Rare types of swimming. Report on the topic “Swimming. The most favorable conditions for mass swimming training for children and the use of its healing effect can be created in educational institutions of various profiles and levels.

Introduction

Relevance. Swimming is a popular and successfully developing sport. This is due to the exceptionally high health-improving and general developmental impact of different types of swimming on the human body, an extensive program of swimming competitions at the Olympic Games, World Championships and other major competitions.

The age level of sports achievements, competition in the fight for the world championship require constant improvement in the quality and organization of the training process. The growth of achievements in swimming is largely determined by the constant improvement of the training systems for qualified athletes. System improvement implies a different approach to dosing loads on the athlete's body.

It is no secret that different basic methods of sports training are used in the process of training swimmers. All of these methods presented in this paper have an important role in improving the overall level of physical fitness in young swimmers and qualified swimmers.

Thus, the study of methods for organizing the training process, taking into account individual characteristics, is a hot topic.

Purpose of the study: Learn the effective methods of the swimmer's training process.

Object of study: The training process of swimmers.

Subject of study: Training methods for young swimmers.

Research objectives:

1. To study the methodological literature on this research topic.

2. Review the stages of the training process.

3. To study effective methods in the training process of young swimmers.

Practical significance of the study:

This work may be of interest to athletes involved in swimming, as well as coaches and teachers of the Youth Sports School in swimming.

Research method: Theoretical analysis.

Work structure: The work consists of the introduction of three chapters (theoretical) conclusion, list of references. The work is presented on 26 pages of computer text.

Chapter I. Characteristics of swimming as a sport.

Swimming is a sport or sports discipline that consists in overcoming a swim in the least amount of time of various distances.

Swimming competitions:

In the pool at 25 meters 50m, also in open water.

At these competitions, world, European and Russian records (women and men) are registered in the following swimming methods and distances:

freestyle - 50,100,200,400,800, 1500m;

on the back - 50,100,200m;

breaststroke-50,100,200m;

butterfly 50,100,200m;

medley 100m (only in 25m pool), 200,400m;

freestyle relay - 4x100.4x200m;

combined relay - 4x100m.

Competitors are divided into the following age groups:

the youngest - girls 11-12 years old and boys 13-14 years old;

medium - girls 13-14 years old and boys 15-16 years old;

senior juniors (girls 15-16 years old and boys 17-18 years old);

adult women (over 16 years old) and men (over 18 years old).

The type of swimming is one of the directions (the so-called variety) of active physical activity of a person in the water. Each of the types of swimming is characterized by special movements or methods of movement in the aquatic environment. And the way of movement in the water determines the technique of swimming.

Types of swimming:

sports

wellness

game

Figured (artistic, synchronous)

applied

underwater

Sports swimming is characterized by a system of special training and participation in competitions, which are held according to certain rules. The classic type of competition includes competition in a pool of standard sizes (baths 25m and 50m long) by overcoming various strictly regulated distances (distances) in a certain time. The main task of a swimmer in sports swimming is to prepare for high-speed overcoming of distances and show his maximum possible result in competitions. The distance itself is overcome by various strictly regulated competition rules in ways.

Ways of sports swimming: crawl on the chest, crawl on the back, breaststroke, butterfly.

Until now, in all classifications and rules, instead of the crawl on the chest, the freestyle method is mentioned, i.e. the swimmer can swim in any way without restrictions and even change along the distance. But since the front crawl method is the fastest of the existing ones today, swimmers use it.

In terms of speed, the front crawl is the fastest, followed by the butterfly, back crawl and breaststroke.

The competition program at the Olympic Games includes swimming in these ways in a 50 m pool at various distances: (50,100,200,400,800 m for women and 50,100,200,400,1500m for men), back crawl (100,200 m), breaststroke (100,200 m), butterfly (100, 200 m), complex swimming ( 200 and 400 m), which includes overcoming equal distances in different ways, changing in a clear sequence (first butterfly, then crawl on the back, breaststroke, freestyle) and relay swimming.

In the relay swimming 4x100 m, 4x200 m freestyle, four swimmers take part, who swim alternately in freestyle the same segment of 100 m (200 m), in the combined relay race 4x100 m, each of the swimmers swims in one of four ways, which also follow each other in a clear sequence (the first stage in combined swimming begins with the l on the back, then breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle).

At the moment, the Olympic swimming program includes 32 numbers (16 distances for men and 16 for women).

The program of the World Championship and other international competitions is somewhat different from the Olympic one, moreover, at present, separate competitions are held in 50m and 25m pools (short course), and therefore world achievements are recorded separately.

Sports swimming has its own varieties. For example, a marathon is held in open water - distances of 5,10,25 km. There is winter swimming (in cold water) - combined elements of hardening (winter swimming) and swimming at speed. Swimming as one of the types is included in the triathlon program, which was recently included in the Olympic program. Also, swimming at various distances is included as a mandatory exercise in various types of all-around, for example, modern pentathlon (Olympic type), sea all-around, etc.

