When did the Olympic Games appear in ancient Greece? History of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece. The Olympic Games: history, symbolism, how everything was born and how it came to winter Russia

Ancient Greece gave the whole civilization not only the largest cultural heritage, but also large-scale sports called the Olympic Games and have become international in the modern world. Our article talks about ancient competitions.

Beginning of the Olympic Games

Ancient Greek myths say that the first competitions were held for Zeus in Olympia (a sanctuary in the Peloponnese). Hercules participated in them and won. The venue gave the name to the competition.

Olympic Games in ancient Greece, the official countdown is from 776 BC. e. as part of a religious festival celebrated on the 1st full moon after the summer solstice. The initiators of the organization of the competition are the ruler of Elis and the legislator of Sparta.

A special stadium with stands was built in Olympia. After a gradual expansion, it could accommodate approximately 40,000 spectators.

Rice. 1. Ancient Olympia.

A sacred truce was established for the duration of the Olympic Games. After the official announcement of the beginning of the celebration, it was forbidden to conduct hostilities throughout Greece.

Rules for holding

The Olympic Games were held every four years. It lasted five days and was divided into two parts:

Types of ancient competitions

We list and briefly describe the types of competitions:

Run : first olympic look The sport was represented by a one-distance run (192 m.) from the 1st to the 13th games, a double run from the 14th, a long run (7 distances) from the 15th, a full-armed run (2 distances in a helmet, with a shield) from the 65s;
martial arts : presented fisticuffs from 23 games (trips, kicks, grabs were prohibited), pankration from 33 ( hand-to-hand combat, punching and kicking), wrestling from the 18th (hitting is prohibited, pushes are allowed);
Pentathlon : an 18-game pentathlon consisting of running, wrestling, long jump, javelin and discus throw;
Chariot racing : Quadrig races (a two-wheeled cart with four horses) from 25 games, horse racing from 33, chariot races with two horses from 93;
Competition of trumpeters and heralds : added from the 96th Games, as a special kind of competition that combines aesthetics and sports.

Rice. 3. Antique running.

The Olympic Games lasted until 394 AD. e. They were abolished by the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius. During this time, 293 games were played.

What have we learned?

After reading an article about the Olympic Games in antiquity, we found out their features, conditions for holding; learned the main types of competitions, the first of which was running. Using this information, you can make a high-quality report on the topic indicated above for a 5th grade history lesson.

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Initially, athletes could only and exclusively locals Olympia. However, for the thirteenth game, they are joined by the inhabitants of all ancient Greece. Subsequently, residents from the ancient Greek colonial cities, who arrived from everywhere - from the Black to the Mediterranean Seas, join the participants in the Olympic competitions.

Participants in the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were only free Greeks who had never committed certain crimes, who had not violated their oaths and who had not stained themselves with dishonorable acts. Accordingly, it was impossible for slaves and foreigners to represent any Greek city.
With regard to age restrictions, both adult men and young men under the age of 20 could become participants in the competition.

They were called "ephebes", which translates as "mature".
Women were not allowed to participate. Moreover, the restriction concerned not only participation in competitions, but also the very presence in the territory where the festival was held. An exception to the rule was the presence of a priestess, a representative of the goddess Demeter, and a woman could also be a charioteer of quadrigas, respectively, gaining the right to speak at the hippodrome.

The participants of the Olympic Games lived on the outskirts of Altis, where a month before the opening of the competition they trained in palestra and gymnastics. This tradition has become the prototype of the Olympic village, which has a place in modern games. The expenses for the accommodation of athletes in Olympia, the preparation of competitions and various religious ceremonies, were borne either by the athletes themselves - participants in the games, or by the city from which they performed.

How the Olympic Games were held in ancient Greece

The start date of the event was set by a commission specially created for this, about which then special people, called spondophores, informed residents of other Greek states. Athletes came to Olympia a month before the start of the games, during which time they had to train under the guidance of experienced coaches.
The course of the competition was observed by judges - Helladonics. In addition to the judicial function, the duties of the Helladonics included the organization of the entire Olympic holiday.

Each athlete, before speaking to the people, had to prove to the judges that during the ten months before the start of the games, he was intensively preparing for the competition. The oath was taken near the statue of Zeus.
Initially, the duration of the Olympic Games was 5 days, but later it reached a month. The first and last day of the Games was devoted to religious rituals and ceremonies.
The public learned about the sequence of holding a certain type of competition with the help of a special sign. Those wishing to take part in it had to determine their order by drawing lots.

