletes - starting from the level of a master of sports and above), there is; to a large extent, and on the part of athletes less high qualifications, representatives mass sports, in general, a wide range of sports and physical culture lovers. The general principles and achievements of sports pharmacology, developed, of course, primarily for highly qualified athletes, are applicable, however, to all cases of adaptation of a healthy person to intense and high-volume physical activity.

In this section, at a fairly popular level, the authors present the main provisions of modern pharmacology in elite sports.

Sports pharmacology is based on the basic general clinical medical principles for the use of drugs:

1. The need to avoid the use of drugs that are incompatible with each other, as well as drugs that weaken the effect of each other.

2. Overdose or simultaneous use of a large number of drugs can lead to allergic reactions difficult to respond to medical treatment.

3. In the competition and pre-competition period (and without sufficient medical indications and during the entire annual training cycle), it is impossible to use pharmacological preparations that are unacceptable according to the anti-doping control criteria (prohibited by the IOC Medical Commission).

4. Athletes have a high probability of developing a stable addiction (physiological or psychological) to certain pharmacological drugs, which is accompanied by a decrease or loss of drug activity.

The general tasks of modern sports pharmacology are:

1. Increasing the sports performance of athletes, i.e. expanding the possibilities of adaptation (adaptation) of the athlete's body to physical activity. The solution of this general task by pharmacological means is possible directly, through the use of appropriate drugs, as well as through the solution of particular problems of sports pharmacology (2-5).

2. Acceleration of the restoration of the functions of the athlete's body, impaired due to fatigue.

3. Accelerating and increasing the level of adaptation of the body of athletes to unusual conditions of training and competitive activities (middle mountains, humid and hot climate, a sharp change in the time zone during flights and, as a result, the occurrence of a state of acute desynchronosis, etc.).

4. Correction of immunity suppressed during intense physical exertion.

5. Treatment of various kinds of diseases, injuries, disorders of body functions, i.e. medicinal purposes. The drugs used to solve problem 5 are “ordinary” pharmaceuticals from a pharmacy, used according to medical indications. To solve problems 1-4, drugs of various groups and mechanisms of action are also used, combined general requirement meet the anti-doping principle (harmlessness, no side effects, permission for use by athletes of the IOC Medina Commission).

These are, first of all, drugs from the groups described in detail in the second section:

1. Amino acid preparations and protein products of increased biological value.
2. Vitamins.
3. Anabolic agents.
4. Hepatoprotectors and choleretic agents.
5. Stimulators of capillary circulation and hemostimulators.
6. Immunocorrective agents.
7. Adaptogens of plant and animal origin, as well as preparations of some other groups (for example, energizing agents (substrates of energy metabolism), antioxidants, electrolytes and minerals, carbohydrate saturated mixtures, combined preparations, etc.).

In the future, and this should be specially emphasized, in this manual we will consider only permitted (non-doping) methods of using drugs in sports pharmacology.

The use of medicines to accelerate the recovery of athletes and the treatment and prevention of overstrain conditions of various body systems.

It is known that any physical load ultimately leads to fatigue (a complex of protective reactions of the organism of a different nature, limiting the excessive functional and biochemical changes that occur during the performance of work). It is the task of pharmacological prevention and treatment of the state of acute fatigue of athletes that is one of the most important for the practice of sports, both high achievements and mass.

To date, there is no generally accepted unified theory of fatigue. Its mechanisms include, apparently, biochemical, neuromuscular, psychological and emotional processes. In the foreground in the mechanisms of developing fatigue during physical exertion, of course, are, on the one hand, the accumulation of energy metabolism products (primarily lactic acid or liktate) and fragments of structural elements of cells decaying during muscle activity (primarily contractile and enzymatic proteins) , and on the other hand, the lack of energy substrates, i.e. lack of energy sources for performing muscle work (creatine phosphate, ATP, glucose, glycogen - depending on the intensity of the load, as you know, various energy sources come to the fore).

The use of medicines for the treatment of fatigue implies accelerating the recovery of the athlete's body as a whole and its various organs, systems, tissues and cells in particular - through the action of a pharmacological preparation on individual links in the mechanism of this integral process.

When using drugs to accelerate the recovery of athletes, the principle of dosed recovery comes to the fore. The fact is that fatigue is for the athlete and charitable. It is fatigue and the biochemical and physiological changes it causes that contribute to an increase in the adaptation of the athlete's body to physical activity, increase the level of sports performance, and have a proper training effect.

The reckless use of restorative means contributes to a decrease in the effectiveness of training and does not allow the athlete to reach the peak of sports form. The constant use of strong reducing agents can not only reduce the effect of training, but also lead to the loss of acquired skills.

In addition, the constant use of drugs such as inosine, riboxin, Essentiale, phosphaden, can lead to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of their administration and, in the end, the onset of complete immunity to the drug. At the same time, extreme fatigue (overfatigue, overstrain) contributes to the disruption of the body's adaptive (adaptive) capabilities to the load and a sharp decrease in sports performance.

The theory of dosed recovery of an athlete implies that recovery activities for athletes should be “metered” both in intensity (not too much and not too little, but in moderation) and (which is very important) in time, should not be carried out continuously, but only only during certain periods of time in the training process. This is the general principle, and the details will be discussed below.

An objective assessment of the degree of fatigue of an athlete’s body is possible only by a number of biochemical blood parameters, such as the content of lactic acid (lactate) formed during the glycolytic (anaerobic) breakdown of glucose in muscles, the concentration of pyruvic acid (pyruvate), the enzyme creatine phosphokinase, urea and some others.

The means of recovery and rehabilitation measures used in sports medicine can be divided into three groups: pedagogical, psychological, and biomedical. However, it must be recalled that this division is largely arbitrary, and only the complex application of the above methods can achieve the effect in the shortest possible time.

Pedagogical means of recovery include: individualization of the training process and the construction of training cycles, adequate intensity and direction of the load, a rational mode of training and rest. In addition, it is very important to constantly monitor and correct training sessions depending on the functional state of the athlete.

The psychological methods of athlete recovery include: psychological and pedagogical methods that take into account the individuality of each athlete, his emotional level and degree of contact, providing psychological relief and proper rest, as well as special regulation of the mental state - sleep regulation, hypnosis sessions, auto-training, muscle relaxation techniques .

Medical and biological methods of recovery include: the usefulness and balance of food, diet, taking additional amounts of vitamins, essential amino acids and trace elements; factors of physical influence - different kinds manual therapy, the use of a bath, various baths and physiotherapeutic procedures, as well as the use of natural and pharmacological preparations that contribute to the normalization of the athlete's well-being and physical fitness.

It should be noted that the main groups of pharmacological preparations used in sports medicine and pharmacology can be conditionally divided into tactical and strategic means, which allow solving certain problems. The first group includes vitamins and multivitamin complexes, energy-rich drugs, some intermediate metabolic products, specialized protein drugs of various directions of action, antioxidants, immunomodulators, means of preventing liver disorders (hepatoprotectors), as well as drugs prescribed for medical reasons (i.e. . medical preparations).

The second group includes anabolic agents of a nonsteroidal structure (not to be confused with anabolic steroids - doping), actoprotectors, some psychomodulators, and some others.

Medicamentous (pharmacological) impact on the rate of recovery of athletes is, as already mentioned, in the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic surges. Physical overstrain of the body is a pathological reaction in the body that occurs in response to an excessive level of functioning of a particular organ or organ system. Overstrain is a common painful reaction of the whole organism, but it is always characterized by a predominant confirmation of one or another body system.

Depending on the severity of the disruption of the systems and organs, four clinical forms of overvoltage are distinguished:

1) overstrain of the central nervous system;
2) overstrain of the cardiovascular system;
3) overexertion of the liver (hepatic pain syndrome);
4) overstrain of the neuromuscular apparatus (muscle-pain syndrome).