Recreational swimming is the use of the features of swimming movements and the presence of the body in water for therapeutic, preventive, hygienic, restorative, tonic, and other purposes. Swimming methods can be used in a variety of ways - sports and original. Swimming is recommended for people of all ages, except in cases of limited medical conditions. However, it is swimming that has a minimum of restrictions for people with various health problems, compared to other types of physical exercises, which is associated with the specific features of swimming itself, which is recommended by doctors and specialists as rehabilitation and rehabilitation measures, correction, etc.

Recreational swimming is used in the system of physical education of a person throughout his life. Many health centers and camps are located on the sea coasts and reservoirs.

Game swimming - the use of all kinds of outdoor games in the conditions of the aquatic environment. Games cause great emotions, increase activity, promote the emergence of initiative, develop coordination. A variety of games and entertainment are widely used in health camps, when organizing water holidays. However, water polo has become an Olympic sport from such games.

Figured (artistic, synchronized) swimming is a combination of various sets of movements, including elements of choreography, acrobatic and gymnastic combinations. Can be done individually in groups. Synchronized swimming is also a separate sport included in the Olympic program of competitions.

Applied swimming - the ability of a person to stay on the water (that is, to have the skill of swimming) and perform vital actions and activities in the water. For example, a person goes to the pool so that he can do recreational swimming for some time, but he wants to master the skill of swimming in order to survive in an emergency situation, being in the water, help the injured, etc. Applied swimming is part of the professional training of law enforcement and rescue workers, people whose work activities are related to water. Many of them pass special swimming standards to determine their professional suitability. Applied swimming is divided into types: overcoming water obstacles, diving, rescuing drowning people.

It is difficult to imagine the history of mankind without the knowledge of the skill of swimming. Water is the source of life on our planet, the natural environment for the birth of man. Therefore, it is not surprising that people and water are closely related. Over the many centuries of this interaction, a significant number of swimming styles have been born. We will consider the most common in modern society in this article.

Freestyle swimming assumes that the competitor can use the style he sees fit to cover the distance. At the same time, styles can be combined with each other, throughout its entire length. Until the 1920s, the main styles used in competition were breaststroke, treadmill and sideways swimming. Subsequently, and up to the present, more and more often, as the main style, athletes incline their choice to swimming in the crawl style, which, at the moment, is the fastest.

The history of swimming in the crawl style dates back to ancient times, however, at a certain point in the space of European civilization, this style was no longer used. In the 19th century, European and American athletes, for the most part, swam in the breaststroke style. The American Indians reminded Europeans of the existence of the crawl. In the 40s of the 19th century, at competitions in London, the Indians easily overtook the British, using a strange "barbarian" swimming style.

Later, already in the seventies, the Englishman John Tregen, during his travels in South America, in a style that partly resembled a modern crawl. He learned from the Argentine Indians the local style of swimming, adopting successive arm strokes from this style, while maintaining the movement of the legs in a horizontal plane. A few years later, John introduced his style to the world at competitions in the UK.

Australian swimmer brothers Dick and Tooms Cavill soon changed the style of the Tradgen, allowing him to take on a look that began to look more like a modern crawl. They supplemented it with movements from the swimming technique of the inhabitants of the Solomon Islands. And finally, the American Charles Daniels began the history of the modern rabbit. In the resulting crawl of the Australians, he added six-phase kicks.

Swim crawl on the chest or on the back. The arms perform alternating, powerful rowing movements, the legs work in a vertical plane, maintaining the speed by striking the water. At the same time, the head is almost all the time under water, taking a breath between strokes, turning the head to the side.

Swimming crawl on the back, in its technical execution, is very similar to swimming crawl on the chest, is a kind of inverted version. Similarly, here the arms perform alternating rowing movements, the legs strike in a vertical plane. The head is in the water, but the face is above the water almost all the time of swimming, except for the start and turns. The backstroke crawl has not always been the most common style. Until the 1910s, the breaststroke was the most popular style among European swimmers. It wasn't until 1912, after the American Harry Hebner won the Olympic gold medal in front crawl swimming, that it became the most common backstroke style.

In terms of speed characteristics, backstroke swimming is not the fastest swimming style, but it allows you to develop more speed than breaststroke. The start when swimming on the back is carried out from the water, in all other ways of sports swimming, the start occurs from the pedestal.

The origin of the name of the breaststroke style has its roots in French (breaststroke is translated from French as a hand). When swimming in breaststroke style, the movements are performed symmetrically, both with arms and legs. The arms make sweeping arcuate movements, the legs are repelled from the water in a horizontal plane.
The history of breaststroke swimming has more than one thousand years. There are archaeological finds that indicate that they knew how to swim in a way that outwardly resembles a modern breaststroke in ancient Egypt about nine thousand years BC. However, breaststroke is one of the slowest swimming styles.

During the existence of breaststroke, this style has constantly changed. Despite the fact that breaststroke swam in competitions, even professional swimmers had their heads constantly above the water throughout the entire distance. Only in the 30s of the last century, during the stroke, they began to lower their heads into the water with their hands. After that, many more improvements were made to the breaststroke.