Olympic Games Winners in Ancient Greece

The winners of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were called Olympionists. They became famous throughout Greece, they were met with honor in their homeland, as athletes represented at the games not only themselves, but also the city-state from where they arrived. In the event of a three-time victory in the games, a bust was erected in Olympia in honor of such an athlete. The winner was rewarded with an olive wreath, and he also stood on a pedestal, the function of which was performed by a bronze tripod and took palm branches in his hands. Also, a small cash bonus was given as a reward, but he received the real benefits already upon returning home. At home, he received many different privileges.
One of the most famous Olympionists is Milo of Croton. He won his very first victory in wrestling in 540 BC, during the 60th Olympiad. Later, between 532 and 516, he won five times, and only at the age of 40 lost to a younger athlete, failing to receive Olympian status for the seventh time.

sunset of the olympic games

In the second century BC. The Olympic Games began to lose their great significance, turning into local competitions. This is due to the conquest of ancient Greece by the Romans. The reasons for the loss of former popularity are considered by several factors. One of them is the professionalism of athletes, when the games became in fact a collection of victories from the Olympians. The Romans, under whose rule Greece was, perceived sports only as a spectacle, they were not interested in the competitive spirit of the Olympics.

Who Banned the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The end of the thousand-year history of the Olympic Games was the result of a change in religion. They were closely intertwined with the Greek pagan gods, so their holding became impossible after the adoption of the Christian faith.

Researchers associate the ban on the Olympic Games with a certain Roman emperor, Theodosius. It is he who publishes in 393 AD. a code of laws prohibiting paganism, and the Olympic Games, in accordance with these new legislative acts, become completely prohibited.

The healing powers of nature

The healing forces of nature include the sun, air and water.

These natural factors play an extremely huge role in human life. First of all, they are the conditions of life in general, and the very health of a person depends on how he uses them.

The use of health-improving forces of pre-birth for physical. education is carried out in two directions:

As necessary conditions physical education classes(classes for fresh air contribute to the activation of biological processes caused by physical. Ex., increase the body's resistance to temperature fluctuations, solar radiation, increase the overall performance of the body, slow down the processes of fatigue)

As a relatively independent means of hardening and improving the body of those who occupy (systematic hardening procedures - dosed sunbathing, water procedures, dousing, rubbing, bathing in rivers and reservoirs, staying in mid-mountain conditions, while the measure of the body's adaptive capabilities is not violated, health is strengthened, working capacity is increased ).

THE REVIVAL OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES is associated with the name of Pierre de Coubertin, (1863-1937) a French aristocrat, educator, passionate about the idea of reforming education in France, introducing elements of the ancient education of youth. Disillusioned with politics and the prospect of a military career, the young Baron Pierre de Coubertin decided to devote himself to educational reform in France. He wrote in 1886-1887. published a number of articles on the problems of physical education.

In the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the creation of the first international federations (gymnasts, 1881, rowers, 1892, speed skaters, 1892) and the holding of world championships and international meetings, sport became one of the most important elements of interstate communication, contributing to the rapprochement of peoples.

Coubertin's initiative at the founding congress in Paris (1894) was supported by representatives of 12 countries. The governing body of the Olympic movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was created and the set of rules and regulations of the IOC developed by the Baron's Olympic Charter was approved.

Subsequently, the Olympic Charter became the basis of the statutory documents of the International Olympic Committee. In its first section, a description and statute of the Olympic flag (approved by the IOC in 1913 at the suggestion of P. de Coubertin) is given - a white cloth with the Olympic symbol, which is five colored interlaced rings (according to the number of continents). The Olympic symbol was also proposed by Coubertin and approved by the IOC in 1913. Since 1920, along with the symbol, the Olympic motto Citius, altius, fortius (“Faster, higher, stronger”) has been an integral part of the Olympic emblem. In 1928, the idea of Coubertin, expressed by him back in 1912, was embodied, ignition Olympic flame from sunlight (with the help of a lens) at the Temple of Zeus in Olympia and its delivery by a torch relay to the Olympic Stadium to the opening ceremony of the Games along a special route developed by the organizing committee of the next games together with the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the countries through which it passes.

According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to the city, not to the country. The decision to choose the capital of the Olympic Games is made by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of the Games.

