Diving sports. What is diving - description, features, equipment. What is recreational diving

Diving is an English word, which in its original meaning meant immersion under water, diving. Many will be surprised, but until recently, people did not practice scuba diving. First, water was instinctively perceived by man as an extreme and dangerous environment. Secondly, there were a lot of things to do on land: there was no time for sailing. Third, there was no technical feasibility long immersion in water. The invention of scuba gear and the emergence of free time for people turned diving from technical diving into a full-fledged recreation under water.

The emergence and development of diving

To properly understand everything about diving, you need to turn to the history of its development. Starting as an exclusively professional occupation, it has transformed into a way of entertaining pastime and further into a set of sports disciplines. There are the following types of diving.

commercial diving

Traditionally, even in the very recent past, the relationship between man and the sea was built on the basis of the benefits that a person could receive from it. These were shellfish, algae, pearls, fish, treasures on sunken ships, etc. Therefore, immersion in water has traditionally been a profession. The divers provided themselves and their families with their livelihood by their craft. There were no scuba gear, and we had to dive with a breath hold, i.e. all pearl hunters were, in modern terms, freedivers. Thus, initially diving was a highly specialized professional and, in most cases, extreme occupation.

Today, the tasks of commercial immersion have expanded significantly, transferring it to the category of industrial. Pipes and cables are laid in the seas, rescue operations are carried out in case of ship accidents, oil spills, etc. Modern space suits and air supply systems allow diving to a depth of 100-200 m (with an extreme record of 330 m - a hundred-story skyscraper). Professionally, these people are no longer divers, but divers.

Recreational diving

As the 1970s people began to relax more and more in tropical countries, swimming under water began to become widespread. Despite the fact that there is something to see in the Mediterranean Sea (there are also sunken artifacts, and living creatures, and corals), it, of course, cannot be compared with the riot of colors and shapes that are observed off the coasts of South Asia, Australia, near thousands of islands scattered in the ocean.

The entertainment component of scuba diving brought him out of the category of highly specialized activities. Today, there is hardly a person who does not know what diving is in a recreational sense. This category also includes extreme types of diving practiced for non-commercial or industrial purposes.

sport diving

The development of the recreational segment led to the emergence of competitive diving, which took shape in sports diving. It consists of four disciplines.

Combined swimming. Combines snorkeling and scuba diving at the same distance alternately.

Obstacle course. Overcoming obstacles and performing exercises for time, with scuba and mask alternately.

Night sports diving. In a limited area, it is required to find and raise three randomly scattered loads to the surface.

Lifting a 6 kg load. Lifting a load from a certain depth for a while.

Thus, scuba diving, having begun for the inhabitants of the island states as a way to provide for their lives, has developed into sports diving. For most people, recreational or amateur diving is of interest.

What is recreational diving

Standard diving, which is practiced for recreational purposes on the shores of the seas and oceans, involves the possession of diving skills and knowledge of actions in extreme situations. All this is taught in special diving courses. In addition, the diver must be in good physical condition and free from illness at the time of the dive. Since swimming under water is associated with a change in the pressure of the environment on the body, the main health contraindications are:

cardiovascular diseases;
diseases of the ear-nose-throat system.

Diving to a depth of 40 m is considered recreational. To make the abstract figure more concrete, it should be noted that such a depth corresponds to the height of a 13-story building. The limitation is due to the following reasons:

too high water pressure;
at greater depths, decompression on the ascent is required;
below - too twilight and you can not do without additional lighting;
all the most interesting and beautiful is closer to the surface.

40m is the most advanced level of recreational diving and requires a lot of practice to reach.

There are certain qualification categories that determine the maximum available diving depth for each diver. The practice of four categories is used in many countries where diving is developed (USA, Australia, etc.).

Table 1. Recreational diving ranks (PADI standard).

Category number	Original category name	Russian name	Maximum immersion depth in warm clear water, m
1		entry level diver
2	open water diver	open water diver
3	Advance Open Water Diver	Advanced open water diver
4		deep sea diver

Poor visibility in a pond or cold water reduces the maximum diving depth by 2-3 times.