The treatment of surges is aimed at regulating and stimulating metabolic processes, and there is a noticeable increase in the doses of the drugs taken and the duration of the course.

Overstrain syndrome of the central nervous system (CNS).

It occurs, as a rule, in complex-coordination sports during the period of developing technical skills, in a specially preparatory period, as well as in the pre-competitive and competitive periods of the training process. In this case, both oppression and overexcitation of the central nervous system can be observed.

In case of depression of the central nervous system, with a feeling of weakness, unwillingness to train, apathy, lowering blood pressure, tonic and stimulating agents are prescribed: adaptogenic preparations of animal and vegetable origin (pantocrine, ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, eleutherococcus, aralia, sterculia, zamaniha, etc.), tonic imported herbal preparations (Vigorex, Brento, etc.).

With increased excitability, sleep disturbances, irritability, light sleeping pills and sedatives (sedatives) are used: preparations of valerian, motherwort, passionflower, sodium hydroxybutyrate. When taking sodium oxybutyrate, you can prescribe aminolone, gammalon, or piracetam (sodium oxybutyrate - 30-35 g of 5% syrup at night, aminolone, gammalon or piracetam 1-2 tablets 3 times a day), course duration 10-12 days . In combination with these drugs, glutamic acid and calcium glycerophosphate can be prescribed.

Cardiovascular overload syndrome

Objective indicators of overstrain of the cardiovascular system are changes in the athlete's electrocardiogram. If there are signs of overstrain of the cardiovascular system, the amount of physical activity should be immediately limited, as well as appropriate balneological, physiotherapeutic and pharmacological measures should be taken. Pharmacotherapy of myocardial overstrain syndrome in the presence of severe cardiac dysfunction includes the administration of riboxin (inosine), potassium orotate, safinor, as well as amino acid and vitamin preparations (pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, folic acid). It is also advisable to use combined preparations of phosphorus, ATP, chloride chloride and carnitine (15-30 days).

In the later stages of overstrain of the cardiovascular system, especially with pronounced signs of myocardial dystrophy, therapy with veroshpiron and aldactone is indicated. Before course treatment, it is necessary to establish individual sensitivity to the drug and its effective dose.

Liver overexertion syndrome (hepatic pain)

Hepatic pain syndrome usually develops during endurance training, especially in sports that require a forced position (skating, rowing). It develops, as a rule, after a single excessive physical activity and manifests itself acutely, without precursors.

Particular attention in the event of overstrain of the liver should be given by the athlete to nutrition control (the diet should contain a sufficient amount of carbohydrates against the background of a reduced amount of animal fats, vegetable and dairy products).

To enhance bile secretion, it is advisable to prescribe mineral waters, drugs of some medicinal plants (infusion of immortelle, corn stigmas, dog rose), choleretic drugs (allahol.legalon, carsil) and hepatoprotectors (essential). With spastic phenomena, the appointment of antispasmodics is indicated. It is also effective to combine these drugs with potassium orotate, riboxin (inosine).

Syndrome of overstrain of the neuromuscular apparatus (muscle-pain)

Intense muscle activity in anaerobic mode in athletes of low qualification or during forced training can lead to the development of pain in the muscles. At the same time, training loads should be reduced, especially in the anaerobic mode (strength). It is advisable to prescribe balneotherapy, massage with warming ointments, local pressure chamber.

Of the drugs for the treatment of muscle pain, the appointment of antispasmodic, vasodilating and improving microcirculation processes is indicated: xanthinol nicotinate, nikospan, grental. The duration of admission is 2-5 days. With increased blood viscosity with impaired adhesion of platelets and erythrocytes, it is advisable to combine Grantal with vasodilators such as no-shpa and phosphaden. A good effect is given by the appointment of sodium oxybutyrate, as a means of prevention before the planned loads in the aerobic zone. as well as with the developed syndrome of “clogged” muscles.

In case of persistent pain syndrome to reduce muscle tone it may be appropriate to use scutamil-C (1-2 days) or mydocalm (1-2 doses). Since these overstrain syndromes, as a rule, do not occur in their pure form, but are combined in athletes, the recovery complex of drugs usually includes funds aimed at the prevention and treatment of various syndromes. At the same time, depending on the characteristics of the load in specific sports, the most pronounced manifestations of the fatigue reaction and, accordingly, certain specific means for the treatment and prevention of various overstrain syndromes come to the fore.

Pharmacological agents at various stages of athletes' training

It is known that the adaptation of the body in the process of sports activity (training and competitive) is divided into a number of stages. Sports and pedagogical disciplines have developed an idea of the periodicity (cyclicity) of the development of adaptation to loads in order to achieve maximum sports results.

At the same time, the annual training cycle of athletes is divided into a number of shorter stages, i.e. mesocycles, each of which sets specific tasks in relation to the development or consolidation of the level of adaptation (as a rule, a mesocycle corresponds to one training camp). In accordance with this, each mesocycle includes a number of repeating intervals with more specific tasks - the so-called microcycles (usually 7-10 days long).

The last day of the microcycle is a day of rest and recovery, the development of adaptive changes in each microcycle can be fixed or accelerated by appropriate dosed pharmacological effects. At the same time, the essence of the principle is that the pharmacological effect on the athlete's body should not be carried out constantly, but coincide in time with the moment when the load has already caused certain adaptive changes in the body (for example, by a corresponding change in metabolism in the form of accumulation of certain metabolic products) .

This moment, apparently, corresponds to the first half of the microcycle. Further impact of the load and the accumulation of toxic metabolites now contribute not to the development of adaptation, but only to the depletion of resources (energy and plastic) of the body.

From this moment, a complex restorative effect, including pharmacological, should begin. The action of drugs in this case should be directed, firstly, to the maintenance of energy and plastic resources, and, secondly, to the partial elimination or detoxification of metabolic products.

Thus, starting from the second half of the microcycle, the pharmacological correction of adaptation to the load should reach a maximum by the day of rest. This principle can be extended to the mesocycle as a whole. The volume and intensity of pharmacological effects should increase by the end of the training camp.

In general, in the annual cycle of training athletes, depending on the tasks to be solved, the following stages are distinguished: preparatory, basic, pre-competitive, competitive, recovery.

The main task of the pharmacological support of athletes at the recovery stage is the removal of “toxins” from the body, which are formed during heavy physical exertion, as well as drug therapy for surges of various systems and organs. During the period of intense physical activity (developmental training), the task of increasing protein synthesis in the body, saturating the diet with high-grade proteins and carbohydrates comes to the fore. In the pre-competitive and competitive periods, the most important tasks are the creation of energy depots in the body, the prevention of infectious colds, and the maintenance of the immunological status.

Thus, the main tasks of pharmacological support in a particular period of an athlete's training are dictated by the direction and volume of training and competitive loads, the degree of stress of certain body systems. It is absolutely unacceptable to constantly use any pharmacological preparations without taking into account the frequency of the athlete's training, as this can lead to a negative effect and the development of a stable addiction of the athlete to a particular drug.

As the use of pharmacological drugs that stimulate the growth of muscle mass in the absence of intense physical activity leads to an increase in body weight, but does not increase strength and endurance, and vice versa, an insufficient content of proteins, carbohydrates, essential amino acids, trace elements and vitamins in the diet during developing exercise inhibits the growth of muscle mass and strength.

The creation of “energy depots” is carried out mainly due to carbohydrate and lipid saturation of the body with products of increased biological value (PPBC), such as honey, bee bread, nuts, dried apricots, feijoa, protein and amino acids. It is also advisable to use energy-rich pharmaceuticals (ATP, phosphaden, neoton, creatine phosphate, etc.).

Maintaining the immunological status of the body of athletes is carried out with the help of universal preparations, conditionally called adaptogens (both plant and animal origin). These include dry and liquid extracts, tinctures and other dosage forms of ginseng, Rhodiola rosea (golden root), Schisandra chinensis, Leuzea safflower-like, Black cohosh Daurian, Manchurian aralia, Eleutherococcus, zamaniha, pantocrine and some other drugs.