The 1896 Summer Olympics - the first modern Summer Olympics - were held from 6 to 15 April in Athens, Greece.

The first Olympic Games of modern times were originally planned to be held at the same stadium in Olympia, where the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were held. However, this required too much restoration work, and the first revived Olympic competitions took place in Athens, the capital of Greece.

On April 6, 1896, at the restored ancient stadium in Athens, the Greek King George declared the first modern Olympic Games open. The opening ceremony was attended by 60 thousand spectators.

241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the Games of the I Olympiad: Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary (at the time of the Games, Hungary was part of Austria-Hungary, but Hungarian athletes competed separately), Germany, Greece, Denmark, Italy , USA, France, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden.

Russian athletes were quite actively preparing for the Olympics, but due to lack of funds Russian team was not directed to the Games.

As in ancient times, only men took part in the competitions of the first modern Olympiad.

Athletics competitions became the most massive - 63 athletes from 9 countries took part in 12 events. The largest number species - 9 - won by representatives of the United States.

First Olympic champion was the American athlete James Connolly, who won the triple jump with a score of 13 meters 71 centimeters.

Since there were no artificial pools in Athens, swimming competitions were held in an open bay near the city of Piraeus; the start and finish were marked with ropes attached to the floats. The competition aroused great interest - by the beginning of the first swim, about 40 thousand spectators had gathered on the shore. About 25 swimmers from six countries took part, most of them are naval officers and sailors of the Greek merchant fleet.

The culmination of the Olympic Games was the marathon. Unlike all subsequent Olympic competitions in marathon running, the length of the marathon distance at the Games of the I Olympiad was 40 kilometers. The classic length of a marathon distance is 42 kilometers 195 meters. The Greek postman Spyridon Louis finished first with a result of 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds, who became a national hero after this success. In addition to the Olympic awards, he received a gold cup, established by the French academician Michel Breal, who insisted on being included in the program of the Games marathon run, a barrel of wine, a coupon for free meals throughout the year, free tailoring of dresses and use of the services of a hairdresser throughout life, 10 centners of chocolate, 10 cows and 30 rams.

The winners were awarded on the closing day of the Games - April 15, 1896. Since the Games of the First Olympiad, a tradition has been established of performing the national anthem in honor of the winner and raising the national flag. The winner was crowned with a laurel wreath, he was awarded a silver medal, an olive branch cut in the Sacred Grove of Olympia, and a diploma made by a Greek artist. The second place winners received bronze medals.

hygiene factors.

Hygiene factors include: personal and public hygiene (cleanliness of the body, cleanliness of places of work, air, sports suits), adherence to sleep (violation can completely remove the positive effect of physical exercise and even harm health), adherence to diet ( violation reduces the result of physical education), compliance with the regime of work and rest. Overwork worsens health, as does constant rest.

Flexibility is called morphofunctional ability locomotive apparatus that allows you to perform movements with a certain amplitude.

Flexibility affects the level of development of coordination abilities, endurance, speed and speed-strength abilities.

In a person with poor flexibility, movements are slower, all other things being equal, because. low mobility in the joints reduces the speed of movement. Such a person gets tired faster, since movements with the same amplitude are not flexible, a person spends more energy than a flexible one.

Flexibility depends on the following factors:

1. Anatomical structure and shape of joints and articulating surfaces. A deeper articular cavity limits the scope of mobility in this joint. In this regard, flexibility is largely determined by congenital, hereditary characteristics that have large individual differences.

2. Elasticity of the musculo-ligamentous apparatus surrounding the joints.

3. Force ability muscular system, in particular, the strength of the muscles that produce the movement (synergists), and the degree of relaxation of the antagonists.

4. Age and gender of a person (in a natural way, flexibility increases on average up to 10-12 years, then it stabilizes, and starts to decrease from 25-30 years). The optimal age for improving flexibility is from 8 to 14 years.

5. External conditions: air temperature (at 20...30 °С flexibility is higher than at 5...10 °С); whether a warm-up was carried out (after a warm-up lasting 20 minutes, flexibility is higher than before a warm-up), time of day (flexibility is minimal in the morning, increases in the afternoon, decreases in the evenings due to fatigue).

According to the form of manifestation Distinguish between active and passive flexibility.