Despite the fact that the breaststroke does not allow reaching high speeds when swimming, this swimming method is of great practical importance. Swimming breaststroke creates excellent conditions for movement on the water, without losing control over the surrounding surface space. Breaststroke can move without making noise, and overcome long distances.

The name of this style comes from the technique of performing its movements. The hands perform simultaneous sweeping rowing movements, which outwardly very much resembles the movements of the wings of a butterfly (butterfly - a butterfly from English). The legs perform wave-like strikes performed by almost the entire body, with increasing amplitude, starting from the shoulder girdle. Butterfly is one of the most energy-intensive swimming styles, it requires the athlete to have perfect technique and good physical fitness.

Swimming butterfly began relatively recently. Butterfly is the least age way of swimming, for the first time they began to swim in the 30s of the last century. Initially, it was not considered an independent style, but was one of the varieties of breaststroke. Only in the 50s did the butterfly begin to be considered a separate type of swimming.

Physical education is an integral part of life, and swimming is one of the most beneficial sports. It does not matter what kind of physical activity a person chooses, whether he is engaged in it professionally or is an amateur. Another thing is important, friendship with physical education contributes to the preservation of physical health, largely affects the formation of personal and business qualities, changes the worldview.

One of the most popular sports today is swimming, millions of people around the world enthusiastically visit swimming pools, natural reservoirs, swim, master different styles. The article will focus on swimming - the main points related to the sport: the impact on health, types and styles, equipment, attracting children and swimming for weight loss.

Swimming, like any sport, has its undercurrents. But the benefits of classes are undeniable, experts have introduced the term that physical activity is the most “harmonious”. Swimming has a beneficial effect on the physical, intellectual and spiritual state. Numerous advantages:

Swimming is a type of training where almost all organs and systems of the body's vital activity are involved.
Water sports contribute to the preservation of natural beauty and youth, form a beautiful figure, make skin elastic and smooth, and help keep weight under control.
This sport can be practiced almost from the first months of life to old age.
You can master the style, enjoy physical movements, practice in the pool, on the lake, river, sea.
The sport contributes to the hardening of the body, is the prevention of many diseases, reduces the level of tension in the body, helps to cope with stressful situations.

How does swimming affect human systems and organs: respiratory muscles are involved, they are being trained, tone is increased, ventilation of the lungs is enhanced, and the functioning of the respiratory system is improved.

Swimming has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, the heart muscles are trained, the power of the heart increases (in the case of regular exercise). Experts note that during classes, the composition of the blood changes, the blood cells return to normal.

It is known about the influence of water sports on the musculoskeletal mass, firstly, all muscle groups are worked out, and secondly, the figure becomes proportional, harmonious. More powerful loads are experienced than when exercising "on land". Water supports the body, eliminating excessive stress.

Experts talk about the benefits of water and exercise for the nervous system, it is being trained, the processes of inhibition and excitation are balanced, the system is in good shape, but not overloaded. Classes help relieve nervous tension, remove depression, normalize sleep, and have a positive effect on memory and attention.

Also, this type of physical culture is an effective means of hardening the body. Water in natural reservoirs and pools often has a low temperature. When moving, the body does not feel this, but the hardening process goes on, the immune system becomes protected, and the body is more resistant to the effects of adverse, aggressive environmental factors.

Types and styles

The specialists of the International Olympic Committee distinguish the following types of swimming:

sports;
diving;
synchronous;
water polo.

Sports swimming is available to almost anyone, it does not require special pools, devices and equipment. Other water sports are best practiced under the supervision of a specialist, since each is a combination of different sports, such as swimming and acrobatics, swimming and handball.

There is another classification of types of swimming, based on not sports, but movement in the water. There are types:

sports - for people professionally involved in sports;
health-improving - with complexes of physical exercises;
gaming;
underwater.

In each of the types, movement techniques are used, you must definitely get acquainted with them in advance, both in theory and in practice.

In addition to species, swimming styles are distinguished, the following are considered the most popular:

crawl on the back, chest;
breaststroke on the back, chest;
butterfly;

Crawl

One of the common styles, requires endurance, physical fitness, but the technique is quite simple. Having mastered it, you can swim long distances at high speed.

In the learning process, it is important to learn the basic movements of the arms and legs, and then work them out in practice. With his hands, the swimmer should alternately, along the body, make wide strokes. Scissors work on the principle of scissors, that is, they move in a vertical plane. The face is in the water, when stroked, the head turns to the side, a breath is taken.

Breaststroke

Breaststroke is considered a more complex type, the description of the technique in the text version does not give a clear idea of the process. Any video, practical demonstration allows you to quickly master the technique.

Breaststroke swimming involves the simultaneous movement of the arms and legs, the arms move forward and spread widely, the legs make a simultaneous push, moving the body in a horizontal plane. It is especially important to learn breaststroke on the back, as the style allows you to stay on the water for a long time, this can be important when helping a drowning person. Crawl and breaststroke can be swum on the front and back, there are minor changes in the technique of movement associated with the position of the body.