Types of recreational diving

In amateur diving, there are separate categories:

reef diving;
kelp diving;
diving safari;
underwater archeology;
underwater speleology;
deep sea diving;
ice diving;
freediving.

reef diving is what most recreational divers do on tropical coasts. Corals, shells, algae, fish and other living things abound on the reefs.

Kelp diving(kelp diving) is the opposite of flashy tropical reef diving. Kelpas are giant seaweeds that grow vertically from the depths near the west coast. North America. Although the water is chilly here and visibility is poor, swimming between huge algae trunks is impressive: a cross between a fantasy world and a horror movie.

Safari- a type of collective immersion, which has as its goal the study of underwater space in the open sea / ocean. Safaris are held along the paths of fish streams, in the habitats of interesting specimens. In terms of sensations - the most impressive of all possible types diving safari.

underwater archeology(wreck diving) - diving into the places of cities that have gone under water or sunken Vehicle(ships, planes). All the treasures, of course, were raised a long time ago, but the surroundings remained.

Underwater speleology(cave diving) - exploration of caves under water. This entertainment is extreme and fraught with danger: it is forbidden to enter the caves.

deep sea diving(deep diving) with a dive to 30-40 m is not massive. A diver never aims to dive as deep as possible. A person descends under water to see the sea world. At such a depth it is gloomy, and life almost does not manifest itself even in the form of algae.

Ice(ice diving) - an extreme type of diving in water with a temperature of about zero or a little higher. Such dives place special demands on the diver's equipment and on the functionality of the air supply system. The visual picture in cold waters is certainly not so interesting, but living creatures are also found in them. In Russia, ice diving is practiced on the White Sea (Arkhangelsk region), Kamchatka, Baikal.

Do not forget that swimming underwater without scuba gear, holding your breath or with a snorkel - freediving - is also considered a kind of recreational scuba diving.

Organizers:

Federation of Underwater Sports of Russia
Perm Regional Federation of Underwater Sports
MAOU DOD "DYUSSH" aquatic species Sports "Perm

Diving as a sport is relatively young. Diving has become more widely known as a form of active rest and tourism. However, it was the popularity of diving that created the need to develop a new discipline of underwater sports, one that would be based on the skills of recreational diving and would allow lovers of this direction to compete in their skills. Such a discipline was created, and we are especially proud of the fact that it was developed entirely by specialists from the Russian Underwater Sports Federation. It must be given credit that the first attempt was made by the Spanish Federation, but the discipline developed by them - "combined swimming" - was rather a compilation of the already classic swimming with fins and some SCUBA diving techniques. The discipline "Obstacle Course", created by the FPSR, fully reflects the skills needed by the average diver. And any sufficiently experienced amateur diver is able to take part in such competitions.

Now the group of disciplines of underwater sports "Diving" includes the following disciplines:

combined swimming
obstacle course
night diving
cargo lifting

Competitions in Perm are held not for the first time. In 2012, the Second European Diving Championship was held here, Russian Championships in underwater sports are regularly held. But for the first time, such a number of athletes from 7 regions of the country came to diving competitions. For the first time a team from Ekaterinburg participated Sverdlovsk region. Russian athletes show great results and this cup is no exception. The fact is that the Cup of Russia is qualifying round for the World Championship, which will be held in August this year in Kazan. Participation in the Championship sets special tasks for athletes and coaches, and the result was justified - 3 highest world achievements were set at the competitions in Perm, which are an application for a world record.