Active flexibility- movement with a large amplitude is performed due to the own activity of the corresponding muscles. Passive Flexibility- the ability to perform movements under the influence of external tensile forces: the efforts of a partner, external weights, special devices, etc.

By way of manifestation flexibility is divided into dynamic (manifested in movements) and static (manifested in postures).
There are also general (high mobility in all joints) and special flexibility (range of motion corresponding to the technique of a particular motor action).

The main means of developing flexibility is:

Dynamic exercises without weights,

Dynamic exercises with weights,

Static ex.

Ticket 28

1. Modern Olympic Games, their symbols and rituals. The Olympic Charter is the basic law of the sports movement of our time.

Modern Olympic Games- the largest international complex sports competitions, which are held every four years under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee.

The modern Olympic Games were revived at the end of the 19th century by the French public figure Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, have been held every four years since 1896, except during the World Wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympic Games were established, which were originally held in the same year as the summer ones. However, since 1994, the timing of the Winter Olympics has shifted by two years from that of the Summer Games.

In the same venues for the Olympic Games, a few days later, the Paralympic Games for people with disabilities are held.

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French teacher and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

The symbol of the Olympic Games is the Olympic rings, five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five inhabited parts of the world in the Olympic movement. The colors of the rings in the top row are blue, black and red. The bottom row is yellow and green.

Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order they were held):

grandiose and colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the Games.
opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which should present the audience with the appearance of the country and the city, acquaint them with their history and culture.
solemn passage of athletes and members of delegations through the central stadium. welcoming speeches by the President of the IOC (obligatory), as well as by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee or other official representative of the host state. The official opening of the games (usually by the head of state) with the phrase: "(the serial number of the games) summer (winter) Olympic Games I declare open." After that, as a rule, a cannon volley and many volleys of salute and fireworks are fired.
raising the flag of Greece as the parent country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem (at the closing).
raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.
utterance by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics take place, Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about a fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sports and the Olympic spirit;
oath of impartial refereeing by several judges on behalf of all judges;
raising the Olympic flag and playing the official Olympic anthem.
sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth, which depicts a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition to stop all armed conflicts for the duration of the Games.
The opening ceremony is crowned by the lighting of the Olympic flame. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competitions on a special podium with the raising of state flags and the performance of the national anthem in honor of the winners.
During the closing ceremony, there is also a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, a speech by the President of the IOC and a representative of the host country. Olympic Charter- a document that sets out the fundamental principles of Olympism, the rules adopted by the IOC.

The Olympic Charter has three objectives:

a constitutional document establishing the principles and values of Olympism;
the charter of the IOC;
regulation on the distribution of responsibilities between the International Olympic Committee, international federations, National Olympic Committees and Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games.

2. Methods of physical education. Their general systematics and characteristics of the main groups of methods

Methods of physical education are the ways to use exercise. IN physical education two groups of methods are used (Fig. 4): specific methods of physical education (characteristic only for the process of physical education) and general pedagogical methods of physical education (used in all cases of training and education).

Specific methods of physical education:

1) methods of strictly regulated exercise;

2) game method (use of exercises in a game form);

3) competitive method (use of exercises in competitive form).

With the help of these methods, specific tasks related to teaching the technique of performing physical exercises and educating physical qualities are solved.

General pedagogical methods methods of physical education:

1) verbal methods;

2) methods of visual influence.

None of the methods can be limited in the methodology of physical education as the best. Only the optimal combination of these methods in accordance with methodological principles can ensure the successful implementation of a complex of tasks of physical education.

Method of strictly regulated exercise. The main methodological direction in the process of physical education is the strict regulation of exercises. The essence of the methods of a strictly regulated exercise is that each exercise is performed in a strictly specified form and with a precisely determined load.

game method. In the system of physical education, the game is used to solve educational, health-improving and educational tasks.

Competitive method - it is a way of performing exercises in the form of competitions. The essence of the method lies in the use of competitions as a means of increasing the level of preparedness of those involved. A prerequisite The competitive method is the readiness of those involved to perform those exercises in which they must compete.

Verbal (verbal) and visualization methods (sensory methods.) Verbal and sensory methods involve the widespread use of words and information.

3. Means and methods of stimulation muscle mass and harmonization of the muscular composition of the morphostructure of the body.