Butterfly

The word "butterfly" means butterfly, this helps to understand how the style differs from others. The technique consists in the simultaneous and symmetrical movement of the right and left parts of the body. Hands simultaneously make a wide stroke, lifting the torso above the water, legs perform symmetrical strikes.

Butterfly is considered a high-speed type of swimming. There is a variety - a dolphin, the main difference in the technique of working with legs, resembles the movement of a dolphin's tail, "up and down".

General rules

Despite the fact that swimming is a democratic sport, there are certain rules that you need to know before embarking on a training system.

It is important to decide what kind of sport you would like to do, find an individual trainer, a group, choose a pool. Swimming, even amateur, requires physical fitness, you can not start practicing in the presence of acute diseases, acute respiratory viral infections, tonsillitis.

People who have problems with the cardiovascular system also need to get individual advice from a specialist about the possibility of swimming, the frequency, time of one lesson, the degree of permissible loads.

The best sport for kids!

Many parents, choosing a sport for their child, often turn to swimming. Various factors are pushing for this: fashion, advice from friends, close distance to the pool.

water sports affect all muscle groups and organs, the child develops physically, intellectually, mentally;
children involved in swimming get sick much less often than their peers, the immune system is more resistant to adverse factors, infections, bacteria;
Swimming has a positive effect on the child's nervous system, relieves excessive excitement, gives an outlet for "extra, accumulated" energy
sports exercises on the water form the correct posture, help to solve problems with the spine, and prevent flat feet.

In addition to the above, swimming is a joy, positive emotions!

Do not be afraid that the child will get sick, catch a cold, sometimes this happens, and parents refuse further trips to the pool. Experts assure that you can’t stop, you need to wait for recovery and come back to class. It is also recommended to start classes in August, during the summer the child's body has time to relax, harden.

Children get used to the water over the summer, thanks to (hiking) trips to the river, lake. It is better to start learning to swim at sea, salt water helps to stay on the surface better, master styles faster.

In order to associate a trip to the pool with pleasure, joy, positive emotions, you need to find pools near the house, choose a coach, buy equipment, support the baby and praise.

Equipment selection

A modern manufacturer of swimming products made sure that the process takes place in comfortable, convenient equipment. Professional athletes have many secrets that help them achieve record results. Fans need to choose quality things.

Men's swimming trunks are an important piece of clothing in the pool. What to look for when buying? Model, correct size, quality of material and tailoring. There are few options for swimmer equipment (compared to women's swimsuits), there are classic-style swimming trunks, which are divided into briefs or slips. There are also shorts that are suitable for beach pastime, it is inconvenient to swim in them, but you can play outdoor games on the shore.

The second piece of a swimmer's wardrobe is a swimming cap, in many pools it is on the list of necessary items. Performs several functions:

prevents wetting, at least partially;
protects against the action of chlorinated water;
holds hair;
covers the ears from water;
prevents rapid clogging of the pool.

The beauty of the cap, its color scheme, in harmony with swimming trunks or a swimsuit, should be in last place when buying. They are made from different materials - latex, silicone, textiles, they use a combination of materials and techniques.

Goggles for swimming have many options:

training:
starting, used in competitions;
glasses-mask (half-mask) for studying underwater landscapes;

Training goggles are used for normal swimming, water aerobics, swimming in the pool, when diving, swimming underwater. The frame is made of silicone, the material is strong and durable, fits snugly, does not let water through.

Starter goggles are used in competition, are hydrodynamic, have a rigid fit, and have no frame. Individual athletes train in such glasses to get used to.

Swimming watches are needed by professional athletes or amateurs who are serious about achievements. They help to keep track of time, speed, record the distance you swim.

We swim and lose weight!

Overweight women are looking for different ways to return to their beautiful original parameters. Swimming for weight loss can be an important part of an overall comprehensive program. A single visit to the pool will not give the desired results, you need to swim regularly.

At first, the weight may become more. It’s not scary, adipose tissue leaves, muscle tissue appears, it weighs more than fat, so “wrong numbers” may appear on the scales. By continuing regular swimming lessons, the weight will decrease, the figure will improve, become more prominent and toned, and the reduction of cellulite will also become noticeable.

Swimming has a beneficial effect on the body, vital systems. You don't have to strive to set records, swim for fun with your family, children and best friends!

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Applied swimming

Swimming can rightfully be attributed to a folk sport on a par with wrestling, running and skiing, because it is closely related to the work, life and military activities of people.

Ability to swim- a vital skill for any person. A swimmer feels confident in the water, adequately assesses the situation and, therefore, risks his life less when in the aquatic environment. The ability to swim is especially necessary for people whose work activity is connected with the aquatic environment (for example, fishermen, fleet workers, builders of hydroelectric power plants, navigable and irrigation canals), as well as military personnel and rescuers. It is necessary to swim well for athletes involved in rowing, sailing and water-motor sports, water tourism, kiting, surfing.

Applied swimming is part of the professional training of employees of rescue and law enforcement agencies and people whose professional work is related to water. Many of them pass special swimming standards to determine their professional suitability.