The combined use of various adaptogens, their combinations significantly enhance the tonic and adaptogenic effect. In sports pharmacology, adaptogens are usually used to accelerate the adaptation and recovery of the body in preparation for the main start and during intensive developmental loads, when there is a real risk of infectious colds against the background of a weakened immune system.

In this issue, the authors have set themselves the goal of highlighting in more detail specific issues of scientifically based use of permitted (non-doping) pharmacological preparations for regulating recovery processes, preventing overstrain, reducing adaptation time (both to physical activity and changing environmental conditions), increasing mental stability and performance of athletes.
Below are the schemes of pharmacological support for athletes at various stages of training.

Recovery period

As we have already noted, the main tasks of the pharmacological support of athletes at the recovery stage of the annual cycle of the educational and training process are:
1) removal of metabolic "slags" from the body;
2) treatment of surges of various systems and organs;
3) preparation for the perception of intense physical and psycho-emotional stress.

To solve these problems, pharmacological preparations are used.
Vitamins A and E - either separately or combined in the preparation "Aevit" - contribute to the stimulation of some redox processes and the synthesis of a number of hormones. Vitamin C - is used to accelerate adaptation to physical activity and to prevent beriberi. For girls, we can recommend the drug "Ferroplex" (Hungary), which contains, along with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), iron ions. It is most advisable to take "Ferroplex" in the first half of the menstrual cycle.

Vitamin complexes such as kvadevit, oligovit, aerovit, dekamevit, glutamevit, complivit, Polivitaplex (Hungary), Supradin, Elevit (Switzerland) and others contribute to the normalization of the course of biochemical reactions in the body, prevent the development of beriberi. At the same time, such preparations as Complivit, Glutamevit (USSR), Polivitaplex (Hungary), Promonta, Biovital (Germany), Supradin, Elevit (Switzerland) are specialized sports preparations containing, along with the complex vitamins have a balanced microelement composition, so their use in the preparatory period is most preferable.

Acceleration of adaptation to heavy physical activity and normalization of the functional state of systems and organs is facilitated by the use of adaptogens, such as Safinor * (* Safinor is a domestic combined adaptogenic drug containing: , 0.25 g of potassium orotate.), ginseng, eleutherococcus, zamaniha, pantokritidr. As a rule, they are taken in the form of tinctures 2-3 times a day - in the morning and before dinner on an empty stomach. Safinor and pantocrine (tablet form) take 1 tab. 3 times a day for 10 days. Acceptance of adaptogens should be started 3-4 days before the start of training, the duration of the course of taking drugs is usually 10-12 days.

Calming (sedative) and hypnotic drugs are used during this period, mainly for relief (suppression) and treatment of CNS overstrain syndrome, after significant psycho-emotional overload. You can use valerian roots (both in tablet form and in the form of tincture), motherwort infusion, oxybutycar and some other sedatives.

In order to normalize metabolism during the recovery period, to regulate the functional state of systems and organs, to accelerate the rehabilitation of athletes, the following drugs are usually prescribed: riboxin (inosine), cocarboxylase, essentiale, hepatoprotectors (allochol, legalon, carsil. etc.).

A diet during this period is recommended rich in carbohydrates and fats, to a lesser extent this applies to proteins. The presence of fresh fruits and vegetables, juices, as well as products of increased biological value in the diet is absolutely necessary. Particular attention should be paid to the weight of the athlete, which should not exceed during this period the usual (so-called “combat” weight) by more than 2-3 kg.

In the second half of the recovery period, it is recommended to take immunomodulators, preferably non-specific ones, such as mumiyo, honey bee, flower pollen preparations, Pollitabs, Cernelton (Sweden). Medicines from the group of immunomodulators (levamisole, T-activin, etc.) can be prescribed only for medical reasons.

Preparatory period (basic stage of preparation)

During this period, the intake of vitamins continues, although it is advisable to take an 8-10-day break in the course intake of multivitamin complexes. It is good if the athlete has the opportunity to start taking a new drug. Of the individual vitamins, it is advisable to prescribe cobamamide and a complex of B vitamins, which enhances the synthesis and prevents the breakdown of muscle proteins.

In the preparatory period, it is recommended to prescribe certain drugs with antioxidant properties - encephabol; ubion; alpha-tocopherol acetate, gammalon, lipoic acid, sodium succinate. The intake of these drugs promotes the synthesis of ATP in the brain, stimulates the processes of cellular respiration, has an antihypoxic effect (which is especially useful when training in mid-altitude conditions), increases the emotional stability and physical performance of athletes.

During developing physical activity, it is very useful to take drugs that regulate plastic metabolism, i.e. stimulating protein synthesis muscle cells contributing to the increase in muscle mass. This group of so-called anabolic drugs includes: ecdisten, mildronate, carnitine chloride and some others. In more detail, the action and recommended dosages for anabolic drugs are described in section 2 (“Allowed drugs - to help bodybuilders and weightlifters”).

The preparatory stage of the training cycle is characterized by significant volumes and intensity of training loads. That is why the intake of immunomodulators during this period is a necessary condition for preventing the breakdown of the immune system. The most accessible and widespread in the USSR are such non-specific immunomodulators as mumijo, honey with bee bread (comb honey, preferably in old dark combs), flower pollen. The most important condition for their use is that they must be taken on an empty stomach (preferably in the morning).

At the preparatory stage of training athletes, it is recommended to prescribe hematoprotectors, if there are medical indications, it is advisable to use riboxin (inosine), solcoseryl (actovegin) (i.e. drugs used to prevent and treat syndromes, respectively, of liver overstrain and myocardial overstrain).

The focus of the diet during this period is protein-carbon. The food should contain a sufficient amount of complete protein (meat, fish, cottage cheese, cheese, legumes), vitamins and trace elements. Of the protein-carbohydrate mixtures, it is recommended "Multicraft" (70,80,85 or 90% protein content) 50-70 g per day, "Starkpro-tein" (source of essential amino acids) 6-8 capsules per day, "Cheerfulness" protein ” 10-12 tablets per day, etc. (Protein and amino acid preparations are described in detail in section 2). The amount of protein taken in addition to that supplied with food should not exceed 40-50 g (in terms of pure protein).

Pre-competitive period of preparation.

This period is characterized by a significant narrowing of the number of pharmacological drugs used. It is recommended to reduce the intake of multivitamins to 1-2 tablets or dragees per day (if possible, it is better to change the drug used). Of the individual vitamins and coenzymes, it is advisable to prescribe cobamamide (to prevent the loss of muscle mass) and cocarboxylase (to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids), as well as vitamin C.

At the beginning of the pre-competition period, drugs such as ecdisten, mildronate, carnitine chloride, sodium succinate, etc. can be recommended, although the dosage should not exceed 1/2 of the dose of the preparatory period. 5-7 days before the competition, these drugs should be canceled.

In the second half of the pre-competitive period (8-10 days before the start), it is recommended to take adaptogens and energy-rich drugs (ATP, phosphobion, creatine phosphate, phosphaden, neoton, etc.). If adaptogens help to accelerate the processes of adaptation to changing environmental conditions (since competitions, as a rule, take place outside the country, republic, city, etc.) and accelerate recovery processes, then energy-rich foods and preparations allow you to create an “energy depot ”, contribute to the synthesis of ATP and improve muscle contractility.

A necessary condition is the appointment of immunomodulatory drugs in the pre-competitive period. The orientation of the diet during this period of preparation is mainly carbohydrate, and the most appropriate is the consumption of fructose. American doctors recommend the following method of carbohydrate saturation for athletes who specialize in sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance: 10-12 days before the start, they begin to reduce the intake of carbohydrates from food and by the 5th day bring their consumption to a minimum. Then gradually increase the intake of carbohydrates ( fructose is better) to a maximum on the day of the start.