Optimization of muscle volumes is derived to a decisive extent from the comprehensive development of motor abilities. At the same time, it naturally depends on the individual characteristics of the physique and other factors, in particular, on the characteristics of sports specialization.

firstly, in connection with ensuring the harmonious formation of the properties of the physique, especially if it is necessary to selectively influence certain parts of the muscular system, which, for various reasons, lag behind in their development;

secondly, when the increase and preservation of the achieved level of development of self-strength abilities is ensured, since it is largely due to the growth of muscle mass.

Although many physical exercises in one way or another contribute to an increase in muscle mass, if necessary, activate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, preference is given to strength exercises that are part of strength (athletic) gymnastics and weightlifting.

It is known that the synthesis of muscle proteins is, to a certain extent, directly proportional to their consumption (splitting, disintegration) during intense muscular work performed under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, an adequate means of stimulating muscle hypertrophy are strength exercises, characterized by significant weights, but not the ultimate intensity, which allows prolonging their impact through continuous serial repetitions.

The sets of exercises used to activate muscle hypertrophy are, of course, different at different stages of physical education. They include, depending on the predominant direction of influences, exercises with a general (generalized), regional and local coverage of the links of the muscular system. This approach to normalizing loads remains valid even when using predominantly local exercises, but the specific values of the loads must be varied, of course, in relation to the features of the functioning and structure of the exposed muscles. Strengthening the effectiveness of exercises that stimulate muscle hypertrophy is facilitated by a number of methodical methods, which increase the degree of summation of influences in the process of serial reproduction of exercises as they adapt to the usual load rate.

One of the most essential conditions for the effectiveness of exercises used to activate muscle growth is a properly balanced diet, which includes an increased amount of proteins, mainly of animal origin, the building material of muscle biosynthesis.

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes total weight bodies practically still have to be addressed in physical education. The best course of action in such situations (apart from pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is first of all to eliminate the incidental causes of undesirable deviations in body weight with the help of complete physical education and a correspondingly adjusted diet. To combat excess body fat, mainly long-term exercises of moderate intensity such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc. are recommended.

Ticket 29

1. National and universal values in the Olympic movement. Olympism is unity sports, culture and education. Principles of Olympism.

The main values of the modern Olympic movement, focusing on the ideas of humanism, were first formulated and substantiated by Pierre de Coubertin, who, as noted in the Olympic Charter, owns the concept of modern Olympism. Briefly they can be characterized as follows:

1. Olympian - a person who is characterized by:

holistic, harmonious development of physical, mental and spiritual (moral, aesthetic) qualities;
activity, purposefulness, focus on constant self-knowledge, self-improvement, achievements in their activities.

2. Behavior in sports, adequate to the Olympic principles and ideals:

not just participating in sports competitions, and the constant desire to improve their results, courage, will, perseverance for the maximum possible (taking into account their own capabilities) sports achievements, to victory over an opponent with strict observance of not only the rules, but also moral principles underlying fair play;
renunciation of the desire to win at any cost (at the expense of one's own health or causing damage to the opponent's health, through deceit, violence, dishonest refereeing, other inhumane actions).

3. Humanistic values of peace, friendship and mutual understanding: democracy, internationalism, equality of all people and peoples, enlightenment in the spirit of true patriotism, combined with mutual respect of nations, despite racial, religious and political differences.

The unity of sports and culture is not limited to the Olympic Games, only to the elite of sports and art. Among other fundamental principles, the Olympic Charter names the connection of sport with education, which affects millions of sports fans, and above all, the younger generation. In organic unity with education, there is Olympic education. Pierre de Coubertin duly appreciated the potential of the Olympic movement in the pursuit of humanism, noting at the dawn of the revival of the Olympic Games that in the modern world, full of powerful opportunities and at the same time dangers, destructive destruction, the Olympic movement can become a school of education for nobility and moral purity, equally as well as physical endurance and strength.

Fundamental principles of Olympism:

1. Olympism is a philosophy of life that uplifts and unites in a balanced whole the dignity of the body, will and mind. Olympism, which combines sport with culture and education, seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, on the educational value of good example, and on respect for universal basic ethical principles.

2. The purpose of Olympism is to place sport everywhere at the service of the harmonious development of man in order to contribute to the creation of a peaceful society, concerned with the preservation of human dignity.

3. The Olympic Movement is a concentrated, organized, universal and permanent activity of all persons and organizations inspired by the values of Olympism, carried out under the leadership of the IOC. This activity covers five continents. Its pinnacle is the unification of athletes from all over the world at the great sports festival- Olympic Games. Its symbol is five intertwined rings.