Competition results

Combined Swimming - Women

1st place - Vlada SAZONOVA (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Anna VEDERNIKOVA (Perm Territory, Youth Sports School of the Air Force)
3rd place - Anastasia SOROKINA (Perm Territory)

Combined Swimming - Men

1st place - Oleg POPOV (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Maxim BYKOVETS (Moscow region)
3rd place - Kirill MOLCHANOV (St. Petersburg)

Lifting - women

3rd place - Alisa OKULOVSKAYA (Perm Territory)

Lifting - men

1st place - Denis MIKHALYOV (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Kirill MOLCHANOV (St. Petersburg)
3rd place - Dmitry MASLOV (Mordovia)

Obstacle Course - Women

1st place - Anastasia SOROKINA / Ksenia IMAIKINA (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Vlada SAZONOVA / Alisa OKULOVSKAYA (Perm Territory)
3rd place - Natalia CHARPANTIER / Anastasia POPOVA (St. Petersburg)

Obstacle course - men

1st place - Oleg POPOV / Denis MIKHALYOV (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Alexey KUZMIN / Kirill MOLCHANOV (St. Petersburg)
3rd place - Oleg POTAPOV / Mikhail MOROZOV (Mordovia)

Night diving - women

1st place - Anastasia SOROKINA (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Vlada SAZONOVA (Perm Territory)
3rd place - Ksenia IMAIKINA (Perm Territory)

Night diving - men

1st place - Sergey ZHAROV (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Daniil VANKOV (Mordovia)
3rd place - Nikolai FOMINYKH (Youth Sports School of the Air Force, Perm Territory)

Results of the team standings:

1. Perm region - 1076 points
2. Moscow region - 641 points
3. Republic of Mordovia - 521 points
4. St. Petersburg - 412 points
5. Yekaterinburg - 227 points
6. Moscow - 192 points
7. Udmurt Republic - 32 points

Diving is an English word that translates as "diving". They dive in diving with special equipment in order to spend more time under water and be able to see all the delights of the underwater world.

There are several types of diving:

1. Professional diving is diving as needed to perform a certain type of work.

2. Technical diving is swimming outside the daylight zone, i.e. it is a dive to a depth of more than 40 meters that requires a decompression stop.

3. Sports diving. The World Underwater Confederation started organizing diving competitions in 2008. The first official international competitions were held in Hurghada on May 24, they included a combined 300 meters swimming.

4. Recreational diving - swimming for educational purposes, for pleasure. This type of diving is limited to 40 meters.

All people planning to go diving should understand that water is a hostile environment and many dangers lurk in it. The first danger is the possibility of drowning. The second is decompression sickness. The third is gas poisoning, the fourth is barotrauma. And, finally, the fifth - the "no gas" situation. All of the above are very real, but it is worth understanding that each of them can be avoided by listening to the instructor and following the safety rules.

Scuba diving is possible only with a certain set of skills that are necessary to avoid problems when diving. This knowledge is given in the process of training, which is confirmed by a special certificate. A lot of companies are engaged in training, they all provide basic knowledge, therefore, in general, there is no difference where to get knowledge and documents.

In order to swim and see the underwater world, not only skills are required, but also equipment. For the simplest dive - snorkeling - you need only three items - fins, mask, snorkel. For a more serious dive, the following items are required:

* wetsuit;

* scuba;

* balloon with air;

* buoyancy compensator;

* belt with weights;

* depth gauge and watch;

* gloves;

* boots.

Additional equipment consists of the following parts:

* coil;

* flashlight;

* compass;

* towing vehicle;

* a tube;

It should be noted that scuba diving is not always allowed. There is a list of diseases in which diving is prohibited. So, you can’t dive with internal diseases (diseases of the lungs, hematopoietic system, heart, kidneys and others). internal organs, diseases of the joints, tendons, muscles, etc.), with surgical diseases (hernias, prolapse of organs, vascular diseases), with diseases of the ear, throat, nose, jaw and mouth, with women's diseases and eye diseases. Full list diseases can be found on the website of the company in which you are going to be trained, or check with the instructor.

Based on all of the above, we can say that diving is not a very simple sport, and therefore it must be practiced with caution.

Find a school, diving club in

We talk about one of the most popular types of scuba diving.