Applied swimming- this is the ability of a person to stay on the water (that is, to have the skill of swimming) and to perform vital actions and activities in the water. Applied swimming is used to solve applied problems, such as helping a drowning person, swimming, getting from the bottom and towing any objects, etc. Applied swimming is based on the technique of sports swimming methods, modified in accordance with the conditions and adapted to solve the problems of applied swimming.

Applied Swimming Includes:

swimming in sports, original and combined ways of swimming

diving and underwater movement

applied diving

rescuing the drowning and helping tired swimmers

swimming in extreme conditions

overcoming water barriers

Applied swimming: ways to move in the water

Which method of movement in the water a swimmer chooses depends on the conditions and situation in which he finds himself. The chosen method of movement should provide the ability to perform a number of additional operations: towing objects, overcoming water obstacles in different weather conditions, transporting the victim, diving under water and extracting the victim or various objects from under the water, etc.

In applied swimming, the following methods of movement in water are used:

Sports methods of swimming and their individual elements:

Breaststroke used for transporting a person, towing cargo, diving, swimming in clothes, overcoming water obstacles. Due to a number of features, breaststroke has been widely used in applied swimming. Swimming breaststroke can be used in a variety of situations that occur in the aquatic environment, freely changing the direction and speed of swimming. Depending on the conditions, you can swim breaststroke either with your face lowered into the water, or with your head above the water. When swimming breaststroke, good visibility is maintained. Breaststroke on the chest is convenient to swim up to a drowning person, help a weakened swimmer and transport a person to the shore. Using the breaststroke technique, you can tow a load or push a floating object in front of you. With the help of breaststroke movements with one leg, relatively heavy objects can be transported. If you need to take off your clothes in the water, then it is most convenient to do this using a breaststroke. If it is necessary to dive under water, then a breaststroke person is practically a diver ready for action, since breaststroke movements are one of the varieties of swimming technique under water.

Crawl on the chest used in order to quickly swim to the target, overcome significant distances, swimming and diving in set No. 1 (mask, breathing tube and fins).

A swimmer not weighed down by a load, if his movements are not constrained by clothing, can overcome large areas of water with a crawl on his chest. The crawl on the chest is the fastest way to swim, using this method you can quickly get to the victim.

Dolphin used for diving. The movements of the legs and body in the dolphin way are used when swimming underwater and diving, especially if the swimmer is wearing fins.

Crawl on the back and its individual elements can be used for recreation and transportation.

Original (non-sport) ways of swimming:

Breaststroke on the back The backstroke can be used during long swims for relaxation. If necessary, the swimmer can use only one leg, freeing his hands to transport items. Swimming on your back with the help of breaststroke leg movements is convenient to help a tired swimmer or transport an injured person.

Swimming on the side Swimming on the side is used for transporting cargo, towing the injured on the water. The breaststroke on the back is convenient for relaxing on the water, transporting the victim and cargo. You can swim in clothes on your side for long distances.

Swimming in the crawl on the chest without taking out hands The crawl on the chest without the extension of the arms is convenient for swimming in clothes. When swimming in this way, the head is raised so that the mouth is above the water.

Swimming in the crawl on the back without taking out hands The crawl on the back without extending the arms is used for transporting a drowning person and when swimming with various objects, as well as for resting when swimming in other ways. A characteristic feature of this method is the "raking" movements of the hands: hands with palms turned downwards are retracted with little fingers to the sides by 20–30 cm; then, turning the palms to the body, quickly make a stroke towards the hips.

Combined (compound) swimming methods Almost all individual elements of sports methods are used in the so-called combined methods, for example, crawl legs + breaststroke arms.

Diving and diving

Diving- a kind of applied swimming, when a person is under water for more or less a long time without replenishing the air supply in the lungs. Diving It is widely used in helping a drowning person, when the latter is immersed in water, when overcoming a body of water in a combat situation, hidden from the enemy, when getting objects. Diving requires strict adherence to safety precautions, as prolonged exposure to water can be harmful to the human body. When diving in conditions of poor visibility and at night, the swimmer's arms should be extended forward.

To increase the duration of stay under water in the absence of air access to the lungs, they resort to rapid and deep breathing (hyperventilation of the lungs) immediately before diving. Also, hyperventilation of the lungs is necessary after diving for faster recovery. Extend your time under water, if you systematically train, as well as using special techniques that make it easier to hold your breath.

When diving into the depths, due to the increase in water pressure on the eardrums, the swimmer may experience pain in the ears. To reduce pain, it is recommended to make swallowing movements, this will somewhat equalize the pressure difference on the inner and outer sides of the eardrum.

You can dive into the water (dive) from the reference position (edge of the pool, side of the boat, shore) and unsupported position, when the dive occurs from the surface of the water. When diving into a pond, especially upside down, in order to avoid injury, you should carefully examine the diving site. Remember that it is forbidden to dive in the mooring areas.

Diving and free diving

Simple jumps into the water are performed with the legs and head forward. Feet forward jumps are used in cases where the depth of the water and the nature of the bottom are unknown, as well as when jumping in clothes. In all other cases, a head-first jump should be used.