4. Playing sports is one of the human rights. Everyone should be able to play sports without discrimination, in the spirit of Olympism, understanding, friendship, solidarity and fair play. The organization, management and management of sports must be controlled by independent sports organizations.

5. Any form of discrimination against a country or a person of a racial, religious, political nature, or on the basis of sex is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.

6. Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires mandatory compliance with the provisions of the Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC.

2. Methods of strict regulation of physical exercises used in teaching motor actions

Methods of teaching motor actions. These include:

1)holistic method(method of holistically constructive exercise);

2) dissected-constructive;

3) conjugate impact.

The method of holistically constructive exercise. Applicable at any stage of training. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motor action is mastered from the very beginning in its integral structure without dividing into separate parts. The holistic method allows you to learn structurally simple movements (for example, running, simple jumps, general developmental exercises, etc.).

Using a holistic method, it is possible to master individual details, elements or phases not in isolation, but in the overall structure of the movement, by focusing students' attention on the necessary parts of the technique. The disadvantage of this method is that in uncontrolled phases or details of the motor action (movement) it is possible to fix errors in the technique. Therefore, when mastering exercises with a complex structure, its use is undesirable. In this case, the split method is preferred.

Dissected-constructive method. Applies to early stages learning. It provides for the division of an integral motor action (mainly with a complex structure) into separate phases or elements with their sequential learning and subsequent connection into a single whole.

The disadvantage of the divided method lies in the fact that it is not always easy to combine the elements learned in isolation into a holistic motor action.

In the practice of physical education, holistic and dissected-constructive methods are often combined. First, they begin to learn the exercise holistically. Then they master the most difficult selected elements and finally return to the holistic performance.

The method of conjugated influence. It is mainly used in the process of improving the learned motor actions to improve their qualitative basis, i.e. effectiveness. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motor action is improved in conditions that require an increase in physical effort. For example, an athlete in training throws a weighted javelin or discus, long jump with a weighted belt, etc. In this case, both the technique of movement and physical abilities are improved at the same time.

When applying the conjugate method, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the technique of motor actions is not distorted and their integral structure is not violated.

3. Effective exercise regimens for reducing body fat

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes the total body weight, practically still has to be solved in physical education. It occurs with a general lack of motor activity, an excessive reduction in loads or the cessation regular classes physical exercises (due to various attendant circumstances, in particular injuries and diseases), unbalanced nutrition and in some other cases (when cutting weight to move to a less heavy weight category, to increase relative strength indicators, etc.). It is clear that The best way actions in such situations (not counting pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is primarily to eliminate the incidental causes of undesirable deviations in body weight with the help of full-fledged physical education and, accordingly, adjusted nutrition. At the same time, in physical education, the directed use of those factors that give an increased effect in this regard is of particular importance.

When evaluating the effectiveness of various types of physical exercises as factors for reducing body fat mass, they usually proceed primarily from their energy intensity, or calorimetric cost (the amount of energy spent during their performance, expressed in calories). It is well known that the greatest energy expenditures in the shortest time (per second) are characterized by exercises of extreme intensity, however, the total energy expenditures during their performance are relatively small (for example, they do not even reach 20 kcal directly during a 100-meter sprint), which limits them. impact on metabolic processes leading to a decrease in body fat mass. The total volume of energy consumption during the exercise, other things being equal, is the greater, the longer its duration.

The use of body fats as the main sources of energy occurs as the carbohydrate reserves in the body are depleted, which is usually observed when work is continuous, involving large muscle groups lasts quite a long time - at least 30 minutes. Even with a fairly significant one-time load, the expenditure of body fats is relatively small. For example, they range from 15-17 to 70 distances, respectively, in adults who do not go in for sports, with accelerated walking at 3.6 and 8 km (according to N. Zunz et al.).

Based on the foregoing, to combat excess body fat, mainly long-term exercises of moderate intensity such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc. are recommended.

At the same time, as general fitness develops, relatively high-intensity exercises, including exercises with weights, can serve as more and more effective means of eliminating excess body weight (moreover, which is especially important, while optimizing the ratio of its active and passive components). Of course, this is true provided that the total volume of energy consumption is brought to sufficiently large values (200-300 kcal / h and more) through multiple serial repetitions with strictly normalized rest intervals.