Sport diving is quite young compared to other sports - and it is not surprising, because it relies heavily on equipment. Nevertheless, as a direction of underwater sports, it is already recognized all over the world. There is even the World Underwater Confederation (CMAS).

Russia played a key role in the development of the new sport. We have a Diving Federation in our country, which oversees the development of diving as a sport. And it was from our side that in 2007 a project of competitions based on diving was presented. Since the following year, the disciplines have acquired official status.

DISCIPLINES OF SPORT DIVING

combined swimming

The task is to cover the distance as quickly as possible, partly under water (with scuba gear), partly on its surface (with a mask and snorkel).

obstacle course

Time competition. It is necessary to overcome obstacles, as well as perform exercises with basic skills - removing and putting on a mask, breathing from an octopus, taking off and putting on a scuba gear.

Night diving

In the absence of visibility, which is created by the light-tight cover on the mask, it is necessary to collect three weights per kilogram, they are placed in random order.

Load lifting

It is necessary to swim for a while to a six-kilogram load, which is located at the bottom of the pool, 25 meters from the start line, and raise it to the surface with a buoy.

Strictly speaking, there is a fifth discipline - a briefing, but it is not distributed around the world and there are no competitions in it. This is also a timed competition in which a team of four takes part.

HISTORY AND OUTLOOK

In 2004, at the CMAS General Assembly (the first president of which was the legendary Jacques Yves Cousteau), a combined swimming project was presented, and in 2007 a demonstration of this discipline was held on world games CMAS. The obstacle course project was presented by Anna Arzhanova, the current president of CMAS, and in the same year both disciplines were officially approved.

Like all other sports, sport diving has its heroes. By the way, only those athletes who are already 16 years old can compete. Juniors compete in the category of 16-17 years old, and from the age of 18 they are considered adult athletes.

The first international competitions in 2008 were held in Hurghada, the second was hosted by Moscow. European championships have been held since 2010, the first of which took place in Kazan.

The first World Championship was also held in Kazan in 2013, and the performance Russian athletes turned out to be simply triumphant - they became the first in the vast majority of types of the program. The Russians, both men and women, excelled in such disciplines as the obstacle course, night diving, combined swimming, cargo lifting.

It is obvious that our country has a strong position in sport diving, and if this direction is developed, then over time the results will only improve.

PERSPECTIVES

Sport diving seems to be a very promising sport, as it may be of interest to amateurs from related disciplines. It is almost impossible to get injured here, but almost all muscle groups work. It is exciting and unbanal, you can achieve success and high-profile victories. In addition, properly selected equipment will help you quickly master the technique and water from a hostile environment will become a second home.

One of the most important parts of a diver's inventory is a watch, because it is important to feel the time underwater. Especially in sports diving, where athletes compete not only with the elements, but also with each other, and sometimes every second is important. A truly reliable and functional watch for diving is produced by the Japanese manufacturer Seiko, developing and improving watch technologies and functions in this direction for more than 50 years. The Prospex collection has many model options for both beginner divers and experienced professionals. For example, the Seiko Marinemaster 1000 m Diver’s model, whose case and bracelet are made of high-strength titanium, and water resistance is calculated up to a depth of 1000 meters. Among other things, this watch has a function of illuminated hands and marks, and there is no helium escape valve, which makes it even more convenient to use.

Seiko Marinemaster 1000m Diver's watch.

Diving is a spectacular sport, although quite expensive, but prize money and work as an instructor in the future can recoup the cost of training. Today, sport diving remains a popular scuba diving destination and is gaining more and more attention. If you love diving, then why not try yourself in sports disciplines?

Sport diving is well developed in the Russian regions, and diving schools can be found not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Diving is not only a kind of hobby and recreation, it is also a relatively young sport. Sport diving originated with the filing of the Spanish underwater federation FEDAS, but diving competitions were held until 2000. They included such activities as swimming in a speed scooter, inflating a buoy, searching for scattered cargo and other semi-sports, semi-recreational activities.

