Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism. Ten most extreme types of tourism New types of extreme tourism
We spend our days in constant hustle and bustle. After all, this is the only way we can survive, trying to keep up with the quickly escaping time. And the long-awaited vacation seems just a fabulous dream, which may not come true if another collapse at work suddenly happens.
So rest with such a rhythm should be worthwhile. Relaxing on the beach or active and expressive, the choice is yours. But the main thing to remember is that you need to restore all the forces spent during the year. So think over your holiday with special care.
If you want to get away from everyday life, forget about all the problems, in general, get into another world. What about extreme tourism? Yes, it was his: with a storm of emotions, risk and unforgettable impressions. You just look at the familiar world with different eyes, as you would not dare before.
An ordinary vacation will not open up so many new and unrealistic things for you. Learn to overcome difficult obstacles, discover hidden abilities in yourself that you didn’t know about before. Alas, but living in urban reality, we lose our dexterity, turning into robots, repeating the same work every day.
Types of extreme tourism
Now there are many types of extreme recreation: skydiving, diving, windsurfing, skiing, snowboarding, hiking, climbing and others. In general, extreme options are varied. And every day there are more and more. But before you go on a risky journey, you need to go through a small course of preparation.
The old-timers of extreme recreation are skiing and snowboarding. Rushing down steep slopes, inhaling the frosty air with your chest and feeling a surge of strength - that's what attracts lovers ski holidays .
Getting more and more popular diving. In order to indulge in this sport, you need to get a certificate from a diving school. Preparation is very important, because you can face critical situations, and after completing the training course, you will be absolutely calm. And where do diving enthusiasts go? The most popular places today are Egypt, Thailand, because they are washed by warm seas with beautiful inhabitants and coral reefs. Mysterious and alluring water world has always attracted many travelers.
For class rafting you need to find turbulent rivers and a team of like-minded people. Many specially go in search of such rivers, not knowing the exact route. Of today's types of extreme water recreation, windsurfing and just surfing are also popular. They differ in the type of board, in windsurfing a board with a sail and stabilizer fins is used, and in surfing just an oval-shaped board. Floating on the waves, you will feel lightness and a sense of long-awaited freedom.
For those who prefer hiking or, in other words, trekking, there are many fascinating and beautiful routes, though you will have to spend a lot of effort, because crossing a river or hiking in the mountains is a difficult test. As an alternative to hiking, there are cycling, dangerous mountaineering and cave trips.
Speleotourism is a journey through natural caves. Traveling through naturally occurring caves involves a lot of risk. First of all, you need to find an experienced guide who will know the main entrances and exits of the cave.
Of the recently appeared exotic types of extreme recreation, the most famous are trips to the north and south poles. All more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and see northern animals.
Ethnotourism also belongs to the category of extreme - to visit the jungles of the Amazon or learn the life of African tribes - an activity not for the faint of heart. Often the conductor local who knows all the nearby places, the language of the local population, customs and traditions. And travelers, taking a map and a compass with them, are laying new roads and paths, plunging further and further into tropical forests or African savannahs.
A space flight- this is the most expensive type of extreme recreation. See the human world from space, enjoy the beauties of the earth and feel the unusual weightlessness.
So, we can say that extreme tourism is an expensive type of recreation that attracts more and more people. All over the world, more and more new types of extreme sports are constantly being invented, as well as already known ones are being developed and improved. For example, well-known Skydiving from an airplane can now be done the same way from bridges, skyscrapers, rocks.
To extreme types of recreation, some include backpacking- travel light and with a minimum of money in your pocket.
On the territory of Russia, one of the promising places for tourism in extreme conditions are Altai, Kamchatka, Krasnodar Krai, Sakhalin.
Remember that whatever your vacation is: passive, active, emotional, adventurous, quiet or full of adventures and unexpected meetings, always get a surge of strength, emotions, unforgettable impressions from it.
Just allow yourself to forget the routine of everyday life and believe that after the rest you will immerse yourself in your work with great pleasure, because new yet unknown journeys will await you. Do not stop at one type of recreation, experiment, try the most unusual species extreme. Discover new places, traditions and customs of other nations.
In the previous article, we determined what has the objective function to test yourself in extreme conditions and get a charge of vivacity. As a rule, this is associated with a real risk to health, and possibly life, which requires a serious attitude to the choice of tourist equipment, compliance with safety measures and good physical shape. It is also important to know your business, well, for the sake of what all this was started.
Most extreme sports enthusiasts do this in order to prove to themselves and to the whole world that human possibilities are endless. There is a group of people who do this to diversify the routine of life, and then the mediocre office worker transforms into a bold and romantic man. Many are addicted to the adrenaline rush that occurs during an approaching danger. But one thing is certain - at all times there were people who challenged human capabilities, on the verge of life and death.Especially, the younger generation is tempted to get adrenaline, which invents more and more extreme types of outdoor activities.
TO extreme sports the following can be counted:
- freeride (backcountry, heliboarding, snowmotoboarding);
Alpine skiing, telemark (outside prepared slopes);
- wakeboarding;
- skateboarding;
- sandboarding; 
- Skydiving;
- hang gliding;
- paragliding;
- flights on airplanes and gliders with the performance of aerobatics;
- kiting (kitesurfing, kiteboarding, winter kiting);
- windsurfing;
- diving;
- survival tours;
- canyoning;
- Via Ferrata or recreational climbing;
- rafting on mountain rivers in kayaks, kayaks, catamarans or rafts;
- flights on military helicopters and airplanes, combat firing at military ranges, tank firing as part of the crew.
We can immediately say that they belong to an elite form of recreation, since not many people can afford to pay for the services of transferring to a helicopter or live shooting at a training ground. Even when rafting on mountain rivers, a lot of money will have to be spent on personal equipment, not to mention the cost of rafting and transportation costs. It is not worth saving on the quality of personal or group equipment, because it is associated with a risk to life, and safety in such a matter should come first.