Jump feet forward performed in one of two ways:

Stand on the edge of the side, feet together, arms along the body and pressed, head straight, look in front of you. Giving the weight of the body forward, take a step forward with the right foot; tear off the left leg from the edge of the side and immediately attach it in the air to the right leg. Entering the water with toes pulled out.

Stand on the edge of the side, feet together, legs slightly bent at the knees, arms along the body and pressed, head straight, look in front of you. Pushing off, jump up and forward, keeping the vertical position of the torso. Entering the water with toes pulled out.

Jump head first can be done in two ways:

Stand on the edge of the side, put your feet together, grab the edge of the side with the ends of your toes, stretch your arms up. Tilt the body forward, bend the legs slightly (head under the arms). Push off with your feet and fly out with a straight body forward and down.

Start jump, as when starting a swimming distance in the breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.

Free dive(from the surface of the water) is also possible upside down or upside down.

Ways to move and search underwater

At diving applied a slightly modified technique of sports swimming methods: breaststroke, crawl, or a combination of the techniques of these methods. Elements of sideways swimming and dolphin style can also be used. The structure of movements during diving changes somewhat, for example, when moving the arms using the breaststroke technique, long strokes to the hip are used; when moving the legs with the crawl technique - the legs are slightly more retracted upwards.

The depth and direction of movement are changed by changing the position of the head, arms, torso, flexion-extension of the body in the lower back, accentuated strokes with the hands.

Floating to the surface of the water

To rise to the surface from a shallow depth: raise your head, bend at the waist, stretch your arms forward and plunge, stroke your arms back down (from the head to the pelvis).

To rise from the bottom: group slightly, stretch your arms up, stand on the bottom of the reservoir and, pushing off with your feet, slide up. If the depth is large, then when moving up, they make swimming movements with their arms and legs using the breaststroke method.

To ascend without pushing off the bottom: group, turn your head up, make a strong stroke with your arms and legs from top to bottom.

Rescue of the drowning

To save a person in trouble on the water, the rescuer must act quickly, calmly and decisively. The actions of the rescuer can be divided into stages: entry into the water, swimming to the victim, search for the victim under water, release from possible seizures, transportation to the shore, first aid on land.

Let's consider these stages in more detail.

Entry into the water

You need to enter the water from a place where you can quickly swim to the drowning one. Before throwing yourself into the water, you need to take off your clothes - it is much easier to swim without them. In the presence of a current, they enter the water above the place where a person is drowning. If there are waves on the sea, you need to run into the water, waiting until there are no particularly large waves and trying to reach a depth where you can swim. A wave with a foam crest should be overcome in the following way: turn towards it, dive under the crest and, swimming under it, emerge to the surface.

Swimming towards the drowning

You should swim towards the victim in the crawl way on the chest (this is the fastest way to swim), keep your head above the water in order to notice the place where the drowning person will sink into the water. To avoid captures of a drowning person, it is better to swim up to him from behind. If the victim always turns to face the rescuer, you need to dive under him from a distance of 2-3 meters and, taking him by the waist, turn him back to you.

Search under water for the victim

If the victim plunged under water, remember where it happened.

To search underwater, you need to understand if there is a current. If there is, then you need to dive with the flow just above the place where the person plunged under water. If there is no current, then you need to dive into the depth at the point of immersion of the victim under water. Going down, you should look around, and, having reached the bottom, look around again. If the drowning person is not found, you need to continue the search in an expanding spiral around the place where the rescuer dives to the bottom.

After each dive, the rescuer must hyperventilate the lungs before continuing the search.

After finding the victim, you need to raise him to the surface. If a drowning person lies face down at the bottom, then you need to get close to him from the side of his legs, take him under his arms, and float with him to the surface, pushing off from the bottom. If the victim lies face up on the bottom, then you need to swim up from the side of the head, take him under the armpits and, pushing off, emerge. If a drowning person is in the water column, you should take him under the armpits or by the clothes from the back and emerge, vigorously working with your feet

Raising the victim to the surface: if the victim is lying face up (left) and face down (right)

Release from grips

Often, the panic-stricken person tries to grab hold of the rescuer or even climb on him. Therefore, it is important for the rescuer to be able to free himself from the unnecessary grips of a drowning person.

But there are grips from which there is no need to get rid of. If the drowning man grabbed the rescuer by the hand, you can swim to the shore, dragging him along with you. The same can be done when grabbing clothes.

Transportation of the victim using the arm grip

If the capture of the victim interferes, it is necessary from such capture break free.

Freeing yourself from the grips of the victim, the rescuer should be guided by the following rules:

Freeing himself from the grip, go down himself, and push the rescued up. When a swimmer goes down, the drowning person usually releases or loosens his hold, instinctively trying to rise to the surface of the water.

Finishing the release from the grip, turn the drowning person back to you, float to the surface and immediately begin transportation.

Grab by the neck (left) and how to release it (right)

Transportation of the victim

When swimming up to a drowning person, one must first of all find out his condition, depending on him, apply the best method of transportation. During any transportation, the victim is in the water in a position on his back, his face on the surface of the water. It is important to ensure that water does not get into his mouth and nose.