To get rid of significant fat deposits, a prolonged massive use of appropriately directed exercises is necessary with a gradual increase in the volume and intensity of the loads associated with them.

The basis of an effective regimen for the use of physical exercises to eliminate excess fat mass is a system of daily loads associated with such significant total energy expenditure that they exceed the energy intake from food for a certain time.

In Paris at Great Hall The Sorbonne met a commission to revive the Olympic Games. Baron Pierre de Coubertin became its general secretary. Then the International Olympic Committee (IOC) took shape, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens of different countries.

On April 6, 1896, at the restored ancient stadium in Athens, the Greek King George declared the first modern Olympic Games open. The opening ceremony was attended by 60 thousand spectators.

The date of the ceremony was not chosen by chance - on this day, Easter Monday coincided in three directions of Christianity at once - in Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism. This first opening ceremony of the Games established two Olympic traditions - the opening of the Games by the head of state where the competitions take place, and the singing of the Olympic anthem. However, such indispensable attributes modern Games, as the parade of the participating countries, the ceremony of lighting the Olympic flame and the recitation of the Olympic oath, was not; they were introduced later. Did not have Olympic Village, invited athletes provided themselves with housing.

Russian athletes were quite actively preparing for the Olympics, however, due to lack of funds, the Russian team was not sent to the Games.

As in ancient times, only men took part in the competitions of the first modern Olympiad.

The program of the first Games included nine sports - classical wrestling, cycling, gymnastics, Athletics, swimming, bullet shooting, tennis, weightlifting and fencing. 43 sets of awards were played.

According to ancient tradition, the Games began with athletics competitions.

Athletics competitions became the most massive - 63 athletes from 9 countries took part in 12 events. The largest number of species - 9 - was won by representatives of the United States.

The first Olympic champion was the American athlete James Connolly, who won the triple jump with a score of 13 meters 71 centimeters.

Wrestling competitions were held without uniform approved rules for wrestling, there were also no weight categories. The style in which the athletes competed was close to today's Greco-Roman, but it was allowed to grab an opponent by the legs. Only one set of medals was played among five athletes, and only two of them competed exclusively in wrestling - the rest took part in competitions in other disciplines.

The medals were played in four types, all heats were held in "freestyle" - it was allowed to swim in any way, changing it along the distance. At that time, the most popular swimming methods were breaststroke, overarm (an improved way of swimming on the side) and "trend-style". At the insistence of the organizers of the Games, the program also included applied view swimming - 100 meters in sailor's clothing. Only Greek sailors participated in it.

In cycling, six sets of medals were played - five on the track and one on the road. Track races were held at the Neo Faliron velodrome specially built for the Games.

In the competition for gymnastics eight sets of awards were played. The competitions were held on outdoors, at the Marble Stadium.

In shooting, five sets of awards were played - two in rifle shooting and three in pistol shooting.

Tennis competitions were held on the courts of the Athens Tennis Club. Two tournaments were held - in singles and doubles. At the 1896 Games, there was not yet a requirement that all team members represent one country, and some couples were international.

Weightlifting competitions were held without division into weight categories and included two disciplines: squeezing the ball bar with two hands and lifting the dumbbell with one hand.

In fencing, three sets of awards were played. Fencing has become the only kind sports, where professionals were also admitted: competitions were held separately among "maestro" - fencing teachers ("maestro" were also admitted to the 1900 Games, after which this practice ceased).

The culmination of the Olympic Games was the marathon. Unlike all subsequent Olympic competitions in marathon running, the length of the marathon distance at the Games of the I Olympiad was 40 kilometers. The classic length of a marathon distance is 42 kilometers 195 meters. The Greek postman Spyridon Louis finished first with a result of 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds, who became a national hero after this success. In addition to the Olympic awards, he received a gold cup, established by the French academician Michel Breal, who insisted on the inclusion of marathon running in the Games program, a barrel of wine, a voucher for free meals throughout the year, free tailoring of dresses and use of hairdresser services throughout life, 10 centners of chocolate, 10 cows and 30 sheep.

When and where did the Olympic Games appear? And who is the founder of the Olympic Games, you will learn from this article.