Some people just can't sit still. They do not like to spend their holidays just lying on the beach and only occasionally dipping into the sea or into the pool. If you are one of them, if the idea of traveling to low Earth orbit appeals to you, if you would not hesitate to jump with a bungee cord from the roof of a giant building, then our tips will appeal to you. Especially for you, we have compiled a selection of the ten most extreme species active tourism.
dragster racing
If you feel a strong adrenaline rush watching the movie "Fast and the Furious", then imagine what feelings you will experience when you try out real racing. Of course, you should not engage in illegal racing on the streets of cities. This is extremely dangerous and threatens with liability before the law. You have a more attractive alternative. In many countries of the world, there are completely legal drag racing clubs and schools in which beginners will be taught all the tricks of dangerous skill. For example, Doug Foley's Drag Racing School (USA) offers everyone a two-day program that includes learning the basics of safety and car design. After completing the course, you can immediately try yourself as a racer on a specially equipped track.
Gorilla safari
Do you feel like coming face to face with some of the most dangerous creatures on our planet? Unfortunately, it is not so easy now. There are no more than 700 mountain gorillas left in the world, but Rwanda's Walkenose National Park is still the best place to see them.
Safe Alternative: If you're serious about encountering mountain gorillas in person, check out Monkey Mountain in France. Here, in conditions close to natural, 280 Barbary macaques live. But from here a measure of caution will be needed! Macaques strive to snatch food right from the hands of tourists.
gel skiing
If you are a skilled skier with an irresistible adrenaline craving, feel free to hop into a helicopter that will take you to the top of a high mountain. The ascent has now become no less exciting than the descent. Untouched slopes and the lonely grandeur of the nature of the mountains will appear before your eyes. From a height, you will be able to assess the complexity of the route and think over the route of descent in advance.
Mountaineering
The dream of climbing Mount Everest never leaves the mind of a real climber. Such an undertaking is always associated with risk: the so-called "death zone" on Everest claims the lives of several climbers every year. And even if you are really an experienced climber and are not afraid to challenge the largest mountain peak in the world, then organizing an expedition will cost you no less than 60 thousand dollars. And, of course, no one will guarantee you that you will reach the top.
Safe Alternative: If you want to see Everest but don't want to risk your life climbing it, you can visit one of the mountain camps located on its slopes for much less money.
Sandboarding
If you're tired of snowboarding, or if you just can't wait for the season to start, take your board, but don't go to a snowy slope, but to where there are sand dunes. Sandboarding is an extreme sport available at any time of the year. In recent years, he has gained great popularity among snowboarders. Of course, you can try yourself in this sport on the local beach, but for real sand dunes you will have to go to more distant places.
Shark diving
If the movie "Jaws" did not instill in you an eternal fear of water, then pack your things and go to South Africa. Apex Shark Expeditions organizes shark diving from November to June.
space tourism
While an ordinary vacation can only take you out of the circle of your work routine, the American company Space Adventures invites you to escape the limits of gravity and visit the Earth orbit. The pleasure will cost you $25 million. However, Virgin Galactic will soon offer a cheaper alternative. Virgin's orbital flight will cost "only" $200,000.
Speleology
Rope down a limestone cliff, climb into a cave full of phosphorescent worms, jump from an underground waterfall. It can all be done in the Ruakiri Caves in New Zealand. The 5 hour cave tour is probably the best on the island.
Feel like a stuntman
For most people, the work of Hollywood stuntmen seems too dangerous. But how interesting it is to be in the shoes of a real stuntman for just a couple of days! In Thrillseekers Unlimited (Las Vegas), you will be offered to jump off the roof of a high-rise building with an elastic cable, experience how a person feels, whose clothes are on fire, and, finally, take part in a real movie brawl.
Visit to the site of the sinking of the Titanic
You no longer need to be a professional diver to visit the site of the sinking of the Titanic. The Canadian company The Great Canadian Adventure Company offers excursions on the Russian research vessel "Akademik Keldysh", equipped with the most modern diving equipment in the world. The price of the tour is high - about 40 thousand dollars. But real fans are willing to pay so much.
2.3. Mountain types of extreme tourism
Mountaineering - considered one of the most extreme types of recreation. As a rule, mountaineering is practiced mainly in summer, but for thrill-seekers it can be done in winter as well. Complex
weather conditions and avalanches only add to the thrill of the journey.
One of the main problems of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is a small number of experienced instructors. And they are necessary for climbing amateur climbers. Basically, there are few mountaineering instructors due to low wages. And by the way, it is not uncommon to meet a Russian instructor abroad.
Alpine skiing and snowboarding. Alpine skiing is one of the oldest types of outdoor activities. But, despite this, every year the number of people who want to go skiing only increases. In addition, now the ski service is much more diverse than 10 years ago. Almost every ski resort has slopes for both professionals and beginners.
Snowboarding - descent through the snow from the mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. Compared with skiing it is a more aggressive, active and extreme look. In Russia, snowboarding received mass recognition in the 90s. Now in Russia you can buy a variety of equipment from the world's leading manufacturers, as well as get skating lessons from experienced instructors.
Freeride - These are off-piste slopes. The possibility of avalanches, difficulties in orienteering and other mountain hazards limit the capabilities of advanced riders. To one of the best places for off-piste skiing in the world, many include Krasnaya Polyana and Dombay (Caucasus).
2.4. Air types of extreme tourism
Classic skydiving. It includes 2 types: jumps for accuracy of landing and a complex of figures in free fall.
group acrobatics consists of the fact that paratroopers line up different figures from maximum number. The number of skydivers in a team is 4 and 8. There are also teams of 16 athletes. Usually those figures that should appear are announced in advance (for example, "star").