Transportation of the victim depending on his condition:

Transporting a Tired Swimmer(breaststroke on the chest and breaststroke on the back). A tired swimmer should be held with his hands from above by the shoulders of the rescuer, who swims in the breaststroke manner. Another way: the rescuer supports the victim with both hands by the chin and lower jaw and swims, performing leg movements in the breaststroke method on the back.

Transportation of a tired swimmer using backstroke breaststroke (left) and chest breaststroke (right)

Two rescuers can swim to the right and left of the tired swimmer (he puts his hands on top of their shoulders), or in front and behind.

Transportation of a tired swimmer by two rescuers

Transportation of an "aggressive" drowning person(hard classic grip and transport on the side, grip by the hair and transport on the side, on the back, crawl without extending the arms).

Transportation of a drowning person on his side using grips under the arm and around the neck

Transportation of a drowning person using a hair grip

Transportation of the drowned(any fastest way for the rescuer will do).

It is much easier to transport the victim together. Both rescuers can swim on their backs or on their sides (facing the victim), holding him by the shoulders or under the armpits. You can facilitate transportation by pushing the victim by the legs.

When approaching the rescuer with the victim to the shore, you should throw him a rope or stretch a pole in order to pull him to the shore as soon as possible. If a boat came out to help the rescuer, then, approaching him, you should turn it around with the stern or bow (if the engine is located at the stern).

First aid for drowning

Drowning is of several types.

Type of drowning	Causes	signs
True (wet, aspiration)	A large amount of fluid enters the respiratory tract and lungs. Characterized by a more or less prolonged struggle for life with irregular breathing, swallowing of water and overflowing of the stomach.	The airways are filled with water. Cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes. Foamy fluid comes out of the mouth and nose. Respiration is sharply disturbed, arrhythmic or absent. Tachycardia or bradycardia, arterial hyper- or hypotension until the pulse disappears. The veins in the neck and limbs are very swollen. The pupils are wide, there is no reaction to light. Corneal reflexes are absent.
Dry (asphyxic, spastic)	Laryngospasm and suffocation as a result of lack of oxygen (fluid does not penetrate into the lungs). It proceeds according to the type of pure asphyxia. This state, as a rule, is preceded by a pronounced depression of the central nervous system due to alcohol or other intoxication, fright, hitting the water with the stomach and head.	False breaths with a spasmodic glottis. The airways are not filled with water, and there is no frothy discharge from the airways. As asphyxia continues (as a result of being drowned under water), a period of clinical death sets in: cardiac activity fades, false respiratory breaths stop, and the glottis opens. Cyanotic skin and the appearance of a fluffy foamy fluid from the airways during this period does not allow to differentiate between true and asphyxial drowning.
Syncope (reflex, pale)	Reflex cardiac arrest due to vasospasm. It develops as a result of mental (fear of falling into water) or reflex effects (hitting water when falling from a height, cold shock)	The skin is pale in color due to capillary spasm. Fluid is not released from the respiratory tract when not being rescued. Respiratory movements are absent, single convulsive sighs are rarely observed.

First aid must be provided immediately after removing the victim from the water. If the victim is unconscious, you need to free him from the tight clothing and belt.

When wet drowning, you must first clear the airways. The victim is placed on the stomach on the bent knee of the rescuer so that the head is lower than the chest, a piece of cloth is removed from the mouth and pharynx water, algae, vomit. Then, with several vigorous movements, squeezing the chest, they try to remove water from the trachea and bronchi.

After the airways are freed from water, the victim is laid on a flat surface and, in the absence of breathing (or when the respiratory rate is less than 10 breaths per minute), proceed to artificial respiration with a rhythm of 12-15 times per minute for an adult, 20-24 times for a child. The head of the victim during artificial respiration should be thrown back, straightening the neck. Artificial respiration can be done using the Sylvester method, the mouth-to-mouth method, or the mouth-to-nose method. If none of these methods can be applied, then the Schaefer method should be used (in this method, the victim is placed on the stomach with his face slightly on his side).

Artificial respiration methods: Sylvester's method (above), mouth-to-mouth (middle), Schaefer's method (below)

During artificial respiration, measures must be taken to prevent hypothermia of the victim's body.

If the victim has no cardiac activity, simultaneously with artificial respiration, it is necessary to carry out external heart massage. The rescuer kneels near the head of the victim or to the side of him. The base of the palm of one hand is placed on the lower third of the victim's sternum, the other hand is placed on top of the first. Pressing on the sternum is carried out with straightened arms while bending the torso. The sternum is pressed so that it shifts towards the spine by 1.5-2 cm in children and 3-4 cm in adults and. With two rescuers, the ratio of air injections and the number of pressures on the sternum is 1:5, with one rescuer - 2:15.

Artificial respiration and cardiac massage should be carried out until spontaneous breathing and good cardiac activity are restored, or there are undoubted signs of biological death. There are cases when the victims were brought back to life after several hours of artificial respiration.

It is important to know: when drowning, paralysis of the respiratory center occurs after 4-5 minutes, and cardiac activity can last up to 15 minutes.