As for the peculiarities of the pharmaceutical supply of girls, they are recommended to take Ferroplex, Conferon or other iron-containing drugs throughout the entire ovarian-menstrual cycle. Quite often it happens that the day of the main start falls on the days of menstruation. Somewhat to delay the period of its onset (by 2-3 days) can take ascorutin 1 table. Zraza a day 10-14 days before the competition.

Competitive period

During this period, the number of used pharmacological preparations is even more reduced. Of all the above groups, only adaptogens, energy products and intermediates (ATP, phosphaden, phosphobion; inosine, neoton, creatine phosphate, energy) and minimal doses of vitamins are preserved in the pharmacological support of the competitive period (vitamins C, E, B1 must be present). The complex use of these pharmacological preparations allows you to accelerate the recovery processes between starts, provides a high contractility of muscle fibers, and stimulates the processes of cellular respiration.

Purely competitive pharmacological agents include actoprotectors - drugs that have only recently entered the arsenal of sports pharmacology, but have already received recognition. Among domestic drugs, they include sodium succinate, a new agent will soon appear - limontar (a derivative of citric and succinic acids), bromentan. Actoprotectors prevent the occurrence of metabolic disorders (metabolism) in the body at the time of physical activity, stimulate cellular respiration, promote enhanced synthesis of energy-saturated compounds (ATP, creatine phosphate).

Thus, speaking about the pharmacological support of the training process and competitive activity of an athlete in the annual training cycle, it should be noted that the largest share of pharmaceutical supply falls on the recovery and, especially, preparatory periods, gradually decreasing during the transition to the pre-competitive and, further, competitive periods of the cycle.

Pharmacological correction of temporal and climatic-geographical adaptation of athletes

When athletes travel long distances (accompanied, as a rule, by a sharp change in climatic and geographical conditions, altitude, a significant change in time zones), a special pharmacological correction of their functional state is often required.

It is known that a sharp change in standard time is accompanied by a syndrome complex of “acute desynchronosis”, which is based on violations of the so-called diurnal (circadian) rhythms of synchronization of the main life processes. Acute desynchronosis is manifested by pronounced disturbances in the rhythm of sleep - wakefulness, changes in mental status and vegetative-vascular shifts.

At the same time, in 0.9 cases, athletes who have not undergone special correction experience an acute disruption of adaptive capabilities up to 7-10 days after moving to a new time zone. And in the end, this leads to a significant decrease in the functional readiness of athletes and the impossibility of full preparation for the upcoming starts. When moving from west to east, desynchronosis, in general, proceeds in a more acute form and for a longer time.

It should be emphasized that the pharmacological correction of these disorders should be an integral part of the complex of currently known biomedical and pedagogical methods for resolving the problem of temporal adaptation. At the same time, pharmacological measures should be rationally combined with an early departure to the competition venue and the possibility of gradual adaptation to time changes (however, taking into account the possible negative impact on psychological condition athletes with a long wait for the start at the venue of the competition), with psychological preparation athletes to move (it is essential not to focus the attention of athletes on the upcoming time shift) and the corresponding correction of the training process.

Measures to correct the desynchronization should begin immediately during the flight. In this case, the choice of the most convenient departure time becomes essential. In the case of moving from east to west, the optimal departure is in the morning. The main task under these conditions is to prevent the athletes from falling asleep during the flight. For this purpose, it is recommended to prescribe tonic preparations 1-1.5 hours after departure.

The best results are usually achieved after a split dose of the psychostimulant sydnocarb 10-15 mg every 4 hours of flight. Further sleep prevention should be pursued until evening local time. 40-60 minutes before bedtime, it is advisable to prescribe 5% sodium oxybutyrate syrup (30-35 ml) with the addition of 30-40 drops of liquid posiflora extract.

This ensures fast and high-quality falling asleep without subsequent relaxation during the morning hours. The course of taking sodium oxybutyrate syrup (at night) is continued for the next 3-4 days. In about one quarter of cases, the affective disturbances that occur during significant flights in the form of decreased mood, increased irritability and inadequate reactions in athletes can become more or less stable 3-5 days after arrival, which requires the appointment of daytime tranquilizers such as phenibut or mebicar within several days.

When flying in the direction from west to east, the optimal departure is in the evening hours. The main task in this case is the normalization of sleep at night during the flight (weak sleeping pills such as radedorm at a dose of up to 10 mg). Particular attention should be paid to the absence of overeating on the plane. In the first two or three days after arrival, in the afternoon, light tonics such as ginseng tincture, Eleutherococcus liquid extract, etc. are prescribed, and in the evening, 1 hour before bedtime, sodium hydroxybutyrate syrup 5% with the addition of passionflower liquid extract.

In addition to the direct manifestations of acute desynchronosis (mainly in the form of a sleep-wake rhythm disorder), the latter, apparently, also causes deeper disturbances in regulatory processes in the body. Thus, when analyzing the dynamics of maladaptation of athletes when changing the time zone, in more than 50% of cases, destabilization of blood pressure, changes in muscle tone, individual disorders of the heart function (changes in rhythm and conduction) and other disorders are observed.

Therefore, the normalization of the sleep-wake rhythm and the relief of affective reactions does not yet mean the optimization of the functional state of athletes who have undergone a flight with a significant change in time zone. For this purpose, it is recommended to use sodium succinate (0.3 g for 10 days 1.5 hours before training) against the background of the combined intake of ginseng tincture (25 drops) and liquid extracts of Eleutherococcus (20 drops) and Rhodiola rosea (20 drops) 2-3 times a day before meals. It is also possible to use other adaptogens of plant and animal origin.

At present, a complex of phenomena of maladaptation of the body is well known, which is observed in the first days after the movement of athletes to the conditions of middle mountains (heights up to 700 meters above sea level). Since mid-mountain training is now an indispensable stage of the annual training cycle in a number of sports, and also in connection with the frequent holding of responsible competitions in these conditions, pharmacological methods for accelerating the adaptation processes of the body in mid-altitude mountains sometimes become of exceptional importance.

When moving to mid-mountain conditions, starting from the 2nd-3rd and up to the 10th and even more days from the moment of arrival, there is a significant decrease in the indicators of the functional state of the circulatory and respiratory systems, as well as the central nervous system, which causes a feeling of increased difficulty in performing physical activity. Objectively, this is expressed in night sleep disturbances, unmotivated overexcitation or, conversely, depression, electrocardiographic symptoms of myocardial overstrain, myocardial difficulty, difficulty breathing, decreased appetite, increased fatigue. This whole symptom complex of an “acute” disruption of the adaptation of the body of athletes in the middle mountains often jeopardizes the fulfillment of the tasks of training camps, as well as the possibility of mobilizing all the resources of athletes during important competitions.

Pharmacological tactics for the correction of these disorders consists in an integrated approach to the treatment and prevention of two main syndromes: overstrain of the central nervous system and overstrain of the cardiovascular system. Since moving to the middle mountains, as a rule, is also accompanied by a sharp change in the time zone, it is advisable to use the pharmacological tactics described above to correct acute desynchronization.

For the complex adaptation of the body of athletes to the conditions of the middle mountains, a combined herbal adaptogenic preparation Safinor is usually prescribed (1 was, 3 times a day half an hour before meals, the duration of the course is 10-12 days). The composition of safinor (riboxin, saparal, floverin, potassium orotate) (provides both a normalizing effect on the functions of the central nervous system (psychotonic effect of saparal) and optimization of the functions of the cardiovascular system (due to riboxin and floverin).