Dome acrobatics consists in building formations from the canopies of opened parachutes. It is very different from other species. parachuting, because work on the result goes before the opening of the parachute itself. When performing figures, skydivers come into contact with the parachutes of other athletes, so blockages often occur. Therefore, this requires special equipment. Domes must be stable and well loaded. After all the figures are built, the most dangerous part of the exercise comes, this is when the paratroopers must separate from each other and make a landing approach. If the domes are caught on each other, then
even actuating the canopy release locks may not help, and the canopy will not move. Opening the reserve parachute in such a situation is quite dangerous. This makes dome acrobatics one of the most risky types of skydiving.
Freestyle - one of the youngest types of skydiving. When a skydiver is in free fall, his task is to beautifully display complex elements. Working out and training these figures on the ground requires special equipment, which is not available at every drop zone. A small amount of equipment is the main reason for the underdevelopment of freestyle in Russia.
Skysurfing - this is ski jumping to perform various figures in free fall. In Russia, skysurfing appeared relatively recently and immediately became popular. The aerodynamics of a skier is very different from a simple free fall, so ski jumping is practically a different sport. All elements are carried out in a state of free fall.
B. A. S. E. jumping- e then one of the most dangerous species sports even against the backdrop of extreme ones. The base jumper does not require an airplane or other flying equipment. He manages with an ordinary elevator, and often with his own legs and arms, plus climbing equipment. Beiser climbs onto the roof of a high-rise building, mountain or rock, TV tower and jumps down. In Russia, there are very few firms specializing in this type of active rest.
Such types of recreation as ballooning and hang-gliding are very popular.
hang gliding is one of the world's fastest growing sports. Today, there are about 90,000 hang gliders around the world, plus about a thousand new hang glider pilots take to the skies every year. Today's aircraft are incredibly stable, durable, and flying on them can only be limited by weather conditions and the experience of the pilot himself.
2.5. Exotic types of extreme tourism.
Space tourism - this is the most expensive and most exotic type of extreme tourism - a trip to the Earth's orbit. While space tourists can be counted on the fingers - this is the American millionaire Denis Tito and South African citizen Mark Shuttleworth. The first week's stay at the International Space Station cost $12 million, the second - $14 million. Later, the lead singer of the N "Sync group, Lance Bass, was preparing for the launch on the ISS, but due to lack of funding, his launch did not take place. However, in " Rosaviakosmos claim that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space travel from any citizen of the Earth. But after the well-known crash of the Shuttle, sending tourists into space stopped for an indefinite period.
Kitesurfing. A person standing on a board accelerates with the help of a kite, the rope from which he holds in his hands. A mandatory and perhaps the only condition is the wind. You can go in for kitesurfing in the fields, in the mountains and on flat terrain, and it is considered the most chic to ride a board on ponds covered with ice crust and covered with snow. And the channels of rivers or lakes are perhaps the most windy places. Amazing all-weather versatility allows you to use kites in winter and summer. The kite allows you to reach speeds that are more than twice the speed of the wind. Really achievable speed is 60-70 km/h.
jailoo tourism is also one of the most exotic and extreme types of tourism. It lies in the fact that the tourist lives in a primitive tribe with all the charms of a nomadic life. This type of tourism is developing very well in the pastures of Kyrgyzstan. It is offered to sleep right on the floor of the shepherd's yurt, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and koumiss, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures.
Tourism to the North and South Poles. More recently, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have begun. A lot of people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and look at exotic animals. And the Arctic and Antarctic are the most ecologically clean places on Earth.
Travel to exotic places of the planet. For example, you can go to Chernobyl or take a trip through the virgin jungle. In Chernobyl, you can watch an eerie picture: an extinct city, concrete slabs covered with tall grass and wild nature. New plants appeared in the zone and practically extinct animals revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes and gray wolves live here. And in the wild jungle, the tourist literally merges with nature, having renounced the entire civilized world.
So, having considered the main types of extreme tourism, we can observe a great variety in its directions. Some types of tourism were born from classic sports (skiing, cycling, etc.), others are completely original categories of tourism. Every day there are more and more extreme entertainments, as human imagination and the desire to test oneself for strength are limitless, and technological progress helps in this.
Psychological characteristics of people involved in extreme tourism.
Psychology of extreme situations.
Recently, interest has grown in the problem of psychological preparation of a person for action in extreme situations. This is the reason for the increased attention to the mental state of athletes, which requires psychotherapeutic and psychoprophylactic work.
Extreme situations include: cold, heat, thunderstorms, precipitation, earthquakes, fires, forest fires, avalanches, floods, storms, rock falls, landslides, landslides, thin ice, solar radiation, biological hazards.
Participation in extreme tours is accompanied by mental and emotional stress. Such situations can often bring not only pleasure, but also lead to overstrain and breakdown of the higher nervous system. The situation becomes stressful. Because of all this, some extreme tourists develop neurotic disorders.
Under these circumstances, the mental preparation of an extreme tourist is one of the most important medical activities in tourism. It determines the ability to carry out high-quality mental activity while maintaining the optimal level of psycho-emotional stress, physical and mental health, regardless of external conditions and adverse factors.
Engaging in extreme types of tourism allows us to consider this activity as a natural model of emotional stress, and its study is of practical interest in solving the problem of adaptation, behavioral disorders and prevention of mental health disorders.
Psychology of people's behavior in emergency situations.
Certain conditions in which a person may find himself cause a state of psychological and emotional tension in him. For some, this causes the mobilization of all internal resources, while for others it causes a decrease in working capacity, deterioration in health, physiological and psychological stress phenomena. It depends mainly on the individual characteristics of a person, working conditions and upbringing and understanding of the degree of danger.
The psychological state of a person and moral hardening plays a decisive role in all extreme conditions and difficult situations. They determine readiness for conscious, confident and prudent actions at any critical moments.
Psychological readiness.
Extreme situations require high moral and psychological stamina, endurance and determination and readiness to help the victims.