But over time, the level of competition grew, in 2005 the 300-meter distance for combined swimming was introduced, and in 2008 sport diving was officially included in CMAS underwater sports in the form of five distances: three individual (300-meter combined swimming, night diving, ascent load 6 kg) and two team (obstacle course 100 m steam room and a briefing for a team of 4 people).

Two distances with a clear length - combined swimming and an obstacle course are included in the program international competitions, for example, they were included in the European Championship, held in 2010 in Kazan. Three other distances can be attributed to the game. Sports distances are currently being developed and are being vigorously discussed, both among athletes and in the diving environment. Opinions about the need for this sport are the most controversial.

According to the rules of sport diving, an athlete must move under water and (or) on water due to muscular strength in basic diving equipment, overcoming the distance in a minimum period of time and at the same time completing all the tasks. Combined swimming for 300 meters goes like this: athletes step into the water, dive, swim under water, leave the scuba at the bottom at 12.5-25 meters, then emerge on an inclined and crawl through the water, dive again at 100 meters, swim to the scuba, put it on and swim to the 300-meter finish. During scuba diving, it is forbidden to disturb the surface of the water with your body or equipment.

Distance The obstacle course involves the start of two athletes, each of whom swims through a two-meter tube of hoops, then they swim together on an octopus using one balloon, separate, remove their masks and put in baskets, turn, put on masks, take off and swim through a five-meter tube, formed by hoops, holding the scuba in front of him. Then they put on the scuba, raise the "burenka" (a rubber ball of negative buoyancy) to the surface and come to the finish line, maintaining contact with the cow. Disqualification is provided for showing equipment, for touching the bottom, shifting, etc., penalty points are awarded. Here in the first place is no longer speed, but diving technique.

On Russian Championship act as professional athletes, and divers, in 2010 in Russia, sports diving, namely the obstacle course and combined swimming, was included in the EVSC section "Underwater sports", which attracts new types of athletes. Many divers go to the sport because of the availability and all seasons of sport diving. In addition, one should not forget about excitement, struggle and intrigue, which undoubtedly makes diving an interesting sport for many.

Of course, in real amateur diving, the main emphasis is on calmness, endurance, regularity, and sports diving is distinguished by an emphasis on high speed and competition. But even in amateur diving there are situations in which you need to act as quickly as possible, besides, sports allow the diver to keep in good shape. Without a doubt, sports diving will develop, as it is quite a spectacular and interesting area of underwater sports.

To date, only sports distances have some tendency to develop and are the most discussed among both athletes and divers. Both have both supporters and opponents.

According to the rules, sport diving is the movement of an athlete on and (or) below the surface of the water, caused only by his muscular strength, in the basic set of diving equipment of an industrial design. The athlete must overcome the distance in the shortest time while simultaneously fulfilling the established tasks and overcoming obstacles. Distance 300 m Combined swimming is passed as follows. Athletes enter the water with a wide step, immediately plunge and swim under water. At the turn of 12.5 - 25 m, they must remove and leave the scuba at the bottom. After that, the athlete emerges on an inclined slope, starts to breathe through the tube and crawls on the surface. At the border of 100 m, the athlete dives again, swims under water to the scuba, puts it on and swims under water to the finish line of 300 m. For this, the athlete is removed from the race.

A couple of athletes start in the obstacle course. They swim each through their own obstacle: a two-meter pipe formed by hoops. Then they swim together, using the air from the balloon of one athlete (on the octopus) for breathing. Then they separate, take off their masks and put them in special baskets. After turning, they find and put on masks, take them off and, holding the scuba in front of them, swim one after another through a 5-meter pipe of hoops. Having put on a scuba, they raise to the surface a rubber ball with negative buoyancy - “Burenka”. And, keeping constant contact with the cow, they finish. Here, too, there is a disqualification, for example, for showing equipment, and, plus, a system of penalty seconds has been developed for touching the bottom, moving an obstacle, etc. In combined swimming, speed comes first, in the obstacle course - swimming technique.