Taking the drug should be started 3-4 days before moving to the middle mountains, which ensures an increase in the cumulative effect of Safinor within 3-5 days after arrival, as a rule, almost completely eliminates the symptoms of an acute failure of adaptation. Subsequently, the optimal level of the functional state of athletes in mid-mountain conditions should be maintained by using a complex of plant adaptogens, including 2 ml of liquid extract of Eleutherococcus, 30 drops of pantocrine, 15 drops of liquid extract of Rhodiola rosea (2 times a day half an hour before meals before breakfast and lunch) . It is possible to use other adaptogenic preparations of plant, animal and synthetic origin (ginseng, aralia, dibavol, etc.).

Pharmacological support and nutrition of athletes.

The role of nutrition in the preparation of highly qualified athletes is difficult to overestimate. The level of records of modern sports also requires appropriate training of athletes. Increasing training loads and intensifying competitive activity, frequent changes in climatic conditions and time zones, conducting training in the middle mountains, as well as increasing the technical equipment of athletes - all this is part of the concept of elite sport and requires athletes to exert enormous physical and moral strength. One of the most important components of ensuring a high level of the functional state of athletes is a rational balanced diet.

Diets recommended for athletes of various sports are made taking into account the stage of preparation of the athlete, the time of year (in winter, the need for energy is approximately 10% higher) and climatic conditions, as well as age, gender, weight, sports experience and other individual indicators of the athlete .

In this case, the athlete's diet should:

1) correspond to its energy consumption at a given time;
2) be balanced, i.e. contain all the necessary nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts, biologically active substances) in the required proportions;
3) contain products of both animal and vegetable origin;
4) easily absorbed by the body.

Very important for sports diets is food processing. Particular attention here should be paid to the maximum preservation of the natural properties of products, their diversity and presentation of dishes. The usual diet involves three meals a day, however, for highly qualified athletes, 4 or 5 meals a day are preferable.

The calorie content of nutrition should correspond to the energy consumption of the athlete, which in turn is determined by age, gender, sports experience and qualifications, and, in particular, by the type of sport. The quantitative ratio of the main nutritional components is strictly individual for representatives of various sports, depending on the direction of their training and competitive activities. Table 1 shows the indicators of the daily requirement for energy and essential nutrients for various sports per 1 kg of body weight.

Table 1

Kind of sport	Proteins, g	Fat, g	Carbohydrates, g	Calorie content, Kcal
Gymnastics, figure skating	2.5	1.9	9.75	66
Athletics sprint, jump	2.5	2	9.8	67
Marathon	2.9	2.2	13	84
Swimming, water polo	2.5	2.4	10	72
Weightlifting, bodybuilding, throwing	2.9	2	11.8	77
Wrestling, boxing	2.8	2.2	11	75
Team sports	2.6	2.2	10.6	72
Cycling	2.7	2.1	14.3	87
Skiing.short distances	2.5	2.2	11	74
Skiing, long distances	2.6	2.4	12.6	82
Skating	2.7	2.3	10.9	74

Athletes specializing in sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance are recommended a diet in which proteins provide 14-15% of energy costs, in speed-strength sports - 17-18%, in some cases up to 20% (bodybuilding, barbell).

The intake of protein in an amount of more than 3 g / kg is not recommended even for athletes in sports such as weightlifting, throwing, athletic gymnastics, because. the body, as a rule, is not able to cope with the breakdown and absorption of such a mass of protein.

But insufficient intake of protein (less than 2 g per kg of body weight) also does not contribute to the normalization of metabolic processes, because. in this case, there may be an increase in the excretion from the body of such important vitamins as vitamin C, hyamine, riboflavin, pridoxin, niacin, as well as potassium salts.

Along with their plastic function, proteins can be used by the body as energy carriers. so, 10-14% of the protein entering the body can be oxidized and provide the necessary energy. At the same time, special requirements are imposed on the quality of the consumed protein, its amino acid composition, and the presence of essential amino acids in it. The recommended daily intake of essential amino acids (in mg per kg of body weight) is presented in Table 2.

table 2

An equally important characteristic of the protein consumed by athletes is the level of balance of the amino acid composition. It is believed that the most optimal is the content in the diet of 55-65% of animal proteins. With regard to such an important component of food as fats, it is most preferable for athletes to consume fats with a low melting point contained in milk, lactic acid products, and vegetable oils. Before intense training and competition, the amount of fat in the diet should be reduced, because. they are poorly absorbed at high physical and emotional stress.

During the period of loads of maximum and submaximal power, the energy supply of the body is carried out mainly due to carbohydrates; fructose is recommended for carbohydrate saturation of the body. Its advantage over glucose is that fructose intake is not accompanied by significant fluctuations in blood sugar (glucose) and therefore does not require an increase in insulin release from the pancreas. At the same time, the content of glycogen in skeletal muscles decreases to a much lesser extent than with the use of glucose.

One of the most important components of a balanced diet is getting with food (or additionally with pharmacological preparations) the appropriate amount of vitamins and minerals. Table 3 shows the daily requirement of athletes of various sports in “vitamins (in mg). It should be noted that the figures given in the table are 1.5-2 times higher than the data of American authors, which is obviously related to the nature of nutrition and the quality of food in the United States.

Table 3

Kind of sport	WITH	IN 1	AT 2	AT 3	AT 6	Sun	AT 12	RR	A	E
Gymnastics figure skating	120	3,50	4	16	7	500	0,003	35	3	30
Athletics sprint jumping	200	3, 6	4,2	18	8	500	0,008	36	3,5	26
Running for medium and long distances	250	4	4,8	17	9	600	0,01	42	3,8	40
marfon	350	5	5	19	10	600	0,01	45	3,8	45
Swimming	250	3,9	4,5	18	8	500	0,01	45	3,8	45
Body-building	210	4	5,5	20	10	600	0,009	45	3,8	35
Wrestling boxing	250	4	5,2	20	10	600	0,009	45	3,8	30
game types	240	4,2	4,8	18	9	550	0,008	40	3,7	35
Cycle track	200	4	4,6	17	7	500	0,01	40	3,6	35
Velo-highway	350	4,8	5,2	19	10	600	0,01	45	3,8	45
Skiing - short distances	210	4	4,6	18	9	500	0,008	40	3,6	40
Skiing long distances	350	4,9	4,4	18	9	550	0,009	40	3,5	40
Skating	200	4	4,4	18	9	550	0,009	40	3,5	40

The need for additional intake of vitamins (in addition to their content in food) does not mean that their increased intake leads to improved athletic performance. On the contrary, an overdose of vitamin preparations can lead to very serious consequences for the body. Some of the possible side effects of taking excessive doses of vitamins are presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Vitamin	Toxic dose	Side effect
A	more than 200 mcg. teenagers. over 60 kg children. 6-20 mg daily dose for adults	development of hydrocephalus, cirrhosis, tetratogenic effects...
R	more than 1250 mcg.	hypercalcemia, apathy, phlebitis, headache...
E	over 150 mg.	weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, hypercholesterolemia ...
AT 6	over 200 mg.	weakness, fatigue, sensory neuropathy...
RR	over 100 mg.	bronchospasm, hyperglycemia, hepatitis...
WITH	over 2 years	nausea, diarrhea, destruction of vitamin B12

Thus, we can confidently assume that a complete balanced diet is one of the most important components of the medical and biological support of the training process and competitive activity. The question of the interaction of drugs with food components, as well as the choice of the optimal time for taking drugs, is very important for rational pharmacological support. Very important factors in the dissolution and absorption of drugs are the composition and temperature of food, the presence of healthy microflora in the intestines.

Often drugs are mixed with fruit or vegetable juices in an attempt to mask their unpleasant taste or to make them easier to swallow. However, juices contain a number of organic acids, in the presence of which some compounds are destroyed, in particular, antibiotics.

The general recommendation may be to prescribe drugs (unless otherwise specified) on an empty stomach, which eliminates the interaction of drugs with food components and significantly limits the negative effects of digestive juices, eliminates the delaying effect of food on the absorption of drugs. This ensures maximum availability of pharmacological preparations for the body.