The heavy picture of destruction and devastation, the immediate threat to life negatively affects the human psyche. In some cases, they can disrupt the process of normal thinking, weaken or completely eliminate self-control, which leads to unjustified and unpredictable actions. As a rule, overcoming fear is facilitated, first of all, by a sense of personal responsibility, awareness of the significance of the work that is being done. Danger and risk to health, the importance of the work performed - all this raises the significance of what is done in their own eyes and in the opinion of society as a whole.
Psychologically unprepared, unhardened people have a feeling of fear and a desire to escape from a dangerous place, while others have a psychological shock accompanied by muscle numbness. At this moment, the process of normal thinking is disrupted, the control of consciousness over feelings and will is weakened or completely lost. Nervous processes (excitation or inhibition) manifest themselves in different ways. For example, some pupils dilate - they say, "fear has large eyes", breathing is disturbed, the heartbeat begins "the heart is ready to burst out of the chest", spasms of peripheral blood vessels - "turned white as chalk", cold sweat appears, muscles weaken - "hands dropped or the knees buckled", the timbre of the voice changes, and sometimes the gift of speech is lost. There are even cases of death due to sudden fear.
Contrary to popular belief, we should not - and cannot - avoid stress. But we can use it and enjoy it if we get to know the mechanism better and develop an appropriate philosophy of life.
Optimal stress level.
Favor and gratitude, as well as their antipodes - hatred and a thirst for revenge - more than all other feelings are responsible for the presence or absence of harmful stress (distress) in human relationships.
Strong positive or negative feelings are closely related to conditioned reflexes, which were first studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Unlike innate unconditioned reactions, conditioned reflexes are acquired as a result of repeated combinations and learning. We experience the need to avoid everything that causes negative emotions or leads to punishment, and we learn those forms of behavior that bring encouragement and reward, that is, cause positive feelings. At the cellular level, learning depends mainly on chemical conditioning and is reduced to the production of protective substances such as hormones or antibodies and the modification of their action with other chemical compounds (for example, nutrients). We have seen many times that short-term stress can lead to gains and losses. They lend themselves to accurate accounting, it is possible to objectively measure the signs of physiological resistance. When the whole body is subjected to short-term intense stress, the result is either beneficial (as in shock therapy) or harmful (as in a state of shock). When only a part of the body is stressed, the result can be increased local resistance (adaptation, inflammation) or tissue death, depending on the circumstances. The response to a stressor is regulated in the body by a system of opposing forces, such as corticoids, which either promote or suppress inflammation, and nerve impulses, which release adrenaline or acetylcholine. We have also learned to distinguish syntoxic compounds from catatoxic ones, which are signals - to endure or attack. There is a stereotyped physical model of the response to stress, regardless of its cause. The outcome of interaction with the environment depends as much on our reactions to the stressor as on the nature of the stressor. It is necessary to make a reasonable choice: either accept the challenge and resist, or give in and submit. We have discussed at some length the medical aspects of the complex relationship between the chemical stimuli to which we are exposed and the body's responses to those stimuli. Mental stress caused by relationships between people, as well as their position in society, is regulated by a remarkably similar mechanism. At some point there is a conflict of interest - a stressor; then there are balanced impulses - orders to resist or endure. The body's involuntary biochemical reactions to stress are governed by the same laws that govern voluntary interpersonal behavior.
Thus, we come to the conclusion that any person who wants to engage in any kind of extreme tourism must be psychologically prepared. On the one hand, tempering of character occurs naturally - after all, most people involved in extreme tourism are professional athletes. The formation of their character, skills, behavior patterns occurs from childhood, when they begin to go to certain sports sections. For them, it really is a way of life.
But it also happens that an ordinary person at a certain stage of life wants to test himself for strength, assert himself or just get a new interesting experience. In such cases, preparation is necessary, both physical and psychological. For this, there are special training centers, extreme clubs.
Any person should understand the risk that accompanies such hobbies and should be fully aware of what they are doing. Therefore, the training must be professional and comprehensive in order to exclude dangerous moments for the health and life of an extreme tourist or to help cope with any difficulties.
Geography of distribution of types of extreme tourism.
The geography of extreme tourism is very rich and diverse.
In all countries of the world, tourists looking for thrills will find something to their liking.
For example, in New Zealand, which in general is the birthplace of numerous types of extreme tourism, local residents claim that they invented rafting many years ago.
Many factors contributed to the emergence of extreme sports in New Zealand. The country is not particularly rich in historical and architectural monuments, but it has the most magnificent nature and conditions (a lot of caves, protected areas, high mountains and stormy rivers). New Zealanders are very imaginative and creative in the field of extreme tourism. To attract tourists, they come up with and complicate various attractions. For example, if we consider diving, many experts believe that the most interesting place for it is the Bay of Islands - on the northern island of New Zealand. There are magnificent coral reefs and in one place called Port Gore you can even see a whole cemetery of sunken ships, and moving around it is sometimes very dangerous. For example, one of the sunken ships here is the cruise ship Mikhail Lermontov. Many divers say that the souls of the dead sometimes appear in these places. And also for fans of extreme sports, there is such an opportunity as climbing into a special cage and descending to a depth where they can meet with real white sharks, which are one of the most dangerous predators in the world.
The famous "Bungee", which is also called Bungy Jumping, was also invented in New Zealand. Jumping from a TV tower or a bridge upside down is the best way to release adrenaline. More recently, special extreme athletes have been offered jumps from helicopters or in a canyon, in which the height is up to 400m. And some specialized travel agencies arrange such jumps even into the mouth of volcanoes, well, of course, they are no longer active.
One of newest species extreme is a water bug. A man in a helmet and in a life jacket lies down on the board and rushes into a stormy river. The athlete flies over rapids and rapids, clinging to a rescue board.