Brief History of the Olympic Games

The Olympic Games originated in Ancient Greece, because the athleticism inherent in the Greeks became the reason for the emergence of sports games. The founder of the Olympic Games is King Enomai, who organized sport games for those who wished to take his daughter Hippodamia as a wife. According to legend, he was predicted that his son-in-law would be the cause of death. Therefore, young people who won in certain competitions died. Only the cunning Pelops overtook Oenomaus in chariots. So much so that the king broke his neck and died. The prediction came true, and Pelops, becoming king, established every 4 years to organize the Olympic Games in Olympia.

It is believed that in Olympia, the place where the first Olympic Games were held, the first competitions took place in 776 BC. The name of that who was the first winner of the games in ancient Greece - Koreb from Elis, who won the race.

olympic games in ancient greece sports

For the first 13 games, the only sport in which the participants competed was running. Then there was the pentathlon. It included running, javelin throwing, long jump, discus throwing, wrestling. A little later, a chariot race and fisticuffs were added.

The modern program of the Olympic Games includes 7 winter and 28 summer species sports, that is, 15 and 41 disciplines, respectively. Everything depends on the season.

As soon as the Romans annexed Greece to Rome, the number of nationalities that could take part in the games increased. Gladiator fights have been added to the program of competitions. But in 394 AD, Emperor Theodosius I, an admirer of Christianity, canceled the Olympic Games, considering them entertainment for the pagans.

The Olympic Games have sunk into oblivion for as long as 15 centuries. The first who took a step towards the revival of forgotten competitions was the Benedictine monk Bernard de Montfaucon. He was interested in the history and culture of ancient Greece and insisted that excavations should be carried out in the place where the famous Olympia once stood.

In 1766, Richard Chandler found the ruins of unknown structures of antiquity near Mount Kronos. It was part of the temple wall. In 1824, Lord Stanhof, an archaeologist, began excavations on the banks of the Alpheus. In 1828, the baton of the excavations of Olympia was picked up by the French, and in 1875 by the Germans.

Pierre de Coubertin, the French statesman insisted that the Olympic Games should be restarted. And in 1896, the first revived Olympic Games were held in Athens, which are still popular today.

We hope that from this article you have learned where and when the Olympic Games originated.

First Games

It is not a secret to anyone that the first Olympic Games were held in Greece as early as 776 BC. The small village of Olympia was chosen as the venue for the competition. At that time, competitions were held in only one discipline, which was running at a distance of 189 meters. Interesting feature that distinguished the first Olympic Games in Greece was that only men could take part in them. At the same time, they competed without shoes and any clothes on themselves. Among other things, only one woman, whose name was Demeter, received the right to observe the course of the competition.

History of the Olympics

The first Olympic Games were a great success, so the tradition of holding them has been preserved for another 1168 years. Already at that time it was decided to hold such competitions every four years. A confirmation of their great authority is the fact that during the competition between states that were at war, a temporary peace treaty was always concluded. Each new Olympics has received many changes compared to what the first Olympics were like. First of all, we are talking about adding disciplines. At first it was running at other distances, and then long jumps, fisting, pentathlon, discus throwing, spears, darts and many others were added to it. The winners enjoyed such great respect that they even erected monuments in Greece. There were also difficulties. The most serious of these was the ban on the Games by Emperor Theodosius I in 394 AD. The fact is that he considered this kind of competition pagan entertainment. And 128 years later, a very strong earthquake happened in Greece, because of which the Games were forgotten for a long time.

rebirth

In the middle of the eighteenth century, the first attempts to revive the Olympics began. They began to come true about a hundred years later thanks to the French scientist Pierre de Coubertin. With the help of his compatriot - archaeologist Ernst Curtius - he, in fact, wrote new rules for such competitions. The first modern Olympic Games began on April 6, 1896 in the Greek capital. Representatives of 13 countries from all over the world took part in them. Russia, due to financial problems, did not send its athletes. Competitions were held in nine disciplines, among which were the following: gymnastics, shooting, athletics, weightlifting, wrestling, fencing, tennis, swimming and cycling. Public interest in the Games was colossal, a vivid confirmation of which is the presence at them, according to official figures, of spectators in the amount of more than 90 thousand people. In 1924, it was decided to divide the Olympics into winter and summer.

Failed competitions

It happened that the competitions were not held, despite the fact that they were planned. We are talking about the Berlin Games in 1916, the Olympics in Helsinki in 1940, as well as the London competitions in 1944. The reason for this is one and the same - in world wars. Now all Russians are looking forward to the first Olympic Games to be held in Russia. It will happen in Sochi in 2014.