It is advisable to prescribe choleretic agents 5-10 minutes before meals, so that they stimulate bile secretion by the time food enters the duodenum. After eating, as a rule, prescribe drugs that are insoluble in water and soluble in fats (for example, fat-soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K), as well as drugs containing salts of potassium, bromine, sodium, reduced iron. When drugs are taken into the body before meals, irritation of the gastric mucosa is sometimes possible, which can be eliminated by drinking the drug with water, starchy mucus or milk.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that the methodological recommendations brought to your attention can only give general ideas about the construction of a system of rational pharmacological support for the training process and competitive activity of highly qualified athletes. All specific advice and medical prescriptions can only be carried out by a doctor and carried out under medical supervision.

2.3.10.1. All violations of the rules and warnings must be brought to the attention of the Jury, which has the right to remove the athlete or team from participation in the competition. Only the Presidium of the Jury has the right to issue a disqualification. An athlete who has been sanctioned must be informed immediately.

2.3.10.2. The team and athletes who declared their participation in the republican competitions within the time limits determined by the Regulations on the competitions, who did not pay the organizational fee, who did not arrive at these competitions, pay a fine in the amount of the organizational fee to the organizing committee of the competition and are not allowed to the next competition in this discipline until the fine is paid off .

2.3.10.3. For violation of the rules, the athlete is given an oral reprimand, which is retained by the athlete until the end of the stage. The athlete must immediately eliminate the cause that led to the issuance of this sanction. In the case of a repeated remark, it is equated to a warning and is recorded in the protocol.

2.3.10.4. A reprimand is issued to an athlete in the following cases:

● installation of a platform and other equipment in violation of the decision of the panel of judges;

● interfering with other athletes when moving in their sector;

● Intentionally knocking a fish off the hook and pulling it rough, causing injury.

2.3.10.5. A warning is issued to an athlete for the following violations of the rules:

● interference in the judge's work, rudeness and arguing with the judge;

● Violation of the established order of location in sectors;

● Violation of the procedure for the preparation of gear and equipment;

● use of cages that do not meet the requirements of the Rules;

● violation of the procedure for preparing bait for fishing;

● submission for control of bait and baits in excess of the allowable amount;

● presentation for control of bait and nozzles not in a measured container;

● violation of feeding rules;

● practical assistance from outsiders, including the team coach, including when retrieving fish;

● use of the feeder before the signal "Begin feeding";

● fishing with a sinker, without using a feeder and;

● entering the water without the judge's permission;

● leaving the sector without the referee's permission;

● entry into the sector before the signal allowing placement by sectors;

● acceptance of food, water, bait, etc. from third parties. without the mediation of a judge;

● inclusion in the catch of fish caught after the “Finish” signal, and fish, during the capture of which the tackle of an athlete from the neighboring sector was touched. In this case, the judges remove one of the largest fish from the catch and carry out the weighing without it;

● inclusion in the catch of fish belonging to the species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, or not reaching the commercial level, as well as eel. In this case, the judges remove such fish from the catch and carry out the weighing without it;

● violation of the rules for weighing the catch;

● repeated violation of a paragraph of the Rules, resulting in the sanction "Remark".

2.3.10.6. A warning is given to a team for the following violations of the Rules:

● violations in the execution of the application;

● in case of rigging the results of the competition by one of the athletes of the team;

● for non-attendance at the opening and closing ceremonies of the competition without a good reason and notifying the panel of judges about it.

2.3.10.7. The sanction of withdrawal from the competition is issued to the athlete for the following violations:

● juggling the results of competitions;

● absence of a medical mark on admission to competitions;

● the athlete does not have an insurance policy;

● use of gear, equipment, nozzles, bait, not provided for by these Rules;

● concealment of bait and bait from controlling judges;

● no cage;

● intentional bugging of fish;

● use of headphones, as well as radio and mobile communications.

● repeated violation of the rules after a warning;

● being drunk at competitions and committing acts that offend public morality.

2.3.10.8. A team may be withdrawn from the competition in the following cases:

● absence of an application for participation;

● the absence of a team at a mandatory training session, if it is provided for by the Competition Regulations;

● for finding team athletes in a state of intoxication that offends public morality and humiliates human dignity;

● team training in the competition area during the training ban.

2.3.10.9. Proposal for disqualification (i.e. non-admission to the next competition) of an athlete is submitted by the Chief Referee of the competition to the Presidium of the Jury.

2.3.10.10. The warning received by the athlete is valid for the current season. In case of a new violation of the rules, it is considered as a repeated one, and the panel of judges makes its decision, guided by the list of sanctions. The warning received by the team is also valid until the end of the season.

2.3.10.11. Consideration of violations of the Competition Rules and the decision on sanctions is documented in the protocol. The sanction issued to the athlete is recorded in his record book, the protocol of the competition and an extract from it.

2.3.10.12. An athlete who is seen in rigging the results of the competition is removed from the competition with the issue of subsequent disqualification for a calendar year from the moment the disqualification was issued for consideration by the Presidium of the Jury. Athletes who are twice seen in the rigging of the results may be disqualified indefinitely, with the deprivation of their right to participate in any competition.

The team for which the offender played is given the last place in both cases.

Classification

2.3.11.1. Team classification.

First tour.

a) According to the sum of places occupied by the athletes of one Team in their zones. In case of equal weight of catches in one zone, athletes with the same weight are credited with a place equal to the arithmetic average of the sum of places that they had to share.
Example 1: two anglers claiming 5th place get (5+6): 2= 5.5 place each.
Example 2: Three anglers claiming 8th place each get (8+9+10)/3= 9th place each.

b) The team with the smallest sum of places is considered the first and so on in order.

c) An athlete left without a catch receives a place equal to the arithmetic mean of places in the range of which are the same anglers (without a catch) of his zone.
Example 1: 24 athletes in the zone, 12 took the first 12 places in their catches, 12 others were left without a catch and get (13+24)/2=18.5 place each.
Example 2: 20 athletes in the zone, 18 of them took places from 1st to 18th, and two were left without a catch and get (19+20)/2=19.5 place each.

d) If in the zone one athlete is left without a catch, then he receives the last place in this zone.

e) If an athlete is absent or has been withdrawn from the competition, then he receives the last place in this zone plus 1 penalty point.

Second round.

The classification is identical to the first round.

2.3.11.2. Summing up the results of the competition.

a) The sum of the places occupied in two rounds by the athletes of the main composition of the Team is calculated. The team with the least amount of places is considered first, and so on in order.

b) In case of equality of the sums of places for two or more Teams, the higher place is occupied by the Team with the highest total weight of catches shown by the athletes of the main team of this Team for both rounds.

c) In the event of a tie in the total weight of the catches, the advantage shall be given to the Team with the highest Weight Limit catch shown by the athletes of the main composition of this Team in any of the rounds of this competition.

2.3.11.3. Individual classification.

a) The places of the athlete for both rounds are summed up; the athlete with the smallest amount of places is declared the winner in the individual competition, and so on in order.

b) In case of equality of the sum of places for two or more athletes, the higher place is occupied by the athlete with the greater total weight of personal catch for both rounds.

c) In case of equality of the total weight of the catch for both rounds, the higher place is occupied by the athlete with largest catch on any of the tours.

d) In case of equality and according to this indicator, the numbers of their sectors for two rounds are summed up. The advantage is given to the athlete with the highest total.

e) Athletes who have participated in only one round are placed at the end of the standings individual classification, according to the order of their places.

dope- these are drugs that are used by athletes for artificial, forced increase in efficiency during the training process and competitive activities. Depending on the sport, they can have completely different and even opposite pharmacological actions: from psychostimulating to tranquilizing, from diuretic to cardiotropic effects. Therefore, doping is incorrectly called stimulants. They are prescribed once or as a course, depending on the tasks and the mechanism of action of medicinal substances. So, no one would think to use anabolic steroid once, and psychostimulants - a course.