Jetboat is also one of the extreme sports in New Zealand. This is rafting on metal boats on calm rivers, and the extreme itself lies in the fact that this boat is equipped with a powerful engine, which allows you to quickly spin in place, swim against the current and write out various pirouettes at high speed.
Traveling through the caves (Caring) - the New Zealanders also managed to complicate. Now tourists do not just move around the caves, but have the opportunity to do it with the help of canoes or inflatable rafts along underground rivers or lakes and admire stalactites and stalagmites from the water.
New Zealanders and karting did not bypass. They replaced the small wheels of cars with huge tires that allow you to overcome large bumps, pits and sometimes even rivers.
In New Zealand, in the center of Auckland, there is an extreme attraction called the Slingshot. This is the so-called "catapult chair". Two people are put in this chair, fastened, and then they press a button. The chair flies into the sky, turns over several times, and then gently lands on the ground.
Zorb is one of the newest types of recreation. These are two huge plastic balls (one is slightly smaller than the other and is inside). A person is placed inside this ball, his arms, legs and belt are fastened, and then the ball is dropped from the mountain and he flies at a breakneck speed, jumping over bumps.
The Americans are also not far behind, in the USA there is such a type of extreme tourism as tornado hunting. The task of this hunt is that the tourist must drive as close as possible to the tornado and photograph it point-blank. This is very mesmerizing, because. A tornado or tornado is one of the most dangerous natural phenomena. In the United States, most tornadoes and tornadoes occur in areas such as Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. In these places, the months from April to June are especially dangerous. But the most extreme hunting for tornadoes is hunting in a thunderstorm and in pitch darkness at night. Tour operators are also engaged in this adventure, only for such a dangerous extreme you should choose a reliable and trusted tour operator.
Travel agencies in Rio de Janeiro offer guests to get acquainted with the dark side of the city. They give tours and meetings with gangsters from local gangs. This adventure is very dangerous for tourists and the local authorities question this kind of gang walking because it is very unsafe. One of these travel agencies was accused of idealizing criminal activity, to which the owner of the organization replied that the government was to blame for the criminogenic situation in the city.
In Las Vegas, there is a very extreme attraction called the Big Shot. Here tourists are shot as if from a cannon, this allows you to make compressed air. The tourist flies up to a height of 160 feet for a few seconds.
In Thailand, thrill-seeking tourists can enjoy a motto taxi. Thai moto taxi drivers at a very fast speed, sliding between cars and violating the rules, will take a tourist anywhere in the city. The main thing for a tourist is not to forget to wear a helmet.
Mexico is not far behind. In Mexican Acapulco, water parachuting is not badly developed. Tourists can experience a sea of adrenaline and at the same time admire the local beauties.
In Spain, the encierro bull races have become very popular. Many people come here for this interesting and life-threatening adventure. The tourist runs away from the angry bull through the narrow streets. He gets a sea of adrenaline risking his life every second.
In South Africa, not far from Dyer Island, as well as in New Zealand, such an unforgettable and no less dangerous extreme adventure as diving among white sharks has become the most popular. A person is put in a special cage and lowered into the water, and the sharks, in turn, try to get their prey.
In Russia, they came up with such an extreme journey as flying on a Mig-29 jet plane. This is not a very cheap pleasure, but a tourist can feel almost like an astronaut. He is lifted to a height of 25 kilometers, where he can observe the Earth from the stratosphere, dark space and the bright sun.
And some travel agencies in Russia offer tourists trips to abandoned cities in the areas of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Many experts say that this is a completely safe trip for health, but still I think you need to purchase special equipment to make the trip 100% safe. This trip is very popular among Europeans.
In the Perm Territory, the first track for SUVs has recently appeared, which meets all international standards. This "wonder track" was opened by the company "Dilos-Extreme". A track for snowmobiles and ATVs has been opened in Demidkovo. The opening of this facility is not only a big step towards safe recreation on extreme equipment, but also a great contribution to tourism in the Perm Territory.
Active types of recreation are gaining more and more popularity among ordinary tourists. Diving, one of the most exciting and extreme types, has become especially popular. Skydivers and skiers have to make room - the number of divers around the world is growing rapidly. Paying attention to the numbers, it becomes clear: the spread of diving is comparable only to an epidemic. Today there are almost 20,000,000 certified recreational divers in the world, and 40 years ago there were several hundred. Also, now all over the world skydiving is very popular. Skydiving began more than half a century ago, but it only became widespread about 15 years ago. Now there are many options for skydiving. This is skysurfing and group acrobatics, but BASE jumping is gaining more and more popularity. It is not only a thrill, but also a magnificent sight. Many people specially come to various competitions to watch people jump from skyscrapers, TV towers, bridges, rocks. If someone does not like diving under water or jumping from great heights, then you can try windsurfing, which is also a popular type of recreation. But here it is worth considering that this pleasure is associated with constant falls into the water, and the real possibility of drowning in the sea waves, as well as the inevitable calluses on the hands. But testing yourself in rafting on stormy mountain rivers will definitely be remembered for a long time.
In general, extreme tourism is one of the most promising types of tourism, which attracts more and more people. New places for outdoor activities appear, both artificial, such as ski resorts, and places created by nature that people did not know about before, for example, caves. And the fact that this type of tourism is actively developing can be seen at least from the fact that more and more of its types are appearing.
MAIN TYPES OF EXTREME TOURISM
Extreme tourism is one of the most promising types of tourism, which attracts more and more people.
Active include various adventure tours, adventure travel, visits to exotic places, volcanoes, islands, waterfalls, and the like. Usually this is a non-standard tour to exotic and ecologically clean natural reservations, associated with unusual travel, non-traditional means of transportation. In some cases, such a tour is associated with risk and serious physical exertion, it requires courage and skills. Popular ski holidays - participation involves a certain physical training and skills of the participants. Such tourism is close to sports tourism, however, the routes are better prepared and the conditions are much more comfortable, the risk is minimized by providing guides, intermediate camps, and tourist equipment.