All victims of drowning are subject to urgent hospitalization on a stretcher with an elevated position to prevent pulmonary edema.

Let's summarize in the form of a table "The sequence of actions of the rescuer depending on the condition of the victim".

Tired swimmer	Aggressive drowning man	drowned
swim fast soothe transport to shore	Swim towards the victim with your head up Swim from the victim's back Break free from grips if necessary Transport using rigid grips Induce vomiting effect Send to the doctor	Determine the place of drowning and find the drowned at the bottom Raise from the bottom of the pond Transport using the fastest way Perform resuscitation depending on the state of the drowned Call a doctor

Overcoming water barriers

It is possible to swim across without improvised floating facilities and with the help of such facilities, according to this criterion distinguish between crossings:

Swimming. If a person swims without clothes or in sportswear and is not burdened with any objects, he can use any sports swimming methods. But it is best to swim breaststroke or on your side in clothes. If you have to stay in the water for a long time, then, swimming on your side, you need to move both hands forward under water. When swimming, it is recommended to turn pockets inside out, tie ties, unfasten buttons, tuck shoes into the belt or tie them behind the back to the belt, sleeves and trousers can be turned up. You can swim in clothes only in ways without taking your hands out of the water. In case of forced undressing in the water, you need to take off the items in the following sequence: remove the load, unfasten the belt, take off your shoes, pull the shirt over your head (when removing it, be sure to dive into the water), take off your trousers (plunging into the water or lying on your back) or skirt (through the legs). If you need to overcome a water barrier with a light object, then it is best to tie it so that it is on the crown of your head and swim breaststroke, keeping your head above the water. You can also swim on your side, holding the object above the water in one hand and making movements with your legs and the other hand, but this is more tiring. If the object can be immersed in water, it is recommended to swim on your side, holding it in an arm extended along the body, or tie it behind your back and swim breaststroke. Heavy objects are moved on rafts, which are made from auxiliary floating materials. Relatively heavy rafts can transport several people - some pull it in tow on straps, while others push it from behind.

Crossings with the help of auxiliary means that increase buoyancy. These items include life aids, float knots, plastic bottles, inner tubes, boards, plastic bags, rubber balls, etc. One way: empty bottles should be plugged with corks and tied with necks into bundles of 3–5 pieces, and the bundles should be connected with a rope about half a meter long. Having entered the water, lie down on this rope with your chest so that its ends pass under your armpits and the bottles are behind your back. On such supporting devices, it is best to swim breaststroke or "crawl legs - breaststroke arms". They lie on a board or a log with their chest so that the body is on the board, and the legs are behind it. The arms make alternating or simultaneous rowing movements, the legs move in the crawl or breaststroke manner. The car camera can be put on the chest or pushed in front of you, working with crawl legs.

Crossing with poles, rope, rope or wire. Such means of crossing should be supplemented by floating objects. By holding on to the rope and moving their hands along it, even people who swim very poorly can cross the water line. In the same way, poles connected by ends to each other are also used. Crossing must strictly observe the interval between them.

Swimming is one of the oldest sports. Sports swimming appeared at the end of the 15th century. In 1515, swimming competitions were held in Venice, these were one of the first swimming competitions. In 1538, the first sailing guide by the Dane P. Winman was published. The first swimming schools appeared in the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and France. In the middle of the 19th century, the first artificial pools appeared, and this was due to a sharp increase in the popularity of this sport at the end of the 19th century.

In 1890, the first European swimming championship was held. In 1896, swimming was included in the program of the Olympic Games. In 1908, the FINA International Amateur Swimming Federation was organized, and in 1973 this organization united 96 national federations. In Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, swimming was not as widespread as in Europe. During this period, there were only seven technically imperfect indoor pools in Russia, and yet about one and a half thousand people were already engaged in sports swimming. The insufficient number of pools determined that the training had to be carried out mainly in open water in the summer. The results were low. In 1913, the Russian swimming championship was held for the first time. In 1918, the first swimming competition of the USSR was held in Moscow. In 1920 V.N. Peskov organized the Dolphin Sports Swimming Society, which had an outdoor pool. Several swimming schools opened in Moscow in the 1920s. In 1921, the first championship of the USSR was played on the Moscow River. Swimming competitions were included in the program of the USSR Olympics in 1928. Since then, swimming competitions have been held regularly.

Swimming consists of four sections, which are called sports, game, applied and figured (artistic) swimming.

Sports Swimming includes various types of competitions in types and distances determined by special rules. Competitions are held in pools of standard sizes (25 and 50 m) at distances from 50 to 1500 m, as well as in open water in the form of swims at different distances.

In competitions, sports (correct) swimming methods are used, which, compared with original methods, have a great advantage in speed.

gaming swimming contains a variety of outdoor games and entertainment in the water. Such swimming is used mainly in the education and training of young swimmers. Games evoke great emotions, increase the activity of children, promote the emergence of initiative, foster a sense of camaraderie, etc.

Applied swimming includes techniques for rescuing a drowning person, diving in length and depth, as well as overcoming water obstacles.