Judging by the publications, conclusions of the IOC MC, doping applied and applied in all countries. The reason for this is the exorbitant desire to achieve prizes in competitions and the mercantile interests of athletes and coaches, sports organizations, and entire countries. Over the past ten years, a large number of articles and books have been published on this topic (especially in the United States), which describe the practical application of doping In sports. They have been translated into many languages, including Russian: see Doping Reference: Allowed and Prohibited Substances...

It can be stated that the reception doping causes numerous complications in athletes, up to death. For this reason, and also because all athletes must be in the same conditions, the IOC MC has banned the use of a number of pharmacological drugs in training and competition. Some believe that this is a violation of human rights, and each athlete is free to prepare as he wants, with doping or without them. In this case, the result of the competition will depend on which country comes up with a more powerful doping or a rational scheme for the use of known drugs, and pharmacologists, not athletes, will compete in stadiums.

Regarding the definition of the concept doping there is still no consensus, and this is extremely important to clarify, since the application doping may result in sanctions, appeals and litigation. Therefore, we can give the following definition, reflecting the essence of this phenomenon: “Doping is a biologically active substance, methods and methods of artificially increasing sports performance, which have side effects on the body and for which there are special detection methods” . Yes, blood doping is not a drug. It is a blood taken from an athlete in advance, treated by various methods (UV radiation and others), and then, before the competition, administered to him (blood, plasma or erythrocyte mass) to increase its quantity, oxygen transport function and non-specific stimulation due to decomposed red and white blood cells. In addition, other manipulations are being carried out to create non-traditional dosage forms and methods of drug administration.

For example, practitioners and trainers in the United States have developed specialized delivery methods. anabolics: "dog tracks in the snow", combination, merging, fast switching, cycling, dosage reduction scheme, dosage increase scheme, plateau, steroid surge, which reflects the features of the combined and long-term use of these illicit drugs so as to achieve maximum effect and not be caught by the service doping expertise.

ABOUT doping thousands of pages have been written, while there is still not a single book that discusses issues of ideology, how to use non-prohibited, harmless preparations of plant and animal origin.

In our country doping examination is carried out in anti-doping laboratory of VNIIFK (head of the laboratory is Candidate of Biological Sciences V.A. Semenov, pharmacist), which is equipped with the latest high-resolution instruments and qualified specialists.

The development of biologically active substances of plant nature in combination with products of increased biological value of a non-pinging structure is occupied by the Department of Biologically Active Substances of VNIIFK, which for 18 years was headed by the author of these lines, a pharmacologist who has repeatedly lectured on this topic in Russia and abroad.

TO doping include all psychostimulants, respiratory analeptics, adrenomimetics, MAO inhibitors, cholinomimetics, anticholinesterase agents, antidepressants, narcotic analgesics, cardiac glycosides, testosterone and anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, peptide hormones - STH, ACTH, gonadotropins, erythropoietin and others. In addition, beta-blockers, sodium oxybutyrate, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, marijuana, hashish and alcohol are prohibited in all types of shooting, and to avoid disguise steroids, their accelerated excretion and water - diuretics. To all groups of drugs in the list of prohibited drugs there is an addition: "and other related compounds." This means that the unknown can also be detected. doping both in terms of chemical structure and pharmacological action.

Since testosterone is an endogenous substance, it is customary to calculate the ratio of testosterone (T) to epitestosterone (E), which should not exceed 6:1. If it is greater, then it is considered that the athlete injected exogenous testosterone. However, testosterone levels can fluctuate widely in the body in both physiological and pathological conditions. For example, in cases of a decrease in the excretion of epitestosterone into the blood during a tumor process, a functional deficiency of metabolizing enzymes. If T / E is greater than six, additional studies are carried out within three months, and information about previous studies is also collected. In addition, the masking agents epitestosterone and probenicide, which make it difficult to decipher urine tests, are prohibited.

In the practical use of the listed groups of drugs that artificially increase human performance in military, aerospace (except sports) medicine, moderation in their dosages should be observed, which almost never happens when they are prohibited from being used in sports. This leads to serious complications, sometimes ending in death. Detailed analysis of side effects doping carried out by us in the book "Doping Monster".

Another important problem that a sports doctor faces in his daily activities is the differentiation of combined drugs that contain doping components and those that are safe. In various countries, including Russia, there have been cases when doctors prescribed pharmacological preparations containing doping (ephedrine, anabolic steroid, amphetamines, diuretics and others).

On the other hand, attempts were made to hide the deliberate reception doping, with the aim of forcibly increasing the performance of athletes, allegedly ignorance of the fact that nose drops or intra-articular injections are not doping. However, ignorance of this issue does not exempt from liability in case of ascertaining prohibited drugs in the bioassay. It is very difficult to prove to the IOC MC that there was an error and not an intentional act. Therefore, it is better to consult with specialists in advance, since everything that is prescribed to an athlete orally or parenterally (including specialized nutrition, biologically active food supplements, vitamin complexes, geriatric drugs) should have anti-doping certificate. This is not at all an unnecessary measure, since provocations from sports competitors have become more frequent, who added doping to food and drinks in order to exclude a strong athlete from the fight.

Sports and doping

All types physical activity are divided according to the intensity of loads into very high, high, medium and low intensity. This corresponds to the level of sports qualification of extra-class athletes (Olympic champions and world champions), masters of sports of international class, masters of sports, sportsmen, people involved in physical culture, not engaged in physical culture and engaged in physical therapy for the purpose of rehabilitation of certain functions with the help of a given motor activity. Naturally, the requirements for these people, their preparedness, nutrition and pharmacological support will be completely different. However, they all have limits to their capabilities, which limit the physical performance of a person.

It should be borne in mind that these factors that limit performance depend on the type of physical activity, which can be divided into five main groups in accordance with the classifications of sports:

1. Cyclic sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance (running, swimming, cross-country skiing, speed skating, all types of rowing, cycling and others), when the same movement is repeated many times, a large amount of energy is expended, and the work itself is performed with high and very high intensity. These sports require metabolic support, specialized nutrition, especially during marathon distances, when energy sources are switched from carbohydrate (macroergic phosphates, glycogen, glucose) to fat. The control of the hormonal system of these types of metabolism is essential both in predicting and in the correction of working capacity with pharmacological preparations.

2. Speed strength types when the main quality is the manifestation of explosive, short-term and very intense physical activity (all sprint distances, throwing weightlifting and others). In most cases, these traits depend on genetic determinants, and energy sources for such activities are fundamentally different in the manifestation of endurance. Born sprinters have a higher percentage of fast muscle fibers compared to distance runners. Speed is a very demonstrative indicator, which undergoes the earliest and most pronounced decline with increasing age compared to strength and endurance. The increase in body weight in all throwers and weightlifters requires special control over specialized nutrition and a shift in the catabolic to the anabolic phase of metabolism without the use of anabolic steroids and somatotropin. In sprinters, an uncontrolled increase in body weight is unacceptable. Carbohydrate metabolism and energy sources prevail: macroergic.

3. Martial arts represent very numerous types of sports activities (all types of wrestling, boxing and others). A characteristic feature of energy consumption in martial arts is an unstable, cyclical level of physical activity, depending on the specific conditions of the struggle, although, sometimes, they reach a very high intensity. The type of physical activity, its duration and intensity are the basis for the selection of pharmacological preparations. These sports, in most cases, are quite traumatic, which can cause microcirculation and metabolic disorders in the brain, so nootropic drugs should be used as protectors.

4. Game types are characterized by a constant alternation of intense muscular activity and rest, when athletes are not directly involved in game episodes. Coordination of movements and mental stability are of great importance. The tasks of pharmacological support are related to the correction of recovery processes, energy compensation, improvement of metabolic processes in the brain with the help of vitamin complexes, nootropics, adaptogens of plant and animal origin, as well as antioxidants.