A feature of extreme tourism is its sporting nature and participation in it of the youth age category.
Ski tourism is perhaps the most developed of all types of extreme tourism. We have enough high level ski resorts. And although they are significantly inferior to their counterparts, for example, in European countries, our middle-income tourists enjoy visiting resorts.
During a stay in the highlands, snow blindness may occur. Snow blindness occurs as a result of sunburn of the mucous membrane of the eye and retina, caused by bright sunlight, which is reflected by snow, ice or water surface.
With snow blindness, severe lacrimation, photophobia, and redness of the eyes occur. In severe cases, temporary loss of vision is possible.
To prevent snow glare, you should use glasses with glass that absorb 50-70% of the light.
With the development of symptoms, a dark bandage over the eyes, cold compresses, eye rinsing with a 2-4% solution of boric acid is necessary. If vision is not restored, the patient should be evacuated to the hospital.
The variety of types of extreme tourism in our time is simply amazing. Everyone comes up with something especially new, just to attract tourists and just thrill-seekers. It seems that a person simply competes with nature: he overcomes mountain rivers, visits dangerous caves, conquered the waters of the oceans and seas, learns about the sky with the help of various instruments, and can take off into space for several days. And most importantly, all this is combined in only one desire: incredible pleasure.
From time immemorial, everyone has been attracted by something new, unknown, and some are ready to spend a lot of money just to feel this famous acute feeling.
Extreme tourism is gaining momentum in its development every year. Therefore, now we can distinguish the main types of extreme tourism, which are discussed below.
WATER AND AIR EXTREME TOURISM
Water types of extreme tourism. Diving is scuba diving in search of underwater beauties and amazing things.
Wakeboarding is a combination of water skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding and surfing. The boat is towing a raider standing on a short wide board. Moving at a speed of 30-40 km / h with additional ballast on board, the boat leaves behind a wave that the raider uses as a springboard. In the jump, you can perform many different tricks.
Wakeboarding requires a specialized boat, but such boats are expensive. So, in our country this type of recreation is almost not developed because of its high cost.
Water skiing is one of the most famous outdoor activities. This is a worthy replacement for mountain and cross-country skiing. Water skiing requires water skis, a life jacket, gloves and a wetsuit.
Water skiing is currently actively practiced on the Black Sea coast.
A windsurfer is an oval carbon fiber board with a rigid surface for stability, stabilizer fins on the underside, and a small sail attached to the board. Surfing is the same only without a sail. Actually windsurfing comes from surfing. With a good wind, you can develop a speed of 10-12 m / s (the record for today is more than 70 km / h.).
Kayaking is insanely popular abroad and is gaining popularity. This sport of singles, although devoid of team spirit, however, provides an opportunity to challenge the elements and stay with her one on one.
In modern kayaking, three main directions are developing - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.
Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver a kayak by feeling the boat and the water.
Rodeo, unlike slalom, is not only a virtuoso technique, but also an element of the game. Freestyle kayak is the performance of various tricks on a boat due to the peculiarities of the river relief.
On a kayak, you can go on a water trip along the river of any complexity, or play rafting on a small stretch of a mountain river, choosing individual obstacles in the form of barrels, ramparts and waterfalls and passing them lightly. Naturally, in order to feel confident during rafting, you need to know basic technique slalom and rodeo.
Equipment. The kayaker's equipment includes: a boat, a helmet, a life jacket, a skirt (prevents water from entering the boat), rubber slippers and a paddle.
Rafting is a fascinating descent down a mountain river in a canoe or special rafts. Rafting is one of the most popular tours, completely safe even for the youngest tourists. IN last years it is of such great interest on the part of connoisseurs of extreme recreation that most of the mountain rivers suitable for this tourism have been mastered by professionals who now offer rafting tours to almost anywhere in the world.
Raft tours are mainly: day or half day trips and multi-day trips. During the latter, tourists enter the remote corners of the mountains with untouched nature, set up camp as they pass the river and explore the wild surroundings around the campsites.
Air types of extreme tourism. Parachuting. Classical skydiving includes two exercises: the first is jumping for precision landing. The challenge is to hit a 3 cm target. Previously, with round domes, the target was large (circle, 100 meters in diameter), and a deflection of 80 meters was a good enough result. With the improvement of technology, the target decreased in size. After the appearance of the UT-15 slotted dome, the target began to have a size of 10 cm, and after the invention of the domes, the "planning shell" of the target took on dimensions that exist today. Now, to win the competition, you need to show a series of results with a deviation of 0 centimeters.
The second exercise is a complex of figures in free fall. A fairly conservative sport: the complex of figures itself will not change for many years. Requires honed skill and constancy in the results.
Group acrobatics. This discipline aims to build the maximum number of different figures by a team of several skydivers. The classic number of skydivers in a team is 4 and 8. There are also teams of 16 athletes. The main figures for construction, of course, are announced in advance, but the names of these figures give some idea of how they will look like a "glass", "star" and others. A team of four can build about 30 figures in free fall time.
Dome acrobatics - consists in building formations from the canopies of opened parachutes. In this it is fundamentally different from other types of parachuting, where work on the result goes on before the parachute opens (except for jumps for precision landing).
When performing figures of dome acrobatics, paratroopers come into direct contact with the parachutes of other athletes, and blockages often occur. Therefore, skydivers involved in dome acrobatics need special equipment. Canopies must be stable, well loaded, and capable of precise speed control.
Freestyle is a relatively young type of skydiving, which arose about 10 years ago. It consists in showing the athlete various figures in free fall. The beauty, complexity of the elements performed by the skydiver, as well as the skill of the air operator who shoots the athlete in the air are evaluated here. 
Practicing figures on the ground requires special equipment, which is not available in every drop zone, and this, as well as the lack of sufficient information about freestyle, hinders the development of this type.