And for divers, the main motive is all-season and accessibility. Having bought quite expensive diving equipment, I can use it several times a year.

Sports diving can be interesting:

for divers who want to try their hand at the sport, there are no age restrictions, but there is a real chance to succeed and official sports titles;

for athletes who want to try themselves in another sport;

for parents who are looking for an exciting, modern and non-traumatic sport for children;

for the audience, because it is a gambling and interesting spectacle;

for manufacturers of diving and swimming equipment, as it provides a completely new field for the modification and implementation of their product;

for diving instructors competitive activity gives good motivation for visiting clubs, further education and training.

Diving is a group of disciplines of underwater sports.

In accordance with the rules of CMAS and the All-Russian Register of Sports, competitions are held in the following disciplines:

Combined swimming (300 meters)

Obstacle course (100 meters)

Night diving

Load lifting

Combined swimming. The task of the athlete is to cover the distance for the maximum a short time, part of the distance is required to pass under water using a self-contained breathing apparatus, part - on the surface, using a breathing tube.

Obstacle course. The athlete's task is to cover the distance in the shortest possible time, while performing certain exercises, which are a demonstration of the diver's basic skills (taking off and putting on a mask, breathing from an alternative air source, taking off and putting on a set of equipment), and overcoming special obstacles. The time for passing the distance, the cleanliness of the exercises and overcoming obstacles are evaluated.

Night diving. The athlete's task is to collect three loads, weighing 1 kg, located at a given distance from the trigger end in the shortest possible time. Lack of visibility conditions are simulated by using a mask over which a light-tight cover is worn.

Load lifting. The athlete's task is to reach a 6-kg load located under water at a distance of 25 meters from the start line in the shortest possible time. Then carry out the lifting of the load using a standard buoy, the finish time is fixed at the moment the buoy with the load appears on the surface.

It is very likely that in the near future the list of disciplines will be replenished with new ones, and already now those who are not satisfied with the role of passive observers can propose their projects.

As a conclusion, we note that, sports diving is not recreational tourism, but a group of disciplines and it is a fairly young type of underwater sport, for example, in Russia.

CONCLUSION

Research topic Extreme Sports Sports. To achieve the goal of the course work, the following tasks were set and solved:

- the definition of concepts is given Skydiving and Diving. Parachuting is one of the aviation sports. It is divided into subspecies: classic, group acrobatics, dome acrobatics, freefly, skysurfing, freestyle, swoop, parachuting and athletics all-around, para-ski, etc.

Diving (Diving) - translated from in English means diving, submersion under water.

- reviewed Theoretical basis . It is believed that the first idea to create a parachute came to the Italian Leonardo Da Vinci. The practical use of parachutes began with the development of balloon flights. The further development of parachuting is connected with the development of aeronautics. A revolution in the history of diving occurred in 1943. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented the first working open-cycle breathing apparatus.

- their features of development are indicated. A new round in the development of parachuting began with the development of aviation. In the thirties there was a rapid development of parachuting in the leading aviation countries of the world. Rescue parachutes for pilots, parachutes for landing people and dropping cargo in any conditions are being improved. Methods for calculating the jump for throwing and landing people and cargo in a strictly defined area are being developed and improved. Control technology is being created various types parachutes to avoid obstacles and land at the planned location.

Diving is considered to be one of the most integral sports given the fact that all major muscle groups of the body are involved in scuba diving.

It improves breathing, increases lung capacity, improves psychomotor abilities.

Improves human interaction with aquatic environment, and thus extremely conducive to relaxation and stress relief.

- their development prospects and problems are identified. IN post-war period in the leading aviation countries of the world, the main directions for the development of parachuting were determined. There is an active improvement of the designs of all types of parachutes, methods of their use and methods of teaching people, the search for new areas of application of parachutes. Parachutists learned to manage an open parachute in any weather conditions, individually and as part of a group and to control the movement in free fall, also individually and as part of a group.

The main specifics of diving is the presence of a person in an unusual habitat and dependence on equipment.

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