5. Complex coordination species based on the finest elements of movement, as is the case in figure skating, gymnastics, diving, shooting, where excellent endurance and attention are required. Physical activity varies widely. For example, to do difficult jump great explosive power is needed, while shooting requires concentration and reduction of tremor. Of great importance is the increase in mental stability with herbal preparations of a calming effect (valerian, hawthorn without alcohol components), nootropics, vitamin complexes, energy-rich foods.

Complex technical types are largely associated with the use of technical means (auto racing, bobsleigh, parachuting, sailing and many others). The level of physical activity may not reach very high values, but nervous tension is at the limit of human capabilities, which determines the principles of pharmacological correction - increasing mental stability.

In addition, there are a number of mixed sports where various types of all-around are used, including the listed types of human physical activity. Naturally, the tasks of pharmacological support differ significantly and fundamentally. It should be added that there are many problems with the restoration and maintenance of a high intellectual level in competitions in chess as a sport.

So, sports activities include almost all types of physical performance, both dynamic and static. Next, we will consider pharmacological drugs that affect endurance, speed, strength, coordination, taking into account the intensity of physical activity.

Over the past 15 years, it has been found that, depending on the sports, the following dopings are used in different countries (Table 1).

Table 1 Use of doping in related sports
Related sports		Complications
1. Speed-power types: weightlifting, throwing, bodybuilding, sprint distances in athletics, swimming, speed skating, cross-country skiing.	Anabolic steroids, growth hormone, gonadotropin, amphetamines, diuretics, etc.	Dramatic changes: metabolism, hormonal profile, masculinization in women and virilization in men.
2. Sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance, cyclic sports: running, swimming, cross-country skiing, cycling, speed skating (long distances).	Anabolic steroids, growth hormone, gonadotropin, blood doping, psychostimulants, etc.	Loss of orientation and consciousness deaths, hormonal disorders, etc.
3. Game types: football, basketball, rugby, baseball, bandy and ice hockey, golf, etc.	Alcohol, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, marijuana, etc.	Lethal outcomes, loss of consciousness, toxic effects.
4. Complicated coordination sports: high jumps, diving, figure skating, gymnastics, fencing, etc.	Alcohol, narcotic analgesics, tranquilizers, beta blockers, etc.	Drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.
5. Martial arts: all types of wrestling, boxing, martial arts, etc.	Narcotic analgesics, marijuana, alcohol.	Drug addiction, drug addiction, etc.

In equestrian sport, various dopings are used depending on the specific tasks (psychostimulants, tranquilizers and other drugs), therefore doping control of horses is carried out.

Doping control

Doping control is the most important part of a comprehensive program of measures aimed at preventing the use of prohibited (doping) substances by athletes.

The regulations adopted in our country for the organization and conduct of the doping control procedure fully comply with the requirements of the IOC Medical Commission. The doping control procedure consists of the following stages: the selection of biological samples for analysis, the physical and chemical examination of the samples taken and the issuance of a conclusion, the imposition of sanctions on violators.

During the competition, the athlete is notified that, according to the rules, he must pass a doping control. Doping control is mandatory for the winners who took 1st, 2nd and 3rd places, as well as, by decision of the commission, one of the few athletes who did not win prizes (they are chosen by lot). After the performance, these athletes are sent to the doping control room. Here the athlete himself chooses a container for collecting a urine sample for analysis. Then, in the presence of an observer, a urine sample is taken. (The observer ensures that there is no falsification of the sample). After passing the sample, a number is stuck on the vessel, which is also chosen by the athlete himself. After that, the obtained biological sample is divided into two equal parts - samples A and B, which are sealed and assigned a specific code.

Thus, the name of the athlete is not mentioned at any of the working stages (in order to maintain complete anonymity). Copies of the codes are pasted on the doping control protocol. The samples are then packaged in transport containers and transported to the doping control laboratory. Before signing the doping control protocol, the athlete is obliged to inform the commission of the names of all drugs that he took before the competition (because some drugs contain prohibited substances in minimal quantities, for example, solutan). After signing the doping control protocol, the athlete can only wait for the results of the analysis. According to the regulations for conducting doping control, sample A is subjected to analysis, and no later than 3 days after taking the biological sample.

Falsification of the results of doping control consists in various kinds of manipulations aimed at distorting its results. Athletes may resort to attempts at falsification when they are known to be positive in the analysis of biological samples for doping. At the same time, attempts to change urine are possible (catheterization and the introduction into the bladder of an alien, obviously free of illegal drugs urine, or a liquid simulating urine; the use of microcontainers; deliberate contamination of urine with aromatic compounds that make it difficult to identify doping).

Prohibited manipulations also include special surgical operations (for example, suturing placental tissue under the skin). The physicochemical methods used for the analysis of biological urine samples (chromatographic, mass spectrometric, radioimmune, enzyme immunoassay, etc.) used to determine doping are very sensitive and include computer identification of doping drugs and their derivatives. They allow you to determine with high accuracy all the drugs used by the athlete, including those used over the past weeks and even months. In addition, methods have been developed that determine the so-called "blood doping", i.e. transfusing the athlete's own or someone else's blood before the start.

If earlier only highly qualified athletes underwent doping control and only during important international and domestic competitions, now such control is carried out not only in the competitive period, but also during training sessions, and all persons involved in sports are subject to doping testing, regardless of their sports equipment.

Sanctions against athletes convicted of doping

Detection of doping threatens the athlete with severe penalties, up to complete excommunication from the sport. At the first detection of prohibited substances (with the exception of sympathomimetic drugs such as ephedrine and its derivatives), he is disqualified for 2 years, at the second - for life. In the case of taking sympathomimetics for the first time - disqualification for 6 months, in the second for 2 years, in the third - for life. At the same time, the coach and the doctor who observed the athlete are also punished.

The use of any drugs officially classified as narcotic as doping entails the appropriate administrative and criminal penalties. Currently, proposals have been made to the country's legislature to introduce criminal penalties for taking anabolic steroids without medical indications, or inducing them to take them.

Two new provisions have appeared in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation regarding the use of doping in the field of professional sports (Federal Law of November 22, 2016 No. 392-FZ ""). In both cases, penalties are provided for coaches, sports medicine specialists and other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports.

First, they face criminal liability for using substances or methods prohibited for use in sports against an athlete, and this does not depend on the consent of the athlete. However, the use of prohibited substances or methods will not be punishable if it does not violate an anti-doping rule in accordance with Russian law.

The minimum possible punishment for such an act is a fine of up to 1 million rubles. or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to two years. And the maximum sanction is imprisonment for up to one year. In both cases, as an additional punishment, they can be deprived of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to four years.

A qualified composition with a more severe maximum punishment is also provided - imprisonment for up to three years with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to five years or without it. Such a sanction threatens a specialist in the field of sports if his actions negligently caused the death of an athlete or other grave consequences.

Secondly, a new offense was the inducement of an athlete to use substances or methods prohibited for use in sports. It is clarified that inclination refers to any intentional act that encourages the use of a prohibited substance or method. It can be persuasion, deceit, advice, suggestions, etc.

It has been established that such a socially dangerous act is punishable by a fine of up to 300 thousand rubles. or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to six months. Another possible punishment for the same act is restriction of liberty for up to one year. In both cases, an additional penalty may be imposed in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to three years.

Under the new article, the punishment will increase in the presence of aggravating circumstances. In particular, this applies to cases where the act was committed by a group of persons by prior agreement, in relation to a known underage athlete or two or more athletes, as well as with the use of blackmail or violence, or with the threat of their use. The maximum possible punishment in the listed cases is imprisonment for up to one year with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to four years.

An even more severe punishment is provided for those citizens whose actions negligently caused the death of an athlete or other grave consequences. They face, among other things, imprisonment for up to three years with deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities for up to five years or without it (the maximum possible punishment).