Skysurfing is ski jumping with the performance of various figures in free fall. The aerodynamics of a skier is very different from a simple free fall, so ski jumping is considered almost a different sport. Since all elements are performed in a free fall state, an air operator is needed to evaluate the jump, so that based on the video recording made by this operator, the jury members can give their marks. Thus, the team consists of two members - an athlete-skier and a sports operator. Only the first 50 seconds of the jump video will count. The skill and artistry of the performance of the figures, as well as the quality of the operator's work, are evaluated.
B. AS E. jumping. A base jumper does not need an airplane or other equipment to do what he loves - skydiving, he flies. It manages with an ordinary elevator, and often with my own hands and feet plus climbing equipment.
An athlete-beyser climbs onto the roof of a building, preferably a skyscraper, or some TV tower, mountain or rock, and jumps down. Even enthusiasts of this sport say that this is one of the most dangerous sports, even against the backdrop of extreme ones.
Such types of outdoor activities as ballooning and hang gliding are also popular. The range of a hot air balloon depends on the strength of the wind. Balloons rise to a height of up to 1000 m. The landing site depends entirely on weather conditions.
Hang gliding is one of the world famous sports that are rapidly developing. The devices are now incredibly resistant, durable, and flying on them can only be limited by weather conditions and the experience of the pilot himself.
LAND AND MOUNTAIN EXTREME TOURISM
Terrestrial types of extreme tourism
Mountain biking is mountain biking. Competitions are also organized for non-professional mountain bikers.
Speleology is the study of caves. To engage in speleology, one must have serious training, not only physical, but also technical, as well as psychological. Caves are different, but in any case, the extraordinary beauty of the caves is fascinating. Lakes, bizarre curves, unusual light. If you are lucky, you can also find cave pearls (they are formed in baths with running water, but they are very rare).
Spelestology is an exciting mixture of tourism and science that studies man-made cavities. In the broad sense of the word, spelestology is the science of artificial underground structures. Spelestology is closely related to speleology, only speleologists are interested in penetrating into underground voids and rooms that are currently abandoned and of a certain historical interest: abandoned quarries, mines, conduits, wells, underground passages, underground temples and monasteries, and the like.
X-racing is when the same people are so well and universally prepared that they can climb rocks, ride a horse, raft in a kayak or raft through the rapids, race through the mountains on a bicycle and rappel under a waterfall. These people form teams and participate in competitions where their goal is to cover a distance of 300-400 kilometers as quickly as possible using their skills. This is called "multisport", or "extreme" (and more often even "adventure") racing.
More than 200 extreme races are held annually in the West. For example, the largest races are held in the UK, organized by the "Association Extreme Racing United Kingdom and Ireland".
Mountain types of extreme tourism. Climbing is considered the most extreme recreation. Today, mountaineering is a whole industry that is gradually developing and popularizing. As a rule, it is customary to choose summer for climbing, when the weather allows you to reach the intended peak with minimal losses. However, thrill-seekers do not stop in winter. And complex weather and avalanches only add spice to the journey. People go to the mountains to test themselves, take risks, overcome everything and get to the top. To do this, you need to be well physically prepared.
Safety equipment. In sport climbing, a variety of climbing equipment is used to ensure the movement of athletes and their safety, as well as some special devices, for example, a safety winch with a cable and blocks. The basis for ensuring the safety of the climber is the top insurance. it is carried out with an ordinary climbing rope with a diameter of 9-12 mm or a steel cable with a diameter of 3-4 mm according to the scheme: rock climber Block insurer.
Top belay - the basis of safety - necessary in training and competition. However, its meaning lies not only in this. The top belay also contributes to the faster and more efficient mastering of climbing techniques by climbers.
The best from the point of view of the organization of the top belay should be considered a rock, in the upper part of which there is a wide platform with a convenient approach to it from the side. If there is no convenient approach to the site, planned for the organization of the top insurance, first they get to it along the wall with mutual insurance. This should be entrusted to qualified climbers. The top belay is somewhat different from the top belay used by climbers on the ascent. The presence of two insurers is required. The second insurer wields the free end of the rope, giving out or choosing it from a comrade standing.
To ensure efficiency with such insurance, a good radio or telephone connection is needed between the insurers who are above the route and the insurance spotter who sits below, since the insurers cannot see what is happening on the track and will not be able to respond in a timely manner.
The development of mountain sickness depends on age, sex, physical and mental state, degree of fitness and duration of oxygen starvation, intensity physical activity, high-altitude experience. Inadequate nutrition and inadequate rest prior to travel, lack of acclimatization reduce the body's resistance.
The disease can manifest itself both suddenly - with excessive overvoltage in conditions of oxygen starvation, or gradually. Its first signs are apathy, fatigue, drowsiness, malaise, dizziness. If you continue to stay at a height, digestive disorders, nausea and vomiting occur, the rhythm of breathing is disturbed, chills and fever appear.
In the future, especially with an increase in the height of the ascent, the disease can progress: the headache becomes extremely aggravated, drowsiness is stronger, there may be nosebleeds, pronounced shortness of breath, increased irritability, loss of consciousness, cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes is possible.
The intensity of the development of mountain sickness depends on the altitude.
800-1000 m. As a rule, the height is easily tolerated, however, some people have slight deviations from the norm.
1000-2500. Physically untrained people endure some lethargy, slight dizziness occurs, heartbeat quickens. There are no symptoms of altitude sickness.
2500-3000 m. Most healthy non-domesticated people experience the effects of altitude: slight headache, in some cases, pain in the muscles and joints; appetite decreases, breathing rhythm is disturbed, increased drowsiness occurs. However, most healthy people do not have pronounced symptoms of mountain sickness, and some show changes in behavior: high spirits, excessive gestures and talkativeness, unreasonable fun and laughter (as with mild alcohol intoxication).
4000-5000 m. Acute and such that it is difficult to continue (in some cases) mountain sickness appears. The rhythm of breathing is sharply disturbed, complaints of suffocation. Often there is nausea and vomiting, there are pains in the abdomen. An excited state is replaced by a decline in mood, apathy develops, indifference to the environment, melancholy. The pronounced signs of the disease, of course, do not appear immediately, but during some time of stay at these heights.
5000-7000 g. General weakness, heaviness in the whole body, severe fatigue. Pain in the temples. With sudden movements - dizziness. The lips turn blue, the temperature rises, blood is often released from the nose and lungs, and sometimes stomach bleeding begins. There are hallucinations. 
With a long stay at a height, the body undergoes a number of physiological changes, which are adaptive reactions of the body to maintain normal life. Acclimatization, depending on the length of stay in the mountains, can be full or partial. Tourists and climbers are characterized by partial acclimatization for relatively short term trips.
The period of partial acclimatization for each person may vary. Partial acclimatization occurs quickly and completely in physically healthy people aged 24 to 40 years. In conditions physical activity 14 days is sufficient for partial acclimatization.
Alpine skiing and snowboarding. Skiing is one of the oldest outdoor activities. almost any ski resort offers a high-quality and varied ski service, there are slopes for both professionals and beginners who can always be taught how to ski correctly by local instructors. Equipment: set of skis, bindings, poles, boots, suit, helmet, mask, gloves.
Snowboarding is skiing down the mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. This is a more aggressive, active and extreme sport than skiing. Snowboarding as a separate sport appeared in America in the 60s of the XX century. There are many special tracks with jumps and other all sorts of obstacles on which snowboarders can do various things. acrobatic stunts. But recently, the half-pipe (from the English. Half-pipe "half-pipe") has become especially popular among snowboarders - a structure made of snow, similar to a roller ramp.
In general, extreme hobbies associated with skiing and snowboarding can be divided into several groups: freeskiing or freeride is a descent along steep unprepared slopes with difficult terrain; heliskiing - the same, but using a helicopter as a means of delivery to the mountain; ski-touring (randonee ski) - ski tour, mountain tourism using skis and special mounts for climbing up;
Ski mountaineering - climbing a mountain with the aim of descending from the top on skis or a snowboard (the use of insurance, or any additional equipment other than skis, on the descent violates the "purity" of such an ascent); in recent years, a new school has appeared - something like snowboarding freestyle
EXOTIC EXTREME TOURISM
Space tourism is the most expensive and, perhaps, the most exotic type of extreme tourism - a trip to the Earth's orbit. Now there are only a few space tourists.
Kitesurfing. Its essence lies in the fact that a person standing on a board accelerates with the help of a kite, the rope from which is in her hands. You can go in for kitesurfing both in the mountains and on flat terrain, the only prerequisite is the wind. You can even ride on any fields, any flat or bumpy. But it’s better to ride a board on ponds covered with ice crust and dusty snow. In addition, the channels of rivers or lakes, as a rule, are the easiest places. All-weather versatility allows you to use kites in winter and summer. Some professionals make jumps up to 100 meters in length and 30 in height. The kite allows you to reach speeds that are more than twice the speed of the wind. The really achievable travel speed is 60-70 km/h, and the highest is about 200 km/h.
Jailo tourism is one of the types of exotic extreme recreation - life in a primitive tribe with all the delights of the original life.
Tourism at the North and South Poles. Cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have recently been launched. More and more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and see exotic animals, in particular penguins. In addition, the North and South Poles are the most environmentally friendly places on Earth. 
There are also such exotic tours as a trip to Chernobyl or travel through the jungle. For obvious reasons, there are not many people who want to go to Chernobyl. After all, even after almost two decades, the ecological situation in this area is far from optimal. Of course, thrill-seekers are sent there in special suits, accompanied by specialists with dosimeters. However, access to the forbidden 30-kilometer zone is closed to pregnant women and minors, since radiation directly near the nuclear power plant many times exceeds the permissible limits.
Here you can see a breathtaking picture: an extinct city, tall grass and wild nature everywhere. Without human intervention, the zone has turned into a unique natural park. New species of plants appeared here, populations of endangered animals revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes, gray wolves, wild horses took over the area. During a trip to the jungle, tourists have the opportunity to literally become part of nature, but at the same time be cut off from the civilized world. And even if such a tourist group has modern means of satellite communication, it may take several hours or days for help to arrive. Therefore, any emergency can lead to serious consequences.
CONCLUSIONS
So, summarizing the above, we note that extreme tourism is a very interesting, exciting type of recreation that people like more and more. Extreme tourism is constantly in development. New varieties are emerging all the time. This is how space tourism appeared relatively recently, and it is quite possible that in 10-15 years it will be more accessible than it is now. And what types of extreme tourism will appear in 20-30 years is even hard to imagine. Compared to Ukraine, extreme tourism in other parts of the world - in East Asia, Europe, North America is well developed. And directly among the inhabitants of Europe and especially North America extreme tourism is the most popular form of recreation. An analysis of the work of travel companies operating in the market of extreme and exotic tourist tours showed that the activities of firms are focused on the youth sector of tourists, as well as on professionals of extreme tourists.
In the activities of travel companies there is no focus on the international market, attraction of foreign tourists to the region, organization of their leisure and services. Other firms operating on the international market also do not always take into account the needs of foreign extreme tourists, but offer mainly cultural tours. It is clear that the development and implementation of extreme tourism tours are essential. They also require an integrated and detailed approach. But the funds and forces spent on these activities, subject to careful development and compliance with all necessary rules, fully pay off and largely determine the profitability of the industry. So, extreme tourism is developing at an extraordinary pace, new tours are being created to impress tourists, because extreme is a sport, and it's great that more and more people want to play sports.
Extreme tourism: 10 places for which people risk their lives
